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Topic: Vulcan Bombers

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	The Avro Vulcan Bomber - The fascinating story of the Avro Vulcan "V" Bomber from concept to service
		Vulcan bombers would also occasionally perform individual long-range deployments, known as "Lone Rangers" or usually just "Rangers", during their first-line career, both to show the flag and to demonstrate the global reach of the Vulcan fleet.
		In 1977, Vulcans began to participate in the US "Red Flag" wargame exercises over the deserts of the US southwest; these machines were painted in an overall disruptive scheme of sand and brown and occasionally wore their desert colors back in the UK.
		Vulcans had rarely if ever performed inflight refueling since the end of QRA, the concept not being necessary under the tactical operational doctrine in effect, and not only were crews untrained in the procedure, the inflight refueling gear was in a nonfunctional and, in some cases, incomplete state.
	www.wingweb.co.uk /aircraft/The_Avro_Vulcan.html (9764 words)

	Warbird Alley: Avro Vulcan
		The Vulcan's main distinctive physical characteristic, its large delta-wing shape, was a result of the need for structural integrity and a large payload capacity.
		For almost a decade after its retirement, at least one Vulcan was flown at air displays throughout Europe and the British Isles, but financial considerations resulted in all Vulcans being grounded by the mid 1990s.
		Vulcan to the Sky Trust -- Organization raising funds to return a Vulcan to the airshow circuit in 2006.
	www.warbirdalley.com /vulcan.htm (587 words)

	Avro Vulcan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Avro Vulcan was a British-built jet-engined, delta-winged subsonic bomber, once part of the RAF's V bomber force.
		The Vulcan was the first jet-powered bomber to use delta wings.
		The Vulcan was used as test-beds for the Concorde engine, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus and the Rolls-Royce Conway turbofan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avro_Vulcan (773 words)

	RAF Bomber Command - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many of Bomber Command's personnel and squadrons during the war were neither British nor part of the RAF; a large proportion came from Commonwealth countries, or occupied Europe.
		Bomber Command came to prominence again in the 1960s, when it was at the peak of its postwar power, with the V force of Valiant, Victor and Vulcan nuclear bombers, and a supplemental force of Canberra light bombers.
		Some damage might be done to the bombers by AA guns, and by fighters as the bombers returned to base, but that was not the same as a proper defence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command (3588 words)

	[2.0] Vulcan In Service
		In 1977, Vulcans began to participate in the US "Red Flag" wargame exercises over the deserts of the US southwest; these machines were painted in an overall disruptive scheme of sand and brown and occasionally wore their desert colors back in the UK.
		Vulcans had rarely if ever performed inflight refueling since the end of QRA, the concept not being necessary under the tactical operational doctrine in effect, and not only were crews untrained in the procedure, the inflight refueling gear was in a nonfunctional and, in some cases, incomplete state.
		With the arrival of ICBMs, a Mach 2.5 high-altitude bomber was arguably redundant, and a useless expense for Britain.
	www.vectorsite.net /avvulcan_2.html (4741 words)

	Avro Vulcan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Design work began at A. Roe in 1947 under Roy Chadwick, the Ministry of Defence specification required a bomber with a top speed of 500 knots (930 km/h), an operating ceiling of 50,000 ft (15,000 m), a range of 3,000 nautical miles (5,500 km) and a bomb load of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg).
		Vulcans were converted to a conventional bombing role in 1966, carrying 21 1000-lbs (454 kg) bombs.
		The only combat missions involving the Vulcan took place in the 1982 Falklands War with Argentina, when a number of Vulcans flew the 3,380 nautical miles (6,300 km) from Ascension Island to Port Stanley to bomb the occupied airfield there with conventional bombs as Operation Black Buck.
	www.wikiverse.org /avro-vulcan (667 words)

	V Bombers, Valiant - Vulcan - Victor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This demanded a 4 engined jet bomber capable of delivering a 10,000lb nuclear bomb at 500 knots from a height of 45,000ft, with a range of 3,500 miles.
		The Vulcan took part in the Falklands war and was retired soon afterwards.
		All three V bombers were designed with high-level attacks in mind, but ended up being asked to perform low-level missions.
	homepages.tesco.net /~paul.crossley/vbombers.htm (249 words)

	BBC NEWS \| England \| Bomber's grant bid shot down
		The last Vulcan bomber likely to fly again in the UK could be auctioned on the internet after a restoration campaign was denied National Lottery funding.
		Model XH558 was the last RAF Vulcan to be grounded, in 1993, and currently lies in a hangar in south Leicestershire.
		There are 13 Vulcans in static display around the world and three in Britain capable of taxiing under their own power.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/england/2487559.stm (349 words)

	Vulcan, Avro
		The Vulcan was known by many as the "Tin Triangle" due to its massive and imposing delta wing shape, the B2 having a wing span of 111 feet (33.83m) compared to it's total length of only 105.6 feet (32.16m).
		Vulcan's were part of Britain's three pronged nuclear deterrent V-force of the 50's and 60's, the other aircraft being the Vickers Valiant and Handley Page Victor.
		Several of the airframes in their later lives were used as the test bed for the engines of the Tornado, Concorde and the ill fated BAC TSR2.
	www.fighter-planes.com /info/vulcan.htm (608 words)

	Avro Vulcan B-2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Vulcan was the first jet bomber to use the delta shaped wing, which made it extremely agile and acrobatic for such a large aircraft.
		However, the Vulcan bombers were relegated to a conventional role in 1966, when the Royal Navy's Polaris submarines became operational.
		Several Vulcan bombers were converted back to bomber status and flew several bombing raids against the Port Stanley Airport and several radar sites.
	www.elite.net /castle-air/vulcan.htm (309 words)

	Encyclopedia: Royal Air Force
		Bomber Command is an organizational military unit, generally subordinate to the air force of a country.
		From May 31, 1942 RAF Bomber Command was able to mount large-scale night raids involving up to 1000 aircraft, many of which were the new heavy four-engined bombers.
		This tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by Tornado GR1s.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Royal-Air-Force (10509 words)

	The mission impossible of the Falkland's War \| the Daily Mail
		In case the Vulcans were shot down, the crew had to memorise the coordinates of remote safe houses on the Falklands where they would wait to be picked up: for three nights a Sea King helicopter would come looking for them.
		As Vulcan 607 streaked towards her target, Graham called the mileage before the rapid climb, and Hugh Prior, the electronics officer, made sure that the chaff and decoy flares, which would be fired to draw enemy fire, and the American Dash 10 detection jammer were operational.
		When all 21 were away, Withers turned the Vulcan in a steep curve, in time for the crew to see a blossom of fire as the first bomb bored deep into the centre of the runway and detonated.
	www.dailymail.co.uk /pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=387939&in_page_id=1770 (3598 words)

	1/72 Airfix Avro Vulcan B Mk2 by Karl W Branson
		The Vulcan is one of three aircraft types that made up the V force of bombers, the other two were the Handley-Page Victor and Vickers Valliant.
		The Vulcan was the back bone of the UK Nuclear deterrent force (armed with the Blue Steel Thermo Nuclear stand off missile) until this role went was taken over by the Royal Navy and its Polaris armed submarines.
		The Vulcan model is a tail sitter, even more so with a detailed bomb bay and brass tubing jet pipes, so I installed about 45gramms of lead shot and milliput in to the nose to keep her straight and level.
	www.aircraftresourcecenter.com /Gal4/3901-4000/gal3967_Vulcan_Branson/gal3967.htm (1769 words)

	XPlanes - V Bombers, Valiant - Vulcan - Victor
		This demanded a 4 engined jet bomber capable of delivering a 10,000lb nuclear bomb at 500 knots from a height of 45,000ft, with a range of 3,500 miles.
		The Vulcan took part in the Falklands war and was retired soon afterwards.
		All three V bombers were designed with high-level attacks in mind, but ended up being asked to perform low-level missions.
	www.drivearchive.co.uk /xplanes/vbombers.htm (209 words)

	Avro Vulcan
		The world's first delta-winged bomber to reach operational service, the Avro Vulcan was one of the cornerstones of Britain's nuclear deterrent during the height of the Cold War.
		The remaining Vulcan B. Mk 2s were scheduled to receive Skybolt (a US-designed missile with a range of up to 1000 miles), but this programme was cancelled by the USA in December 1962, leaving the RAF without a Blue Steel replacement and facing the eventual demise of its nuclear deterrent role.
		In December 1986, the Vulcan Display Flight was reduced to one aircraft as a cost-cutting measure.
	www.aeroflight.co.uk /types/uk/avro/vulcan/Vulcan.htm (3192 words)

	History Of The Vulcan
		The Vulcan, Victor and Valiant squadrons were collectively known as the V-Force (and the three bombers as the V-Bombers) and were responsible for maintaining Britain's strategic nuclear deterrent during the early years of the Cold War.
		During the 1970's, the RAF operated a squadron of Vulcans in the maritime reconnaissance role; these aircraft were converted B2's and were known as B2(MRR)'s or SR2's.
		Despite a petition of over 200,000 signatures asking for the Vulcan to be kept flying, XH558 flew her last display at Cranfield in September 1992.
	www.avrovulcan.com /vhisavro.htm (1067 words)

	The Vulcan Operating Company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 2002 the Vulcan celebrates her 50th Birthday since first flight, and it is the greatest possible tribute to her designers, and manufactures that relevant technological advantage still exists.
		She is, however, the only Vulcan that has been kept in a hangar and constantly maintained since her retirement from RAF service.
		In total 134 Vulcan V-bombers were built at Avro's Woodford plant in Cheshire and the type became the mainstay of Britain's strategic shield against the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War.
	www.tvoc.co.uk /olds.htm (3374 words)

	The Avro Vulcan - The Delta Lady (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Vulcan Operating Company Ltd is raising the funding required to return the aircraft to display flight by selling the Vulcan's unique marketing and advertising benefits to commercial sponsors, and from individual, philanthropic sponsorship.
		The Vulcan XM655 Maintenance and Preservation Society (655 MaPS for short) comprises a small group of dedicated volunteer technicians, many whom are ex-RAF, some even ex V-Force personnel, whose commitment and goal is to maintain and preserve Avro Vulcan XM655 as a live and working example for the benefit of all.
		XM655 is the youngest Vulcan survivor and equipment-wise remarkably intact, one of only three Vulcan bombers in the world still capable of ground-running and fast taxi runs, and of these, the only Vulcan powered by the more powerful Rolls-Royce Olympus 301 series engines.
	home.freeuk.net /captain-vulcan/orgs.htm (591 words)

	Re: "scouted": Francyphilis
		The first Valiant squadron became operational in 1955, the Victors in 1958, and the Vulcan squadrons were fully equipped by 1960.
		Eventually, all the Victors were converted to reconnaissance aircraft or tankers and many of the Vulcans to reconnaissance variants.
		The Vulcans were the last to remain in service, and were eventually replaced by Tornado squadrons.
	www.mail-archive.com /brin-l@mccmedia.com/msg09254.html (168 words)

	Vulcan FAQS page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Bomber Command required an aircraft which was capable of delivering a nuclear device weighing 10,000lb, over a range of 1,500 nautical miles.
		The aircraft was flown by test-pilot Roly Falk.
		Vulcan captain and co-pilot had ejector seats, but in an emergency the other three crewmen had to bail out through the entrance hatch.
	www.users.zetnet.co.uk /mongsoft/vulcan_faqs_page.htm (1492 words)

	Vulcan, Avro
		The Vulcan was known by many as the "Tin Triangle" due to its massive and imposing delta wing shape, the B2 having a wing span of 111 feet (33.83m) compared to it's total length of only 105.6 feet (32.16m).
		Vulcan's were part of Britain's three pronged nuclear deterrent V-force of the 50's and 60's, the other aircraft being the Vickers Valiant and Handley Page Victor.
		Several of the airframes in their later lives were used as the test bed for the engines of the Tornado, Concorde and the ill fated BAC TSR2.
	home.iae.nl /users/wbergmns/info/vulcan.htm (608 words)

	Virtual Globetrotting: Avro Vulcan B-2
		The Avro Vulcan, along with the Handley-Page Victor and the Vickers Valiant, were Britain's "V" Force of bombers in the 1950s and 60s.
		The Vulcan was the first jet bomber to use the delta shaped wing, which made it extremely agile and acrobatic for such a large aircraft.
		However, the Vulcan bombers were relegated to a conventional role in 1966, when the Royal Navy's Polaris submarines became operational.
	virtualglobetrotting.com /map/30188 (307 words)

	Royal Air Force Bomber Command
		Following a brief spell on instructor duties, Gibson returned to operational flying in November 1940, when he joined Bristol Beaufighter equipped 29 Squadron, which was based at RAF Digby on night defence duties.
		Although they used both Lancasters and Manchesters on all three 1,000 bomber raids (Cologne 30th/31st May 1942, Essen 1st/2nd June 1942, and Bremen 25/26th June 1942) - the third one against Bremen was the last one when the Manchesters were used.
		In October 1942, 106 contributed 10 Lancasters to 5 Group's epic low level daylight raid against the Schneider Works at Le Creusot, and 2 Lancasters (one of which was piloted by Wing Commander Guy Gibson CO of 106) to the subsidiary raid on the transformer and switching station at Montchanin.
	www.aviationartprints.com /raf_bombers.htm (1105 words)

	- Aviation History Online - Stop Listening to the Experts...Become one! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Vickers' design for this new bomber had initially been rejected by the Air Ministry as too conservative, but ultimately would be accepted as a stopgap measure due to the fact that it could be in production much faster than its rivals.
		It would not take long for the bomber to see action; however, instead of dropping nuclear weapons, the type was used as a conventional bomber during the Suez Campaign of 1956.
		The type would see service as a bomber, for reconnaissance, and as a tanker aircraft, but as usful as it was, the aircraft was retired from service in 1965 as a result of fatigue problems.
	www.aviationhistoryonline.com /aircraft/index.php?id=74 (901 words)

	Wings-of-History.de - look back into the past to understand the future
		Während die Vulcan aufgerüstet wurden begann für die Crewmitglieder ein umfangreiches Ausbildungsprogramm, in dem unter anderem Luftbetankungentrainiert wurden.
		Insgesamt bedeutete das für die Crews der Vulcans eine Streckevon über 12.390 km non-stop zurückzulegen, was einem Rundflug Frankfurt/Main über New York wieder zurück nach Frankfurt entspräche.
		Wieder in der Horizontalen befand sich die Vulcan genau dort, wo sie sein sollte: 1.2 Kilometer vor der Bahn, in 60 Metern Höhe mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 249 km/h, den idealen Daten für den Landeanflug dieses Typs.
	www.wings-of-history.de /home/index.php?menu=3&sub=5&show=1 (1668 words)

	AVRO VULCAN - PICTURES - GALLERY 4
		It was very rare to see a V-bomber without an all-white, anti-flash paint scheme in the early 'sixties and the crew on this one obviously felt the heat, as they had opened the access hatch (in front of the nose wheel) immediately on landing at RAF Khormaksar.
		Vulcan B.1A, XH479, had only recently received its camouflage when it participated in the Air Day at RNAS Brawdy in August 1966.
		The elephant badge on the tailfin identifies this Vulcan B.2, XM570, as belonging to 27 Squadron based at RAF Scampton.
	www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk /vulcan/gallery4.html (379 words)

	Aerial refueling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A byproduct of this development effort and the building of large numbers of tankers was that these tankers were also available to refuel cargo aircraft, fighter aircraft, and ground attack aircraft, in addition to bombers, for ferrying to distant theaters of operations.
		Additionally, since an aircraft's maximum takeoff weight is generally less than the maximum weight with which it can stay airborne, this allows an aircraft to take off with only a partial fuel load, and carry additional payload weight instead.
		The most famous refueling missions were the "Operation Black Buck" sorties which involved Victor tankers refueling Avro Vulcan bombers to attack Argentine forces on the Falkland Islands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aerial_refueling (1535 words)

	Speedbirds.com's news page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The last time the Vulcan saw active service in a war arena was during The Falklands War in 1982, when it carried out bombing raids.
		Designed as a high-altitude bomber during the early cold war years of the 1950s, it was said by pilots lucky enough to fly her to be extremely manoeverable.
		During the 1970s a Vulcan was used to test the Olympus 593 engines destined for Concorde, and was a common sight in the air above Bristol, as well as its Lincolnshire base.
	www.speedbirds.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /news40.htm (221 words)

	AVSIM Commercial Aircraft Package Review - PSS Vulcan
		"The Avro Vulcan is a long-range high-altitude bomber, designed in response to a 1945 Tizzard Committee report for a strategic nuclear capability for Britain, for an aircraft capable of flying at a height of at least 40,000ft at 500mph and with a range of 3000 miles with 20,000lb bomb load.
		The Vulcan remains the only mass-produced large tail-less delta aircraft in the world, and the shape of the Vulcan is very close to the blended-wing-body configuration that is now being investigated for the next generation of quiet, clean and efficient commercial airliners.
		The last Vulcan squadron was disbanded in 1984, the type having seen service not only as a bomber, but also in marine reconnaissance and tanker roles.
	www.avsim.com /pages/0503/pss_vulcan/vulcan.htm (2262 words)

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