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	Vredefort crater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vredefort crater is the largest known impact crater on Earth.
		The bolide that hit Vredefort is one of the largest to ever impact Earth, estimated at over 10 km (6 miles) wide, although it is believed by many that the original size of the impact structure could have been 250 km in diameter, or possibly larger.
		It was originally thought that the dome in the center of the crater was formed by a volcanic explosion, however in the mid 1990s evidence revealed that it was the site of a huge bolide impact, with telltale shatter cones often discovered in the bed of the nearby Vaal River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vredefort_Dome (371 words)

	Vredefort - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vredefort is a small mixed farming town in the Free State Province of South Africa with cattle, groundnuts, sorghum, sunflowers and maize being farmed.
		The town was established in 1876 on the Vredefort crater, the largest and oldest visible bolide impact crater in the world (with a diameter of 300km).
		It was this approximately 10 km wide bolide that led to the formation of the gold-bearing reefs of the Free State some 2.02 billion years ago.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vredefort (159 words)

	Impact crater - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An impact crater (impact basin, astrobleme or sometimes crater) is a circular or oval depression on a surface, usually referring to a planet, moon, asteroid, or other celestial body, caused by a collision of a smaller body (meteor) with the surface.
		Few underwater craters have been discovered because of the difficulty of surveying the sea floor; the rapid rate of change of the ocean bottom; and the subduction of the ocean floor into the Earth's interior by processes of plate tectonics.
		The distinctive mark of an impact crater is the presence of rock that has undergone shock-metamorphic effects, such as shatter cones, melted rocks, and crystal deformations.
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php/Impact_crater (1980 words)

	crater
		The town of Vredefort is situated at the centre of the crater.
		The Vredefort crater is bigger than the Chicxulub depression made by an asteroid or comet at Yucatan, in Mexico.
		The Vredefort impact is believed to have coincided with two major events -- the charging of the earth's atmosphere with oxygen and the first appearance of organisms, eukaryotes, whose cells contained a nucleus and other intercellular bodies.
	www.dispatch.co.za /1999/10/04/southafrica/CRATER.HTM (365 words)

	Crater - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Crater, bowl-shaped pit or depression on the surface of a planet or a moon.
		Impact Crater, geological feature resulting from the collision of a large meteorite or the nucleus of a comet with a larger body such as the Earth....
		Steam vents in the summit craters suggest it is not extinct.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/searchdetail.aspx?q=Crater&pg=1&grp=art (277 words)

	Vredefort Dome
		Vredefort Dome, approximately 120km south west of Johannesburg, is a representative part of a larger meteorite impact structure, or astrobleme and has been declared South Africa’s seventh World Heritage Site (2005).
		Vredefort Dome bears witness to the world’s greatest known single energy release event, which caused devastating global change, including, according to some scientists, major evolutionary changes.
		The Vredefort structure is currently regarded the biggest and oldest clearly visible impact structure on Earth.
	www.places.co.za /html/vredefort_dome.html (467 words)

	Untitled Document
		Bishopp, D.W. 1941 The geodynamics of the Vredefort dome.
		Bisschoff, A.A. 1962 The pseudotachylite of the Vredefort Dome.
		Bisschoff, A.A. 1972 Tholeiitic intrusion in the Vredefort Dome.
	www.unb.ca /passc/ImpactDatabase/images/vredefort.htm (5252 words)

	Discovery.com News Briefs
		Geologists detected the crater through smashed mineral grains and magnetic and gravity measurements of the region around the town of Woodleigh, near Shark Bay on Australia's west coast.
		Although no precise age for the crater -- the fourth largest in the world -- has been determined yet, it appears to be 250-360 million years old, making it a possible source for the massive Permian-Triassic extinction event that wiped out almost all life on the planet 250 million years ago.
		The Woodleigh impact crater ranks fourth largest on Earth, after the 200-mile-wide Vredefort crater in South Africa, the 165-mile wide Sudbury crater in Canada and the famous 120-mile-wide alleged dino-killing Chicxulub impact crater in the Gulf of Mexico.
	www.larryo.net /AustralianCrater.html (456 words)

	Scientific American: Chaos in the Crater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Vredefort is the oldest and largest impact remnant on the planet, created about two billion years ago when a 10-kilometer-wide asteroid slammed into the earth.
		Vredefort itself is not obviously a crater to the untrained eye.
		According to Hart, the probable source of Vredefort's weird magnetism was a strong and chaotic magnetic field generated by currents flowing in the ionized gases produced at the height of the collision.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=0009741E-9D49-1446-9A6283414B7F0000 (581 words)

	Sudbury Basin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sudbury Basin is the second largest known impact crater or astrobleme on Earth, and a major geologic structure in Ontario, Canada.
		Sudbury Basin would then be the second largest crater on earth, after the 300 km Vredefort crater in South Africa, and larger than the 170 km Chicxulub crater in Yucatán, Mexico which is linked to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
		The Sudbury Basin is deformed on the east by the Lake Wanapitei impact structure, a smaller 37 Mya impact crater.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sudbury_Basin (432 words)

	Deep Impact - The Vredefort Dome
		One hundred kilometers south west of Johannesburg, South Africa are the towns of Vredefort and Parys, the latter lying next to the Vaal river.
		Vredefort is close to the geometric center of the hills.
		The central mountains in the 85 kilometre diameter lunar crater Tycho show what the Vredefort dome is the remains of - the central rebound peak, NOT the crater itself, which at Vredefort has long since eroded away.
	www.hartrao.ac.za /other/vredefort/vredefort.html (1819 words)

	Arthur Ross Hall of Meteorites \| American Museum of Natural History
		They range in size from Haviland Crater in Kansas, smaller than the width of this hall, to the largest of all—Vredefort Crater, a barely recognizable ring of mountains in South Africa 300 kilometers (186 miles) across.
		Although Odessa Crater is unimpressive, and almost completely filled in with sediments, local residents once hoped it might attract tourists.
		Their legend describes a rainbow snake that emerged from the crater and formed a nearby creek as it slithered away.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/permanent/meteorites/impacts/earth.php (688 words)

	SPACE.com -- New Crater Found Down Under
		The crater now enters the record books as smaller in size only to Vredefort crater in South Africa (at 1,865 miles, or 300 kilometers across), the Sudbury crater in Canada (at 155 miles, or 250 kilometers) and the Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico (at 110 miles, or 180 kilometers).
		The huge crater lies mostly on private land, and is virtually imperceptible to the untrained eye amid the regions rolling hills and barren rock land.
		The center of the Woodleigh crater is located roughly 100 miles (160 kilometers) southeast of the Western Australian pastoral town of Carnarvon, roughly halfway between Carnarvon and Geraldton in the Shark Bay region north of Perth.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/planetearth/sydney_crater_000421.html (857 words)

	Blast from Past
		It is poetically known as Chomulungma (mother goddess of the universe) in Tibet and Sagarmatha (goddess of the sky) in Nepal.
		The Vredefort crater, estimated at 300-320km in diameter, is one of three known massive impact sites amongst many hundreds or even thousands of meteorite blemishes on the earth.
		As the “astrobleme” (eroded crater) was worn away, so the tilted strata of the gold reefs were exposed—and this also explains why the gold industy is perched in a ring around Vredefort (see map).
	www.otters.co.za /vdome_blastpast.htm (1595 words)

	The world's biggest meteor crater - SouthAfrica.info
		The Vredefort Dome is among the top three, and is the oldest and largest clearly visible meteorite impact site in the world.
		At 2-billion years old, Vredefort is far older than the Chixculub structure in Mexico which, with an age of 65-million years, is the site of the impact that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
		Vredefort's original impact scar measures 380km across and consists of three concentric circles of uplifted rock.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/geography/vredefort-080605.htm (985 words)

	Vredefort warns of future impacts - SouthAfrica.info
		The book explains how the lessons learned from the rocks around Vredefort are being used throughout the world to teach a new generation of scientists of the reality, and danger, of similar events in the future.
		The Vredefort structure is the oldest and largest visible meteor impact crater in the world.
		Vredefort is the oldest and largest visible meteor impact crater in the world, twice the size of the Chicxulub crater associated with the extinction of the dinosaurs (Photo: Nasa Explores)
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/geography/vredefort-book-160805.htm (536 words)

	South African travelogues and wild animal stories - Destinations Outdoors
		You would be forgiven for not knowing where the town of Vredefort is but this tiny Afrikaans village with a slow, timeless existence in the middle of nowhere in South Africa is fascinating scientists around the globe because one of the oldest meteorite impact structures has been discovered there.
		Curiously the local inhabitants of Vredefort are so locked in to the short history of their village and Afrikanderdom that they are seemingly indifferent to events millions of years ago when the earth heaved and melted with a rippling global effect.
		The Vredefort Dome has been identified as a tourist icon and will be launched this month as a key tourism development project by North West and Free State provinces according to Mpho Motshegoa of the North West Parks and Tourism Board.
	www.safricavoyage.com /vredefort.htm (742 words)

	World's Largest Impact Found In South Africa
		World renowned University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) paleo-anthropologist Philip Tobias told a public lecture on human evolution here that the Vredefort crater, which is between 250 and 300 kilometers (150 and 190 miles) in diameter, was long thought to be of volcanic origin.
		The town of Vredefort is situated at the centre of the crater, which is bigger than the Chicxulub depression made by an asteroid or comet at Yucatan, in Mexico.
		Initial estimates, he added, indicated that the crater could have been caused by a comet or asteroid five to 10 kilometers (three to six miles) in diameter, travelling at a speed of between 40,000 and 250,000 kilometers (25,000 and 150,000 miles) an hour.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/spaceguard-99g.html (474 words)

	ScienceDaily: Big Bang In Antarctica: Killer Crater Found Under Ice
		The Wilkes Land crater is more than twice the size of the Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan peninsula, which marks the impact that may have ultimately killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
		Crater Chain On Two Continents Points To Impact From Fragmented Comet (March 17, 1998) -- A team of scientists working on two continents has discovered that a series of five craters on Europe and North America form a chain, indicating the breakup and subsequent impact of a comet or...
		Impact crater -- An impact crater is a circular depression on a surface, usually referring to a planet, moon, asteroid, or other celestial body, caused by a collision of a smaller body (meteor) with the...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/06/060601174729.htm (2329 words)

	IOL: Heavenly bodies stir up routine catastrophes
		This merited inclusion in the top league of big craters, but as time passed and geologists explored the features of this unique area, the truth began to dawn: this was a crater of earth-shattering proportions, and possibly the largest on record.
		Vredefort is newer and smaller than any feature that might have been left by the departing Moon.
		The crater was blasted out of the Earth by a wandering asteroid that detonated in the atmosphere with the explosive force of millions of nuclear bombs and melted the crust instantly to a depth of up to 30km.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?click_id=31&art_id=iol1047987020904C323&set_id=1 (2286 words)

	Naturics - The timescale of the evolution of life is written down in the impact craters of the Earth' crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		crater has theoretically originated in a level-7 impact 210.840 millions of years ago; the age of the older craters Manicouagan II and Manicouagan III has to be separately investigated geophysically.
		However, I suppose, whichever crater was really investigated, it is to be considered on the background of some older and larger crater as shown with the yellow circle on this picture; its center is located at N37°27'; W76°21')
		(one of the larger of the investigated craters in the northern Russia)
	www.naturics.de /e_books/impact_craters/updates.html (957 words)

	Creamer Media's Engineering News Online, South African Industry News :: Breaking News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Impact Cratering Research Group head and professor of mineralogy in the School of Geosciences at the University of the Witwatersrand Uwe Reimold notes that, at the moment of impact, about two-billion years ago, huge fountains of material were sprayed into the air.
		It would be wrong to suggest that the impact at Vredefort actually created the mineral wealth in the Wits basin – it is purely cosmic coincidence that between 40% and 50% of gold mined in the world (the equivalent of $50-billion) has come from the basin.
		The Vredefort Dome is the name given to the eroded central uplift, whereas the Witwaterand Basin refers to the ring basin that encircles the crater like a giant moat.
	www.engineeringnews.co.za /eng/news/breaking/?show=71039 (746 words)

	BullsEye Earth
		Today a small pan near Vredefort called Die Inlandsee is much favoured by passing flocks of flamingos, and this is the dead centre of the impact zone that has now appeared at the surface due to aeons of erosion.
		The Vredefort crater, estimated at 300km in diameter, is one of three known massive impact sites amongst many hundreds or even thousands of meteorite blemishes on the earth.
		The most celebrated crater is Chicxulub (pronounced CHEEK-shoe-lube), for this impact was almost certainly the cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago, a catastrophe that extinguished up to two-thirds of all animal and plant species and could easily happen again unless we keep our wits about us.
	www.otters.co.za /vdome_bullseye_earth.htm (1269 words)

	GCTF - Impact Craters on Earth
		So with earth impact craters, even if we did not have the benefit of radiometric dating for trying to determine absolute times, we would still have direct evidence of events and processes that had to have occurred in far greater periods of time than merely 6,000 or 10,000 years.
		Additionally, impact craters are records of events that have absolutely nothing to do with a "fully-functioning earth" and have everything to do with showing an actual history of events.
		And the Barringer Crater is just an "infant" impact crater relative to the ages of most of the other impact craters.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Thebes/7755/ancientproof/impactcraters.html (1065 words)

	Vredefort on World Heritage list - SouthAfrica.info
		The Vredefort Dome, the world's oldest and largest visible meteor impact crater, was named South Africa's seventh World Heritage site at Unesco's 29th World Heritage Committee meeting in Durban on Thursday.
		The Vredefort Dome, spanning the Free State and North West, is the oldest and largest meteorite impact site in the world.
		"At Vredefort, opportunities exist to engage in geological research and explore and understand more sensitively the rich culture of the Basotho, Batswana and Khoi-San and the early evidence of human cognitive and artistic endeavour their cultures boast", Jordan said.
	www.southafrica.info /what_happening/conf_expo/vredefort-140705.htm (621 words)

	(meteorobs) Rob McNaught saves Earth, or Excerpts from "CCNet, 7 October
		It exceeds even the Sudbury crater in Ontario, Canada, which is about 200 kilometers (125 miles) in diameter," he said.
		It has been dated to 2.1 billion years." The town of Vredefort is situated at the centre of the crater, which is bigger than the Chicxulub depression made by an asteroid or comet at Yucatan, in Mexico.
		The crater is so old and eroded, however, that it is difficult, except in a few places, to see the effect of the impact with the naked eye.
	www.meteorobs.org /maillist/msg15175.html (1284 words)

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