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Topic: W and Z bosons

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W and Z bosons

Higgs boson

gauge bosons

Z boson

W bosons

bosonic string theories

Goldstone boson

Interacting boson model

Nambu Goldstone boson

pseudo Goldstone boson

vector boson

bosonic particles

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	Theory: Weak Interaction Carrier Particles (SLAC VVC)
		Because the mass of the Z is large compared to the mass of the photon in most low energy situations the effects of Z-exchanges are tiny compared to photon exchanges.
		Z bosons produced by colliding electron and positron beams with just the right energy to make a single Z are the main object of study for the linear collider at SLAC.
		Z bosons decay to produce either quark and its matching flavor antiquark or a lepton and its matching anti-lepton.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/weakbosons.html (268 words)

	W and Z bosons -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Another explanation is that the Z particle derives its name from the fact that it has zero (The quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons) electric charge.
		The W and Z bosons are carrier particles that mediate the weak nuclear force, much like the photon is the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force.
		The fact that the W and Z bosons have mass while photons are massless was a major obstacle in developing electroweak theory.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/W/W/W_and_Z_bosons.htm (1336 words)

	W and Z bosons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the W and Z bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak nuclear force.
		The exchange of a Z boson between particles, called a neutral current interaction, therefore leaves the interacting particles unaffected, except for a transfer of momentum.
		The discovery of the W and Z particles themselves had to wait for the construction of a particle accelerator powerful enough to produce them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/W_and_Z_bosons (940 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia W and Z bosons - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The W Boson is an elementary particle, having an electric charge of just ±1, a mass of 80.4110 GeV (about 80 times the proton's mass), and weak isospin of the same.
		W and Z bosons mediate the weak nuclear force.
		The W and Z are accurately described by a SU(2) Gauge theory[?], but the bosons in a gauge theory must be massless.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/z_/Z_boson (363 words)

	Higgs boson
		Elementary particle masses, and the differences between electromagnetism (caused by the photon) and the weak force (caused by the W and Z bosons), are critical to many aspects of the structure of microscopic (and hence macroscopic) matter; thus, if it exists, the Higgs boson has an enormous effect on the world around us.
		The electroweak theory predicts a neutral particle whose mass is not far from the W and Z bosons.
		Both of the charged components and one of the neutral fields are Goldstone bosons, which are massless and become, respectively, the longitudinal third-polarization components of the massive W and Z bosons.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/Higgs_boson.html (863 words)

	Boson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bosons are also the only particles which can occupy the same state as another.
		Gauge bosons are elementary particles which act as the carriers of the fundamental forces such as the W vector bosons of the weak force, the gluons of the strong force, the photons of the electromagnetic force, and the graviton of the gravitational force.
		This explains the spectrum of fl-body radiation and the operation of lasers, the properties of superfluid helium-4 and the possibility of bosons to form Bose-Einstein condensates, a particular state of matter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bosons (285 words)

	CERN Courier - Neutral currents and W and Z - IOP Publishing - article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The observation of W particles by the UA1 and UA2 experiments was announced at CERN on 20 and 21 January 1983.
		With the discovery of the W and Z particles, electroweak theory became truly established.
		The discovery of the W and Z particles owed much to the development of detector techniques, in particular by Georges Charpak at CERN, who was rewarded with the Nobel prize in 1992.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/43/10/21/1 (1316 words)

	CERN Courier - The W and Z at LEP - IOP Publishing - article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the first phase, between 1989 and 1995, 18 million Z bosons were collected, while in the second phase, from 1996 to 2000, some 80,000 W bosons were generated at energies gradually climbing from the W-pair threshold to the maximum of 209 GeV.
		The properties of the Z boson and the underlying electroweak theory were studied at LEP by measuring the overall formation cross-section, the forward-backward asymmetries of the leptons and quarks, and the polarization of tau leptons.
		From the steep increase of the excitation curve near the threshold and from the reconstruction of the W bosons in the leptonic and hadronic decay modes, the mass M
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/44/4/15 (2374 words)

	Cosmological Field Theory for Observational Astronomers - YA. B. Zel'dovich
		The theory of the weak interaction, which uses the intermediate W and Z bosons, is an example of the well-established new physics.
		The theory was triumphantly confirmed in 1983 when the W and Z bosons were discovered - they turned out to have precisely the masses predicted (approximately one hundred times heavier than the proton or neutron).
		In both cases (the W and Z particles and the gluons), the fields are similar to the electromagnetic field.
	nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu /level5/Zeldovich/Zel2.html (984 words)

	Highlights from Run 1
		Three of the Higgs particles are absorbed in giving the W and Z their masses, while the last one remains to be discovered; its mass is not predicted, but can be inferred in the framework of the SM from precision measurements of other quantities.
		W bosons are produced at the Tevatron mainly when a quark from a proton and an antiquark from an antiproton collide head-on at the DØ detector.
		A quantity called the transverse mass of the W boson is then calculated by combining the transverse momenta of the electron and neutrino, and the mass of the W is extracted from the shape of this transverse mass distribution.
	d0server1.fnal.gov /projects/results/runi/highlights/highlight_document/Highlights_v18_final.html (8678 words)

	BOSE-EINSTEIN STATISTICS. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		class of statistics that applies to elementary particles called bosons, which include the photon, pion, and the W and Z particles.
		Bosons have integral values of the quantum mechanical property called spin and are “gregarious” in the sense that an unlimited number of bosons can be placed in the same state.
		All of the particles that mediate the fundamental forces of nature are bosons.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/bo/BoseEins.html (64 words)

	Highlights from Run 1
		Three of the Higgs particles are absorbed in giving the W and Z their masses, while the last one remains to be discovered; its mass is not predicted, but can be inferred in the framework of the SM from precision measurements of other quantities.
		W bosons are produced at the Tevatron mainly when a quark from a proton and an antiquark from an antiproton collide head-on at the DØ; detector.
		A quantity called the transverse mass of the W boson is then calculated by combining the transverse momenta of the electron and neutrino, and the mass of the W is extracted from the shape of this transverse mass distribution.
	www-d0.fnal.gov /~klima/highlights_v18.htm (8621 words)

	Research by Troels C. Petersen
		An example of such particles are the W and Z bosons, which are the particles responsible for the Weak force, in the same way as the photon "carries" the ElectroMagnetic force.
		However, contrary to the photon the W (and Z) is massive, which is the very reason for the Weak force to be weak.
		The W and Z boson and their masses were predicted by Glashow, Weinberg, and Salam (Nobel Prize 1979), and discovered at CERNs SPS accelerator (invented by Rubbia and van der Mer) a few years later (Nobel Prize 1983).
	www.nbi.dk /~petersen/Research/research.html (1131 words)

	W and Z bosons
		In physics, the '''W and Z bosons''' are the elementary particles that mediate the weak nuclear force.
		The W and Z bosons are carrier particles that mediate the weak nuclear force, much like the photon is the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force.
		The discovery of the W and Z particles themselves had to wait for the construction of a particle accelerator powerful enough to produce them.
	iknow.z505.com /cgi-bin/iknow/idx?P=W_and_Z_bosons (943 words)

	Exchange Particles
		The W and Z particles are the massive exchange particles which are involved in the nuclear weak interaction, the weak force between electrons and neutrinos.
		The W and Z particles are called intermediate vector bosons and are the exchange particles for the weak interaction.
		The charged W bosons participate in the transformation of quarks in which the flavor of the quark is changed.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/expar.html (1159 words)

	Neutral currents and W and Z: a celebration - CERN Courier
		The observation of W particles by the UA1 and UA2 experiments was announced at CERN on 20 and 21 January 1983.
		With the discovery of the W and Z particles, electroweak theory became truly established.
		The discovery of the W and Z particles owed much to the development of detector techniques, in particular by Georges Charpak at CERN, who was rewarded with the Nobel prize in 1992.
	cerncourier.com /cws/article/cern/28982 (1304 words)

	sciforums.com - pi mesons decay
		I think that W and Z is not correctly to be called "intermediators" of the weak force, they are rather just intermediate state of the decayng particles.
		W and Z are the mediators of the weak force.
		the mediator boson (W or Z) is exchanged between the quark and the lepton.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=28158 (3301 words)

	[No title]
		W and Z Boson Proterties at the Tevatron, presented at the International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics, Tampere, Finland, 15-21 July 1999.
		Measurements of the W Boson Mass and Trilinear Gauge Boson Couplings at the Tevatron, presented at the XXXIInd Recontres de Moriond, March 14-12 1998.
		W Boson Physics at the Fermilab Tevatron, presented at the Cracow Epiphany Conference on the W Boson, January 4-6, 1997.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~ellison (685 words)

	W AND Z BOSONS FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In physics, the W and Z bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak_nuclear_force.
		The W boson is best known for its role in nuclear_decay.
		The discovery of the W and Z particles themselves had to wait for the construction of a particle_accelerator powerful enough to produce them.
	www.amysflowershop.com /W_and_Z_bosons (895 words)

	Cameron Christie
		The Pomeron could either be made of a quark/antiquark pair, and these composite quarks would then collide to produce a W or Z boson, or the Pomeron could be made of two gluons, which would have to decay into quark/antiquark pairs before production of W or Z bosons could take place.
		If the measured amount of of W and Z bosons diffractively produced is relatively high, it would suggest that the Pomeron is composed primarily of quark/anti-quark pairs.
		If, however, the amount of W and Z bosons appears low, it would indicate the Pomeron is mainly made of gluons.
	www.hep.ucl.ac.uk /~christie/ProjectOutline.htm (867 words)

	W and Z bosons Summary and Analysis
		Z bosons are heavy neutral particles that mediate the weak nuclear interaction.
		W mesons, or W bosons, are heavy charged particles that mediate the weak nuclear interaction.
		In physics, the W and Z bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak force.
	www.bookrags.com /W_and_Z_bosons (213 words)

	Bosons: A Member of the Particle Zoo
		Bosons are another class of particles that are responsible for mediating the fundamental forces (mediate in this context basically means that the boson allows the force to function).
		The photon, the particle of light, is the boson that mediates the electromagnetic force.
		It is because the masses of the W and Z bosons are so large that the range of the weak force is limited to the atomic nucleus.
	physics.suite101.com /article.cfm/bosons (362 words)

	elements.wlonk.com: Particles
		Bosons do not obey the exclusion principle; they can pass right through each other.
		The fundamental bosons are the photon, W and Z bosons, gluon, graviton, and higgs.
		Particles analogous to the W and Z bosons, but mediating a new force.
	elements.wlonk.com /Particles.htm (650 words)

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