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Topic: Vredefort

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Impact crater

	Deep Impact - The Vredefort Dome
		One hundred kilometers south west of Johannesburg, South Africa are the towns of Vredefort and Parys, the latter lying next to the Vaal river.
		Vredefort is close to the geometric center of the hills.
		The Vredefort structure is currently regarded the biggest and oldest clearly visible impact structure on Earth.
	www.hartrao.ac.za /other/vredefort/vredefort.html (1891 words)

	Vredefort Dome
		Vredefort Dome, approximately 120km south west of Johannesburg, is a representative part of a larger meteorite impact structure, or astrobleme and has been declared South Africa’s seventh World Heritage Site (2005).
		Vredefort Dome bears witness to the world’s greatest known single energy release event, which caused devastating global change, including, according to some scientists, major evolutionary changes.
		The Vredefort structure is currently regarded the biggest and oldest clearly visible impact structure on Earth.
	www.places.co.za /html/vredefort_dome.html (467 words)

	Scientific American: Chaos in the Crater (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vredefort is the oldest and largest impact remnant on the planet, created about two billion years ago when a 10-kilometer-wide asteroid slammed into the earth.
		Vredefort itself is not obviously a crater to the untrained eye.
		According to Hart, the probable source of Vredefort's weird magnetism was a strong and chaotic magnetic field generated by currents flowing in the ionized gases produced at the height of the collision.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=0009741E-9D49-1446-9A6283414B7F0000 (581 words)

	Vredefort crater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vredefort crater is the largest verified impact crater on Earth.
		The bolide that hit Vredefort is one of the largest to ever impact Earth, estimated at over 10 km (6 miles) wide, although it is believed by many that the original size of the impact structure could have been 250 km in diameter, or possibly larger.
		It was originally thought that the dome in the center of the crater was formed by a volcanic explosion, however in the mid 1990s evidence revealed that it was the site of a huge bolide impact, with telltale shatter cones often discovered in the bed of the nearby Vaal River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vredefort_crater (365 words)

	UNEP-WCMC Protected Areas Programme - Vredefort Dome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vredefort Dome, some 120 km southwest of Johannesburg and covering 30,111 ha, is a representative part of a larger meteorite impact structure (or astrobleme), which has a radius of impact of 190 km.
		The Vredefort Dome exposures of formations associated with the meteorite impact are of high quality and the area is of considerable scientific interest.
		A Vredefort Dome Steering Committee, involving district and local municipalities, provincial, and national government representatives, was established to oversee the process of obtaining World Heritage status and the appointment of a Management Authority.
	sea.unep-wcmc.org /sites/wh/vredefort.html (3020 words)

	Geological Heritage Tours: Vredefort Dome
		The Vredefort Dome is located some 110 km SW of Johannesburg around the towns of Parys and Vredefort.
		The Vredefort Dome (or Ring Structure) is located some 110 km SW of Johannesburg around the towns of Parys and Vredefort in Free State and North West Provinces.
		The Vredefort Dome is the oldest known impact structure on Earth and is also thought to be the largest.
	www.geosites.co.za /vredefort.htm (1339 words)

	Vredefort Proposal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Vredefort structure (widely believed to be an impact crater) is uniquely situated near the centre of the Kaapvaal craton.
		Proposed Research The position of the Vredefort structure near the centre of the Kaapvaal craton, and consequently near the centre of the array of seismic stations deployed across the craton provide a unique opportunity to study the structure of a large impact crater in three dimensions.
		Boreholes drilled in the central region of the Vredefort structure indicate that much of this region is underlain by mafic and ultramafic rocks that are even further depleted in the heat producing elements.
	www.src.wits.ac.za /groups/vredefort/Vredefort_proposals.html (1883 words)

	Dome
		The two-billion-year-old Vredefort Dome in South Africa, part of a larger meteorite impact structure, or astrobleme, was declared a World Heritage Site by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) at its meeting in Durban during July 2005.
		The Vredefort Dome "Blast Zone" is the subject of long-standing controversies about whether it was caused by an asteroid impact or by a blast from within the Earth's crust.
		Some students of the Vredefort phenomena believe that the Blast Zone is a window into the craton and can tell us a lot about what happened in the evolution of the Earth as well as what may happen in the future.
	www.otters.co.za /vdome_infopage.htm (1702 words)

	Weird science of Vredefort Dome - SouthAfrica.info
		Vredefort is the oldest and largest impact remnant on the planet, created about two billion years ago when a 10-kilometre-wide asteroid slammed into the earth.
		The most obvious structure remaining is the Vredefort Dome, which is the crater's "rebound peak" - where deep rocks rose up in the crater's centre after the impact.
		This is "pseudotachylitic brecchia": the dark grey is granite that was melted by the impact and flowed, carrying chunks of unmelted granite - the lighter grey - within the melt.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/geography/vredefort-magnetism-100506.htm (814 words)

	Heavenly Bodies Stir Up Routine Catastrophes
		The world-famous Vredefort Dome – centred on a tiny northern Free State dorp and now billed as the oldest and biggest asteroid impact site on the planet – was finally accepted as a blast site by the majority of scientists only in the mid-1990s.
		In the Vredefort area, so-called pseudotachylites – melted fl seams in the rock having the false appearance of volcanism – are a sure giveaway.
		The Vredefort impact was certainly not the biggest in Earth’s history of punishment by heavenly bodies, either.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/867877/posts (4776 words)

	Vredefort Dome Meteor Impact Structure - GEOLOGY.COM
		The Vredefort Dome is believed to be the oldest and largest clearly visible meteor impact structure in the world.
		There is evidence of at least four other impact structures on Earth that are thought to be older than the Vredefort Dome, however, these structures are no longer visible at the surface and recognizable as a meteor impact structures.
		More information about the Vredefort Dome, including photos and evidence of the meteorite impact origin has been posted by Mike Gaylard at the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory website.
	geology.com /articles/vredefort-dome.shtml (307 words)

	Vredefort Dome - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		Vredefort Dome, approximately 120km south west of Johannesburg, is a representative part of a larger meteorite impact structure, or astrobleme.
		Criterion (viii): Vredefort Dome is the oldest, largest, and most deeply eroded complex meteorite impact structure in the world.
		Criterion (i): Vredefort Dome is the oldest, largest, and most deeply eroded complex meteorite impact structure in the world.
	whc.unesco.org /en/list/1162 (584 words)

	South African travelogues and wild animal stories - Destinations Outdoors
		You would be forgiven for not knowing where the town of Vredefort is but this tiny Afrikaans village with a slow, timeless existence in the middle of nowhere in South Africa is fascinating scientists around the globe because one of the oldest meteorite impact structures has been discovered there.
		Curiously the local inhabitants of Vredefort are so locked in to the short history of their village and Afrikanderdom that they are seemingly indifferent to events millions of years ago when the earth heaved and melted with a rippling global effect.
		The Vredefort Dome has been identified as a tourist icon and will be launched this month as a key tourism development project by North West and Free State provinces according to Mpho Motshegoa of the North West Parks and Tourism Board.
	www.safricavoyage.com /vredefort.htm (742 words)

	Vredefort
		Bisschoff, A. A., Tholeiitic intrusion in the Vredefort Dome.
		D.Sc., University of Potchefstroom, R.S.A. Bisschoff, A. A., The pseudotachylite of the Vredefort Dome.
		Gibson, R. L., Reimold, W.U., Wallmach,T. and Colliston,W.P., A reappraisal of metamorphism in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa, and its implications for the origin and evolution of the dome (abstract).
	www.unb.ca /passc/ImpactDatabase/images/vredefort.htm (5641 words)

	Vredefort on World Heritage list - SouthAfrica.info
		The Vredefort Dome, the world's oldest and largest visible meteor impact crater, was named South Africa's seventh World Heritage site at Unesco's 29th World Heritage Committee meeting in Durban on Thursday.
		The Vredefort Dome, spanning the Free State and North West, is the oldest and largest meteorite impact site in the world.
		A cross-section of rock at the Vredefort Dome shows the dark grey granite that was melted by the impact and flowed, carrying chunks of unmelted granite within it.
	www.southafrica.info /what_happening/conf_expo/vredefort-140705.htm (621 words)

	Vredefort Dome - North West Province South Africa
		The Vredefort Dome was created by a massive meteorite some 3000 million years ago.
		The Vredefort Dome was created by a massive meteorite, over 10km³ in size.
		This area is known as the "Vredefort Dome".
	www.tourismnorthwest.co.za /vredefort_dome/index.html (236 words)

	Of Interest Vredefort Dome
		Formed an estimated 2000 million years ago when a gigantic meteorite (asteroid) hit the earth close to where Vredefort is today.
		A variety of accommodations are available, but to really treat yourself you should stay in one of the chalets high up on a cliff, overlooking the dome and valley.
		The Vredefort dome area is very special and there are a lot of people with a passion for it that is doing their utmost to promote and develop it as the tourist destination it should be.
	www.vaalmeander.co.za /ofinterestvredefortdome.htm (610 words)

	Geotimes - March 2001: From the Editor
		Not too many years ago, mineral exploration and minking were considered noble and beneficial pursuits, and the Vredefort Dome in South Africa was widely believed to be the surface expression of deep magmatic activity.
		Now, mining is widely condemned as an assault on the environment, and compelling arguments suggest that the Vredefort Dome is an impact structure.
		Vredefort is a reminder that few geological features aren’t related in some way to mineral resources.
	www.geotimes.org /mar01/editor.html (530 words)

	Parys Accommodation \| Accommodation in Parys
		Parys is close to the small village of Vredefort where the Vredefort Crater is found, the largest verified impact crater located on Earth.
		The town of Vredefort is situated in the crater.
		It was originally thought that the dome in the center of the crater was formed by a volcanic explosion, however in the mid 1990s evidence revealed that it was the site of a huge bolide impact, with tell tale shatter cones often discovered in the bed of the nearby Caal River.
	www.africaninvitation.com /towns/Parys (378 words)

	FRAMEWORK FOR PARK MANAGEMENT PLANS
		The Vredefort Dome Conservancy is located close to the centre of this impact structure with a diameter of approximately 400 km.
		In the region of Vredefort a relatively flat area with the presence of granite rock appears, which normally occurs in the deep crust of the earth.
		A Vredefort Dome Forum representative of Free State and North West stakeholders was initiated on 16 July 2001 after a visit to the Vredefort Dome by the Executive Mayor on 9 June 2001.
	www.domebergland.co.za /docs/DomeSituationReport.html (8164 words)

	More About the Vredefort Dome - North West Province South Africa
		From a high altitude the partial ring of hills in the Vredefort Dome bear a strong resemblance to the larger, near-circular ring of hills to the north and south of Vredefort.
		The gold mines of Klerksdorp and Welkom lie north west and south west of Vredefort, and their dumps are also easily seen, forming a half ring of gold mines around Vredefort.
		For the serious geologist, 1:50 000 scale geological maps of the area are available from the South African Council for Geosciences, together with an explanatory booklet "The Geology of the Vredefort Dome", written by A.A. Bisschof, ISBN 1-875061-60-6, published 1999 by the Council.
	www.tourismnorthwest.co.za /vredefort_dome/dome_more.html (437 words)

	Home
		The Vredefort survey is divided into two areas - the larger area to the west is 200 kms N-S by 60 kms, while the smaller area to the east is 100 by 60 kms.
		The town of Vredefort lies near the geometric centre of the dome.
		The full report on the Vredefort Dome survey, "GT-1A Airborne Gravity: A Case History over the Vredefort Dome, South Africa", was presented by Adam Wooldridge, Fugro Airborne Surveys, at the ASEG Airborne Gravity Workshop 2004 held at the ASEG conference in Sydney during August 2004.
	www.canadianmicrogravity.com /index.htm (367 words)

	Dome Report
		The proposed Vredefort Dome Conservancy is located close to the centre of this impact structure with a diameter of approximately 400 km.
		The Vredefort Dome, an uplifted core of basement rocks surrounded by overturned sedimentary rocks, today marks the centre of this the largest and oldest known meteorite impact structure on Earth.
		Another evidence of this major impact are the shatter cones that are found in sharply upturned rocks of the Vredefort hills that surround the central core of uplifted granitic rock.
	www.otters.co.za /vdome_situationreport.htm (7937 words)

	Experts eye SA meteor site: Sci-Tech: News: News24
		The book explains how Vredefort is teaching a new generation of scientists around the world about the reality and danger of similar events in the future.
		The Vredefort Impact Structure, with a 300km diameter, is nearly twice the size of the Chicxulub crater.
		The outcroppings around the towns of Vredefort and Parys, known as the Vredefort Dome, show the scars of the cataclysmic forces that accompanied the impact event.
	www.news24.com /News24/Technology/News/0,,2-13-1443_1737424,00.html (457 words)

	Vredefort Dome, South Africa
		Vredefort Dome at Vredefort, Free State, South Africa: (WHS) The Vredefort dome is the oldest and largest meteorite impact site (Asrobleme) in the world.
		Formed an estimated 2000 million years ago when a gigantic meteorite (larger than Table Mountain) hit the earth close to where Vredefort is today.
		Within the ring of hills at Vredefort is found granitic gneiss rock.
	www.sa-venues.com /attractionsfs/vredefort-dome.htm (439 words)

	World's Largest Impact Found In South Africa
		World renowned University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) paleo-anthropologist Philip Tobias told a public lecture on human evolution here that the Vredefort crater, which is between 250 and 300 kilometers (150 and 190 miles) in diameter, was long thought to be of volcanic origin.
		However, geologists, led by Wits professor Uwe Reimold, had recently shown that the structure was caused by the impact of an extra-terrestrial object such as an asteroid or comet, Tobias said Wednesday.
		The town of Vredefort is situated at the centre of the crater, which is bigger than the Chicxulub depression made by an asteroid or comet at Yucatan, in Mexico.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/spaceguard-99g.html (474 words)

	Geology Honours 2005 Field Excursion
		I: Witwatersrand quartzites exposed in the collar of the Vredefort Dome
		I: Basement Archaean granitic gneisses in the centre of the Vredefort Dome at Otavi
		I: Migmatititc granite gneiss, Koppieskraal quarry, Vredefort Dome
	web.uct.ac.za /depts/geolsci/dlr/hons2005/album3.html (341 words)

	Vredefort Dome
		Concentric circles also cascaded outwards from the hub of the explosion, resulting in a huge mountains in an otherwise flat landscape throughout the North West Province and the Free State.
		Many scientists believe the rich gold and diamond deposits found in a concentrated belt throughout these two provinces, many also be amibuted to the huge explosion.
		Two thousand million years later an the Vredefort Dome Conservancy - as it is now known - is a breathtakingly beautiful place, an outdoor adventurer and tourist's dream.
	www.dteea.fs.gov.za /vredefort.htm (1194 words)

	Ride Crater Cruise (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As per the World Heritage Inscription, the Vredefort Dome is the oldest (2023 million years), largest and most clearly identifiable meteorite impact crater in the world.
		The Vredefort Dome is the only identified site on earth which provides a full geological profile of a meteorite impact.
		The Vredefort Dome has a wide variety of tourist options ranging from tented camps to luxury accommodation, from extreme sports to leisure options.
	www.ride.co.za /vredefortcrater.htm (1042 words)

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