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	Vowel stems - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vowel stems, in Indo-European linguistics, are the stems of nouns or verbs that are thematic.
		This means that the stems of these words end in a theme vowel that appears in, or at least influences, the inflections in the paradigms of these words.
		Stems with i are treated together with consonant stems in the third declension.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vowel_stems (256 words)

	Tundra Nenets grammatical sketch
		The vowel sequences are invariably over-long or long vowels, with the possibility of two syllable peaks in their pronunciation.
		The basic stem types are (i) the vowel stems, (ii) the glide stems, (iii) the alteration stems, and (iv) the consonant stems, the major divisions being the vowel and the consonant stems.
		The number of glide stems is very small, and they differ from vowel stems only through the appearance of a glide when a suffix with an initial vowel is attached.
	www.helsinki.fi /~tasalmin/sketch.html (9942 words)

	Russian Verbs
		Vowel stems are those verb stems which end on a vowel.
		The stem does not change if the past tense ending is added to a vowel stem; however, this ending doesn't like consonants and usually makes some adjustments to consonant stems which we will examine further along.
		In fact, if a stem with fixed stem accent ends on a vowel, the vowel is removed.
	www.alphadictionary.com /rusgrammar/verb.html (908 words)

	REFLECTIONS ON ASPECTS OF VOWEL REDUCTION
		It appeared that the duration and spectral quality of vowels in the syllables with primary stress (the monosyllabic function words) were comparable to the duration and spectral quality of vowels in the unstressed syllables from the content words.
		Most competence models of vowel reduction take mainly the role of word stress into account; vowels in syllables without primary or secondary word stress are reduced to schwa (usually under some extra restrictions with respect to, for instance, vowel type or the position of the vowel in the word).
		A vowel that is often subject to a strong acoustic reduction in a particular word may be confused with a schwa by listeners.
	www.fon.let.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings18/Dick_van_Bergem/Dick_v_BergemProc18.html (7642 words)

	irg Basic Concepts
		When we say that a stem conjugates in a certain way what we mean is that this stem and all the stems formed by adding a prefix to it conjugate this way.
		Stems with suffixes fall into large groups that conjugate according to general rules; stems without suffixes fall into small groups that conjugate according to minor rules with many exceptions to them.
		When we say that a certain stem has a suffix it does not mean that this suffix is present in all forms of the verb, or that it can be clearly seen in all the forms of the verb.
	russian.dmll.cornell.edu /verbs/irg01-04basics.htm (1620 words)

	Ancient Greek - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because stems in /g/, /k/ and /kh/ tend to become indistinguishable in other tenses (likewise for /d/, /t/, and /th/), the /tt/ and /zd/ presents were easily interchanged, with the tendency for all dental stems to move into the /zd/ class and all velar stems into the /tt/ class.
		An additional, extremely important class is that of contracted verbs, where the stem itself ends in a vowel, and the vowel contracts with the initial (thematic) vowel of the endings.
		The earliest contract verbs arose from loss of intervocalic /s/ or /j/, when the latter (the present stem suffix /j/) was added to noun stems ending in a vowel; but soon, these verbs were formed directly from noun stems (so-called denominative verbs).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classical_Greek (4253 words)

	Vowel stems -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In (Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin, nouns of the first, second, fourth, and fifth (The inflection of nouns and pronouns and adjectives in Indo-European languages) declensions are considered vowel stems; the first declension has the theme vowel a, the second o, the fourth u, and the fifth e.
		Stems with i are treated together with (Click link for more info and facts about consonant stems) consonant stems in the third declension.
		However, their presence is still felt, in a manner that defines different ways of declining nouns or conjugating verbs, so (A humanist specializing in classical scholarship) philologists still occasionally speak of vowel stems and consonant stems in these languages as well.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/vowel_stems.htm (226 words)

	MAS Model of vowel perception
		The MAS model of vowel perception is based on the identification of a vowel from the visual display of a raw complex waveform.
		A vowel can be categorized into one of six main categories by virtue of the interactions between the F1 formants and F0 values of each vowel, with the categories established by the number of F1 cycles per pitch period.
		It is convenient for the MAS model that the one vowel that has a unique lip articulatory style when compared to the other vowels of the vowel space, results in formant values that lie between the formant values of neighboring categories.
	home.indy.net /~masmodel/masmodel.htm (2459 words)

	Summary
		Vowel timbre is to a large extent determined by characteristic resonances in the vocal tract, which arise when the articulators (jaw, tongue, lips, etc.) take on specific positions.
		Formant tracks of vowels usually reveal a (parabolic) curvature; the degree of curvature of formant tracks depends per vowel on the (consonant) context in which the vowel is uttered.
		A full vowel that is often subject to a strong acoustic reduction in a particular word may be confused with a schwa by listeners.
	fonsg3.let.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings_19/Summaries/Summary.html (3600 words)

	Allen and Greenough Part I: Forms (search version)
		Thus the stem of servus is servo-; that of mensa, mensa-; that of ignis, igni-.
		Stems in in- (not din- or gin-) retain n and have e instead of i in the nominative: as in cornicen, stem cornicin-.
		Mixed i-stems have -em in the accusative and - e in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitiveand - is or - es in the accusative plural.
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/AG_1.html (16629 words)

	Strong verbs - Anawanda Reference Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In the past stem (which is assumed as the basic form), the stress falls on the first syllable; the seat of the stress is subject to change in class 2 and 3 stems.
		In both cases, the non-past stem is given by the simple root and the virtual stem is formed by appending a copy of the stem vowel after the stem itself.
		In class 6, the leading consonant and the lax omologue of the stem vowel are prefixed, and the stem vowel is not deleted.
	www.glossopoiesis.net /Anawanda/strong.html (274 words)

	Sanskrit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The sounds are described here in their traditional order: vowels, stops and nasals (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the liquids and sibilants.
		Rounding out the consonants are the voiced h ह and voiceless ḥ ः or visarga (which tends to repeat the preceding vowel after itself), and the anusvāra (ṃ ं), which often appears as nasalization of the preceding vowel or as a nasal homorganic to the following consonant.
		Vowel gradation is also very common; every root has (not necessarily all distinct) zero, guṇa, and vṛddhi grades.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Sanskrit (3022 words)

	Allen and Greenough Part I: FORMS (searchable version)
		With á-it becomes vocá-, the stem of vocáre (to call); with áv-it is the stem of vocávit (he called); with áto- it becomes the stem of vocátus (called); with átión- it becomes the stem of vocátiónis (of a calling).
		Thus the stem of servus is servo-; that of mensa, ménsá-; that of ígnis, ígni-.
		Mixed i-stems have -em in the accusative and - e in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitiveand - ís or - és in the accusative plural.
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/AG.forms.html (13708 words)

	The Past Passive Participles
		The past passive participle is derived exclusively from perfective verb stems and is the most complex of all the Russian participles; by the same token, it is perhaps the most frequently used.
		Stems ending on either a or ай receive the ending -н in the short form which is extended by -ный in the long form.
		Stems ending on fixed consonant stems (all consonants except й в н and м) and on front vowel stems (и and е) form the past passive partciples via the suffix -ён which is also extended by -ный in the long form.
	www.alphadictionary.com /rusgrammar/pastpass.html (392 words)

	abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The vowel of the affix is either [i] or [u] depending on whether the vowel of the verb stem is unrounded or rounded, and the tone is always mid (Hyman 1970, Kawu 2000, 2002, and Smith 1969) as in the examples in (1).
		It is this violation that is avoided by the occurrence of the irregular [i] in such forms resulting in a difference in rounding between the stem vowel and its affixal copy.
		In verb stems with the diphthong [wa] as nucleus the affixal vowel is either [u], corresponding to the glide half of the diphthong or [i], corresponding to the vowel half as with verb stems with round and nonround vowels respectively.
	www.ohiou.edu /alta/ahmad.htm (376 words)

	Articles - Athematic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In the Indo-European languages, thematic roots are those roots that have a "theme vowel"; a vowel sound that is always present between the root of the word and the attached inflections.
		The vowel a seems to be prominent in these case endings, so nouns like rosa came to be known as "a-stem" nouns, with a being the "theme vowel," and was later analysed as having a stem containing a root plus a suffix.
		The thematic and athematic distinction also applies to nouns; many of the older Indo-European languages distinguish between "vowel stems" and "consonant stems" in the declension of nouns.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Athematic (393 words)

	[No title]
		Fortunately it is possible to describe Russian verbal forms in terms of a one-stem system, where every verb has a stem type and a stress type that will enable the learner to produce and recognize all of its forms.
		For this purpose, the end of a verbal stem (the last sound or sounds before any endings are added) is where the action is. The last sound or sounds can serve to identify the verb type because all verbs that have the same sound(s) at the end of their stem will be conjugated similarly.
		The stem types are classified according to the final sound(s), which are given in capital Cyrillic letters.
	www.unc.edu /~lajanda/appendixaspecta.doc (654 words)

	Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, section 174
		The present stem is formed in various ways (§ 176), but always ends in a short vowel
		Verbs which form the present stem by means of the suffix
		yeo- suffered contraction so as to present a long vowel á-, é-, í-, at the end of the stem.
	www.hhhh.org /perseant/libellus/aides/allgre/allgre.174.html (388 words)

	Abstracts
		It is assumed that vowels are either dark or light and all the non-initial vowels within a word agree with the initial vowel in darkness/lightness.
		There are implicational relations between these phenomena, e.g., stems exhibiting vowel length alternation are all lowering stems (nyár / nyarak), but the opposite does not hold (gyár / gyárak; forms involving lowering or vowel--zero alternation are all harmonizing domains, but not all harmonizing suffixes induce lowering (nyár / nyárság 'summer, summerness').
		The analysis of the vowel system and vowel harmony of "standard Mòoré" (=the dialect of Ouagadougou) which I previously proposed (1988, 1992) is called into question by data from northern dialects presented by R. Kabore (1994).
	www.univie.ac.at /linguistics/gp/gp96abs.htm (801 words)

	P r i n c i p a l P a r t s o f G r e e k V e r b s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The organization is this: (1) VOWEL STEMS; (2) DENTALS; (3) LABIALS; (4) PALATALS; (5) LIQUIDS; (6) HYBRIDS (using both a consonant stem and a vowel stem); (7) 'INFIXES' -άνω ύνω -σκω -ίσκω ; (8) IRREGULAR; (9) -μι VERBS.
		ἐ-γενή-θην, γε-γέν-ημαι: Stems: γεν-, γενε- ("hybrid" as in Reg.
		Stem wholly normal consonant stem, except for the perf.
	www.udallas.edu /classics/resources/GkVerbParts.htm (1213 words)

	2004 IGERT Workshop: Schedule, Jan 23
		For such stems, harmony is not generally predictable, so Hungarians must memorize for each such stem whether it takes front- or back-voweled suffixes.
		In Hungarian harmony, certain front vowels may intervene between the trigger and target vowels of the harmony even if they bear the opposite value for the harmonizing feature: in kávé-nak 'coffee' the first ([+back]) vowel dictates the backness for the suffix across the so-called transparent [é], which is [-back] (accent denotes length).
		We require that the choice of the attractor, the surface form of the suffix, be determined by variation in R, representing the degree of tongue dorsum retraction for the stem-final vowel.
	www.cog.jhu.edu /workshop-04/schedule_23.html (2166 words)

	Re: Some morphology questions...
		The combination of this with vocalic stems in -a- (first declension) and -o- (second declension) yielded -ANS and -ONS respectively.
		In the course of ancient Greek phonetic history -N- between any vowel and S evanesced, but as a consequence the vowel preceding the -N- was compensatorily lengthened.
		The third-declension forms vary according to whether the noun is a consonant stem or a vowel stem.
	www.ibiblio.org /bgreek/archives/greek-2/msg00759.html (516 words)

	Bengali Verbs
		The second vowel in the mutation pair is used (with the exception of a/e)
		There is also a vowel mutation in the first person except in the a/e case, where 'a' is used in all persons.
		The future tense is formed by adding -bo, -be, or -ben to the stem and changing the vowel of the stem as was done in the first person in the present tense (to the second vowel in the vowel pairs).
	www.itu.dk /people/pfw/bengali/verbs.html (447 words)

	ALS98 PAPERS - Alan Dench (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		First, we can assume that the relative proportions of stems reflected in the figures for the accusative are representative for nominal stems in general.
		Given these frequencies, it is easy to imagine that the patterns found on a-stems might serve as the basis for a levelling of the allomorphy.
		Warriyangka and Tharrkari show further elaboration of this pattern: on i-stems, the suffix-initial glide is y rather than w, while on u-stems the suffix is realised as lengthening of the stem-final vowel.
	www.cltr.uq.edu.au /als98/dench842.html (2410 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.92: Phonotactics in Morphological Phenomenon
		For example, it is sometimes said that the adjective-forming suffix /-ful/ in English subcategorizes for a stressed syllable at the end of the stem to which it attaches, e.g., forgetful, cf.
		One might conceivably analyze these in terms of suffixes subcategorising for stress on one of the last two syllables of the stem, though this is not the usual analysis.
		This forms nouns from nouns and verbs, but it is subject to the restriction that it cannot be added to a stem ending in a sibilant (fricative or affricate).
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/13/13-92.html (6588 words)

	The Inflection of Verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		C Stems are stems that begin with a consonant (except w plus a consonant or y).
		II stems fall into three main types for the purposes of inflection, depending on the last sound of the stem: vowel stems (V Stems), stems and stems.
		II vowel stems are unique in that they can take an extra suffix, , which is known as an augment.
	www.potawatomilang.org /Reference/Grammar/Morphology/Inflection/verbinflintro.html (2306 words)

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