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Topic: Vowel height

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Open central unrounded vowel
		In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract, in contrast to consonants, which...
		Where vowels appear in pairs, the vowel to the left of the bullet (•) corresponds to an unrounded vowel and the vowel to the right of the bullet corresponds to a rounded vowel.
		vowel roundedness is Exolabial and endolabial [ʏ] in Swedish.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Open-central-unrounded-vowel (3143 words)

	WikiMobs - Vowel height
		of a vowel (F1) usually corresponds to vowel height, with a higher F1 corresponding to a lower vowel height and a lower F1 corresponding to a higher vowel height.
		Otherwise, the usual limit on the number of vowel heights is four.
		The parameter of vowel height appears to be the primary feature of vowels cross-linguistically in that all languages use height contrastively.
	wikimobs.com /index.php?title=vowel_height (193 words)

	Vowel information - Search.com
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		A vowel sound that glides from one quality to another is called a diphthong, and a vowel sound that glides between three qualities is a triphthong.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants.
	www.search.com /reference/Vowel (3497 words)

	Vowels (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vowels are classified in terms of how much space there is between the tongue and the roof of the mouth, which is determined by the height of the tongue.
		These are vowels with a relatively narrow space between the tongue and the roof of the mouth.
		These are vowels with a relatively wide space between the tongue and the roof of the mouth.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /~lsp/Phonetics/Vowels/Phonetics4b.html (166 words)

	Vowel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Height refers to the vertical position of the tongue relative to either the roof of the mouth or the aperture of the jaw.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat or by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or the er in her.
	encyclopedia.vestigatio.com /Vowel (3268 words)

	Vowel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Height refers to either the position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth or the aperture of the jaw.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat or by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or the er in her.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants (like Sedang, a relative of Vietnamese, which contrasts 55 different vowel qualities).
	www.abcworld.net /Vowel.html (2870 words)

	HLW: Word Forms: Units: Vowels
		What distinguishes vowels from each other auditorily is the precise shape and volume of the oral cavity, and the main organ involved in adjusting the shape and volume is the tongue.
		The fact that height is a continuous dimension means that the values high and low identify approximate points along the dimension and that a given vowel is only relatively high or low.
		It represents a low vowel that is further front than /ɑ/; we'll meet it again later when we discuss English accents.) The symbols [y] and [w] are used for the second members of the diphthongs; these correspond closely to the vowels [ɪ] and [ʊ].
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/PhonUnits/vowels.html (5047 words)

	Polder Dutch
		In terms of the traditional vowel diagrams used by impressionistic linguists and phoneticians, this procedure is the equivalent of measuring the length of the arrow that represents the diphthong.
		In view of the susceptibility of the reference point vowels to reduction (centralization) it seems unwise to adopt the centroid (center of gravity) of the /i/ and /a/ clusters as the reference values when defining the speaker-individual vowel height dimension.
		These speaker-normalized measures of (relative) vowel height of the /Ei/ onset and of the magnitude of the diphthongization are shown in figures 3 and 4, respectively.
	cf.hum.uva.nl /poldernederlands/english/lin_polder.htm (4966 words)

	Dissertation Details
		Vowel height contrasts are described as increments along an acoustic, articulatory, or perceptual scale.
		Vowel height is posited to be described in terms of the monovalent feature (closed).
		The strongest support for the proposed model are partial height assimilations, in which a vowel moves toward, but does not reach, the height of the vowel to which it harmonizes.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /publications/dissertations/detail.php?item_number=PARKINS-1996 (486 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Non-initially, the neutral vowels are transparent to and unaffected by vowel harmony.
		Kazakh's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system, but there is also a system of rounding harmony that is not represented by the orthography, which strongly resembles the system in Kyrgyz.
		Vowel harmony is present in all Yokutsan languages and dialects.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=vowel_harmony (2256 words)

	[No title]
		In verbs, vowel height is fully contrastive in root-initial syllables, as shown in (3); all five vowels occur freely.
		In the realm of vowel harmony, cases of positional triggering arise in languages which exhibit root-governed vowel harmony (in which the vowels of the root determine the vocalism of any affixes, whether prefixes or suffixes; Tangale (Hulst & Weijer 1995) is one such example), and in those which have initial-syllable governed harmony.
		In the latter class of examples, it is the vowel of the root-initial syllable which determines the vocalism of any subsequent root vowels, as well as that of affixal vowels, via progressive assimilation.
	roa.rutgers.edu /files/234-1297/roa-234-beckman-2.doc (13331 words)

	Niger-Kongo-Sprachen (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vowel harmony and the consonant l in Chumburung.
		Vowel harmonies of the Congo Bassin: An optimality theory analysis of variation in the Bantu zone C. Ph.D. thesis.
		The three-way vowel harmony of N « nì (Bantu A. Cameroon).
	www.uni-koeln.de /phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/vokalharmonie/literatur/nigerkongo.shtml (866 words)

	Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The height of a vowel is inversely proportional to the F1 frequency.
		That is, as F1 decreases vowel height increases.
		Vowel fronting is proportional to the degree of frontness of a vowel.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /speech/perception/workshop_masking/phonetic_cues.html (1511 words)

	[No title]
		The sound of a vowel is determined by three factors: whether or not the lips are rounded, the shape of the tongue, and the position of the tongue.
		A 'close' vowel is one where the hump of the tongue is held high in the mouth, and an 'open' vowel is one where the hump of the tongue is held low in the mouth.
		The ninth vowel, the one in the middle of the chart, is made by tensing the middle of the tongue and positioning it exactly half-way between the roof and the floor of the mouth.
	www.poptel.org.uk /derek/vowels.htm (2042 words)

	Tungusic Research Group: About the Languages: Section 3
		In general the rules of harmony of harmony are: 1) All the vowels in a word must have the same ATR value; that is, all the vowels must be lax or all must be tense.
		In 1a, both the vowels are lax (as predicted by the first rule of harmony) and there are no unround vowels to the right of a round vowel (as predicted by the second rule).
		The diminutive represents a suffix with an underlying unround vowel.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~trg/languages/section3.html (2149 words)

	Vowel Theories (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bell was haunted by inability to categorize the vowel in "Sir" within the tongue constriction theories.
		Reference (cardinal) vowels on the periphery of the vowel quadrilateral were learned by rote from Jones.
		Striking resemblance between position of vowels in CV quadrilateral (based on auditory judgements) whose axis are high-low and front-back, and position in a formant frequency graph (F1 vs. F2-F1)
	www.ling.yale.edu:16080 /ling120/Vowels/Vowel_Theories.html (743 words)

	Somali ATR harmony
		Vowel harmony is the rule that within a certain range all vowels have to match, i.e.
		Thus vowels harmony is a kind of phonetic 'agreement' where the vowels in functional affixes and words agree with the vowels in neighbouring nouns, verbs and adjectives.
		This is because, as Andrzejewski reports in his (1955) study, the range of vowel harmony depends on the speed and formality of the utterance and when the speaker chooses to pause.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Spring_1998/ling202/atr.html (677 words)

	Vowel at AllExperts
		English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong, the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong, and the vowel sounds of way, flower (BrE AmE) form a triphthong (disyllabic in the latter cases), although the particular qualities vary by dialect.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventories of vowels are larger than their inventories of consonants.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or even by a combination of vowels and consonants, as in the case of the words neigh and though
	en.allexperts.com /e/v/vo/vowel.htm (3593 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong, the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong, and the vowel sounds of, flower (BrE AmE) form a triphthong (disyllabic in the latter cases), although the particular qualities vary by dialect.
		All known languages have at least two vowels: Abxaz, Ubykh, Margi, Eastern Arrernte, and perhaps some of the Ndu languages contrast only two vowels: and in the case of Margi, and and for the others, with significant allophony.
		The oldest form of Norse (before 1200) had nine vowels (a, e, i, o, u, y, Ã¦, Ã¸ and Ç«), and all these could be short oral vowels, long oral vowels or long nasal vowels for a total of 27 distinct monophthongs.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=vowel (3603 words)

	Temporal Vowel Structure in English (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In fact, there is a significant proportion of vowels that are realized by so little phonetic substance that there is nothing to be measured (for example, 7.6% of 4821 vowels for a Chicago speaker).
		There is in fact a continuum of duration reduction for vowels, governed by several factors including stress, position in the utterance, vowel height, and adjacent phonological environments (for recent studies, see Crystal and House 1990; van Santen and Olive 1990).
		Absence of stress correlates with the shortening of vowels.
	tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node16.html (562 words)

	[No title]
		For “E,” we find height to be significant, with the boys tending to have a higher articulation than the girls.
		The vowel articulation thus seems to provide the best predictions about whether a child will be perceived as girl or boy, even though it is still imperfect.
		Of course, it could be that the nucleus vowel height is a measure that indicates a different cue to which listeners are attending.
	www.pitt.edu /~kiesling/perception/discussion.html (461 words)

	Linguistics Homepage
		F0 is higher at the edges of vowels next to voiceless obstruents than next to voiced ones, and it’s higher in higher than lower vowels.
		The instruction to produce the vowel’s prosodic or tonal target permits the speaker also to produce a difference in F0 between vowels contrasting in height.
		F0 differs next to obstruents contrasting for voicing, regardless of whether the vowel exhibiting those differences is prominent, because that F0 value is a property of different segment, the consonant, which just happens to be expressed on the vowel.
	semlab2.sbs.sunysb.edu /events/col/abstracts/kingston.html (876 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In phonetics and phonology, vowel height refers to the vertical position of the tongue relative to either the roof of the mouth or the aperture of the jaw.
		In high vowels, such as and, the tongue is positioned high in the mouth, whereas in low vowels, such as, the tongue is positioned low in the mouth.
		The Bavarian dialect of Amstetten has thirteen long vowels, reported to distinguish four heights (close, close-mid, mid, and near-open) each among the front unrounded, front rounded, and back rounded vowels, plus an open central vowel:.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=vowel_height (258 words)

	Vowel height - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In phonetics and phonology, vowel height is a feature that shows the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth in a vowel sound.
		The first formant of a vowel (F1) usually corresponds to vowel height, with a higher F1 corresponding to a lower vowel height and a lower F1 corresponding to a higher vowel height.
		The International Phonetic Alphabet identifies 7 different vowel heights, although no language distinguishes all 7:
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Vowel_height (121 words)

	Effects of varying F1 - F0 Bark distance
		In a study of vowel height perception using front vowels, Hoemeke and Diehl [J. Acoust.
		However, the results are also predicted if it is supposed that F1 - F0 distance is a cue for vowel height only for pure height distinctions.
		The results allowed us to reject both as general explanations of vowel height perception.
	www.ling.su.se /staff/hartmut/fadi_abs.htm (225 words)

	The roles of distinctive and redundant features in the production of the short A and E vowel contrast by L1 German ...
		This dissertation examined the roles of the distinctive feature of vowel height and the nondistinctive features of duration, word-final [t] and [d], and attention to speech in promoting L1 German speakers, production of the Short A and E contrast.
		The role of vowel height was affirmed in promoting the L1 German speakers, production of the Short A and E contrast.
		The roles of vowel duration and word-final [t] and [d] were found to promote the L1 German speakers' production of the Short A and E contrast.
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI9976442 (403 words)

	Paul & Paola's web site
		Listen to the word and identify the location of the vowel, and move the boundaries approximately to the beginning and end of the vowel.
		As far as the Scottish speaker is concerned, his height distinction (5 to 11 standard deviations) is much more reliable than his length distinction (0 to 2.5 standard deviations), whereas the Southern speaker's height distinction (0.5 to 3 standard deviations) is much less reliable than his length distinction (4 to 7 standard deviations).
		Raphael, Lawrence J. Preceding vowel duration as a cue to the perception of the voicing characteristic of word-final consonants in American English.
	www.fon.hum.uva.nl /paul/p2 (9373 words)

	Vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vowel harmony this is a higher pitch, contour that cannot be unclear whether the vocal.
		Longer vowels are found in addition, extensions of the vowels represented by the short vowels.
		In vowel harmony high vowels, are phonation and tongue affect vowel harmony the two words.
	vowel.fubarentertainment.com /vowel-harmony.html (705 words)

	The role of F0 in vowel perception
		vowels are heard as successively more open ('lower').
		of vowels might be given by the tonotopic distances
		The Modulation Theory of Speech provides a frame within which the phenomena demonstrated here can be understood.
	www2.ling.su.se /staff/hartmut/i.htm (345 words)

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