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	Brak
		Brak (or Braque) was the title of the kings of the kingdoms of Waalo (or Oualo) and Biffeche on the Senegal River in Senegal and Mauritania in West Africa until the 19th Century.
		The main Brak was the king of the Kingdom of Waalo with capital at Diourbel north of the river, and later at Nder on the west shore of Lac de Guiers.
		The Kingdoms of Waalo and Biffeche were labelled as 'Brak' or 'Braque' on some French maps of the area, not to be confused with the moorish realm of Brakna north of the Senegal River.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/b/br/brak.html (248 words)

	Waalo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The legendary 13th century founding of Waalo was by NDiadiane Ndiaye[?], a man reputed to be from the north, who lived a strange existence in the Senegal River for years until he was selected by the Waalo people as their king after performing amazing feats.
		Later he went on to become first ruler of a united Jolof (Diolof)[?] Empire which lasted until the mid 16th century.
		The Brak ruled with a kind of legislature, the Seb Ak Baor[?], over a complicated hierarchy of officials and dignitaries.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/wa/Waalo.html (424 words)

	Waalo: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Waalo Waalo The Kingdom of Waalo (Oualo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal...Jolof (Diolof).
		Waalo had a complicated political and social system, which has a continuing...
		The legendary 13th century founding...founding of Waalo was by NDiadiane-Ndiaye NDiadiane Ndiaye NDiadiane Ndiaye, a man reputed...
	www.encyclopedian.com /wa/Waalo.html (637 words)

	Brak or Braque was the title of the kings of...
		"Brak" (or "Braque") was the title of the kings of the kingdoms of Waalo Waalo (or Oualo) and Biffeche Biffeche on the Senegal River Senegal River in Senegal Senegal and Mauritania Mauritania in West Africa until the 19th Century.
		The main Brak was the king of the Kingdom of Waalo Waalo with capital at Diourbel Diourbel north of the river, and later at Nder Nder on the west shore of Lac de Guiers Lac de Guiers.
		The Kingdoms of Waalo Waalo and Biffeche Biffeche were labelled as 'Brak' or 'Braque' on some French maps of the area, not to be confused with the moorish realm of Brakna Brakna north of the Senegal River.
	www.biodatabase.de /Brak (315 words)

	Fuuta Tooro
		After the waters receded in December, the moist floodplain or waalo could be seeded with millets, sorghum and maize for a dry season harvest, just when other areas were entering the hungry season.
		In fact, some villages in the two waalo zones were completely abandoned when the waters rose, and the inhabitants moved in with relatives in the jeeri.
		The cultivable waalo lands are wide, partly because two tributaries link up with the river here: the Gorgol on the north side, the Due Marigot on the south.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=4&linksPage=314 (3098 words)

	Toucouleur Location and Environment
		The Toucouleur distinguish between the lower-lying, foldable ground in the valley, the "Waalo", and the higher, non-foldable ground, the edges of the valley called "Dieri" (French) or "Jeeri"(Pulaar).
		The Toucouleur have their villages along the edge of this vast Jeeri area, and so there are the Waalo villages and the Jeeri villages of the Toucouleur.
		Note that it is the Waalo that is prone to flooding, and not the Jeeri.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur/Profile/Location_and_environment.htm (798 words)

	Regional News of Tuesday, 30 November 2004
		He said the government created the districts and constituencies in consultation with experts and all necessary bodies who found it expedient to create them and wondered why political opponents were castigating the government on the issue in some parts of the Upper West Region.
		John Waalo the elected Presiding member thanked members of the assembly for finally electing him after five previous fruitless attempts.
		Madah had to withdraw for John Waalo, who polled 14 out of the 19 votes cast to be elected Sissala West presiding member.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/regional/artikel.php?ID=70839&nav=next (297 words)

	Cayor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Cayor was located in north and central Senegal, southeast of Waalo, west of the kingdom of Jolof and north of Baol and the Kingdom of Sine.
		After the French conquered Waalo, governor Louis Faidherbe annexed Cayor in 1864, but Cayor got its independence restored in 1871.
		It was defeated and annexed again in 1879 and ceased to be a sovereign state.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/c/ca/cayor.html (267 words)

	Lexikon Waalo
		Waalo (andere Schreibweise Walo und Oualo) war ein ehemaliges, von der Ethnie Wolof, in Westafrika gegründetes Reich.
		Waalo hatte lukrative Verträge mit den Franzosen, so das es ihnen erlaubt war ihre Basis auf der Insel Saint-Louis in der Mündung zu errichten.
		Waalo erhielt für jede Bootsladung von Gummi Arabicum oder Sklaven, das den Fluss befuhr, eine Gebühr für den „Schutz“ des Handels.
	lexikon.freenet.de /Walo (451 words)

	Regional News of Wednesday, 24 November 2004
		The election, which was contested by three members, Mr Nawei Alidu, John Waalo and Ismail Nadah had to travel three rounds without success before the Electoral Officer adjourned the next election to come off on Monday November 29, 2004.
		The election was predicted to be free and fair but ended up registering rancour and bitterness among the rank and file of the Assembly.
		After the first round, Mr John Waalo, who had the lowest number of votes agreed to step down to pave the way for re-negotiation between the two other contestants.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/regional/artikel.php?ID=70458 (331 words)

	Wikinfo \| Indigenous cultures, kingdoms and ethnic groups of Senegal
		The senegalese Empire of Jolof (Diolof) at one time included the Kingdoms of Waalo, Biffeche, Bethio, Cayor, Baol, and parts of Sine and Saloum.
		Waalo, Cayor, Beetyo were ethnic Wolof kingdoms, while Sine, Saloum and sometimes Baol were ethnic Serer kingdoms.
		Waalo, followed by Jolof, Cayor, Baol, Sine and Saloum were all conquered by the French in the 19th Century.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Indigenous_cultures,_kingdoms_and_ethnic_groups_of_Senegal (513 words)

	Telling Time
		The waalo is the land which lies next to the Senegal River and which is flooded every year during the rainy season.
		For people living near the river, the year is divided into the season for farming the jeeri (during the rains) and the season for farming the waalo (after the rains).
		Those families who are not able to plant a second crop in the waalo depend upon their herds for a major part of their livelihood.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=3&linksPage=283 (782 words)

	Bethio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The original, fertile farmlands of Bethio are in a region just east of the Oiseaux de Djoudj National Park.
		In the 1720s, the Brak (king) of Oualo (Waalo) was Erim M'Bagnick (Yérim Mbañik) and Béquio Malicouri king of the Royaume d'Oral was his vassal.
		In the 18th century the most famous "Prince Bethio" was Maalixuri (Malichouri) (Malikhuri Diop) who was legendary for his cleverness, changes of strategy, and defiance in disputes with the Kingdom of Waalo and with the French at Saint-Louis, Senegal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bethio (256 words)

	WAALO FENDO
		With the aid of Theo, a close friend of Yaro's, and of other immigrants, Demba takes us on a journey to hell, from the smog of Milan to the big tomato plantations of Southern Italy where mafiosi and honest men are often one and the same..
		Located somewhere between fiction and documentary, Waalo Fendo (Where the Earth Freezes) describes the world of these non-Europeans, where Black Africans, North Africans and other foreigners live together, struggling amongst themselves and against everyone in order to ensure their day-to-day survival.
		Waalo Fendo is meant to be a true document and, above all, sincere, one of those small initiatives that enable all of us, people of the North and the South, to reconsider our values in an appeal for more solidarity, tolerance and friendship..
	www.pardo.ch /1997/filmprg/f120.html (260 words)

	Griot Song Kingdom of Biffeche
		After that time, Njaajaan knew as king of Waalo that Biffeche could not be his.
		Gouverneur Faidherbe said he himself was king of Waalo.
		We did not accept the “mulk” [Arabic for sovereignty] of Waalo or of France.
	www.kingdomofbiffeche.net /griotsong.htm (2690 words)

	Amazon.de: The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal: The Master of the Word: The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The epic tale contained in the manuscript, (The Epic Tale of the Waalo Kingdom) was collected in the town of Rosso-S n gal from the griot S q an (and the performance was recorded on videotape).
		The historic and mythic aspects are compared to other oral cultures, drawing from theories derived from ancient Indo-European (Gilgamesh), medieval European (the chanson de geste, Beowulf), classical European (Homer), Arabic and oriental (the Arabic Hilaliya folk tradition).
		A second oral text collected from S q an, a genealogy of the rulers of Waalo, is provided in Wolof and English in an appendix, along with a Wolof text of the genealogy written in Arabic characters.
	www.amazon.de /History-Literature-People-Northern-Senegal/dp/0773490310 (372 words)

	The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal
		In the future when the historian sifts through the debris of our era, oversaturated with information, once the dross has been cast aside, more than a few of the things that remain will be bound in the covers of The Edwin Mellen Press.
		The epic tale contained in the manuscript, (The Epic Tale of the Waalo Kingdom) was collected in the town of Rosso-Sénégal from the griot Sèq Ñan (and the performance was recorded on videotape).
		A second oral text collected from Sèq Ñan, a genealogy of the rulers of Waalo, is provided in Wolof and English in an appendix, along with a Wolof text of the genealogy written in Arabic characters.
	www.mellenpress.com /mellenpress.cfm?bookid=2973&pc=9 (497 words)

	H-Net Review: Stephen Belcher on The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo Northern ...
		Despite the author's assertion that the book is a complete revision of his dissertation, the two texts are virtually identical; anyone who balks at the $99.95 price charged by Edwin Mellen will find the UMI version entirely acceptable at a lower price and in some regards in a more appropriate format.
		The core of this book, and its greatest asset, is a 975-line transcribed performance of the legend of Njaajaan Njaay, which tells about the origin of the Wolof kingdoms of Waalo, Kajoor, and Jolof.
		The focus on the Waalo, a riverside subdivision of the Wolof states, is too limiting here.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=30192849394513 (1204 words)

	Toucouleur Socio-Economy
		On the Waalo, the people plant Sorghum on the ground that has been under inundation (once the waters have receded), that is if there has been sufficient flooding.
		On the Jeeri, however the only water supply is from the brief rains - the river being too far away to be a water supply.
		A certain amount of vegetables is also grown on both the Waalo and the Jeeri such as beans, corn, pumpkin, melons, potatoes and sweet-potatoes.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur/Profile/Socio-Economy.htm (1458 words)

	CINEMA - Waalo Fendo (Là où la terre gèle) [Mohammed Soudanis]
		Waalo Fendo (Là où la terre gèle) [Mohammed Soudanis]
		Waalo Fendo, Mohammed Soudanis erster Spielfilm, beginnt mit nächtlichen, neonkalten Bildern aus den Vororten von Mailand.
		«Waalo fendo» bedeutet auf senegalesisch «da, wo die Erde gefriert».
	www.cinemabuch.ch /schweizer_filmindex/waalo_fendo_(l_o_la_terre_gle).html (327 words)

	Waalo Fendo: Where The Earth Freezes - directed by Mohammed Soudani - Africanfilm.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Waalo Fendo: Where The Earth Freezes - directed by Mohammed Soudani - Africanfilm.com
		It is a story of immigration like so many others but that most people are unaware of.
		Waalo Fendo illustrates the dehumanization faced by so many immigrants all over the world.
	www.africanfilm.com /waalo_fendo.htm (63 words)

	RS Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Animales - PRASET: Chap. 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Le mouvement du bétail entre le waalo (zone alluviale de la vallée) et le jeeri (haut-pays) ont constitué le type dominant des transhumances pendant la période antérieure à la mise en place des forages.
		En hivernage, les Peul waalo se replient sur le proche jeeri à la recherche de pâturages verts et dans certains cas pour s'éloigner du Delta où les conditions sanitaires ne sont pas propices à l'élevage en cette période de l'année à cause de la pullulation d'insectes piqueurs.
		Alors que dans la période antérieure à l'implantation des forages, 60% des pasteurs se rendaient dans le waalo en saison sèche avec la totalité de leur bétail, en 1981 ces déplacements n'ont concerné que 3% des pasteurs.
	www.mekonginfo.org /mrc/html/praset/pra11.htm (9111 words)

	Hasrat Music Review songs lyrics - IndiaGlitz.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		With glimpses of the opening 'alaap' of Nikhil Vinay's own hit 'Koi Fariyad' from Tum Bin [that was ironically sung by Jagjit Singh], 'Peene Waalo Suno' has everything that his fans with broken hearts have been cherishing for all these years.
		After an intoxicating 'Peene Waalo', Pankaj Udhas gets all lovey-dovey with appreciation for the lady love in 'Rang Salona'.
		A soft'n'silky track with easy to come lyrics by Jyoti Nayar,the track doesn't attempt to break any new grounds but turns out to be extremely likeable due to some melodious music by Nikhi Vinay.
	www.indiaglitz.com /channels/hindi/albumreview/3009.html (1135 words)

	Pambazuka News
		Et un siècle et demi après la défaite de la Reine, on ose espérer que les Français atteindront le niveau de civilisation du Waalo du 19eme siècle, en portant Ségolène Royale à la Présidence de la république.
		St Louis appartient au Gouverneur, le Cayor au Damel et le Waalo au Brack.
		Le 5 février 1855 Faidherbe déclencha la bataille et les troupes du Waalo seront finalement battues le 25 Février 1855 par la puissance technologique de l’ennemi.
	www.pambazuka.org /fr/category/comment/36320 (3091 words)

	Study Abroad with CIEE International Study Programs
		He has the needs of a tiny village in mind, and since he is our leader today, our marabout of sorts, we unquestioningly approve of the chosen gifts and pile into the crowded minibus.
		We’re headed to the Fulani Village of Njum Waalo in the ancient Fouta Tooro region of Senegal.
		He believes the stringed gourd instruments played historically in Njum Waalo gave rise to what Americans now term southern blues.
	www.ciee.org /study/your_stories/story_contest/spring_2004.aspx (739 words)

	Jalma, Christian, « Le Testament de Balak » - île en île
		Sur la terre de Waalo, je n'avais pas besoin du souvenir.
		Ma croyance est le seul mot qu'on puisse entendre de Waalo jusqu'ici.
		À Waalo, dans ces moments de doute et de fatigue, un nombre riche en hommes et femmes aurait entouré mon corps.
	www.lehman.cuny.edu /ile.en.ile/paroles/jalma_balak.html (2292 words)

	Joseph J. Duggan
		Samba Diop, "The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal: The Master of the Word (Griot) in the Wolof Tradition.
		Performance of The Epic Tale of the Waalo Kingdom and the Transmission of Knowledge," Department of Comparative Literature, 1993; published as The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal: The Master of the Word (Griot) in the Wolof Tradition.
		Performance of The Epic Tale of the Waalo Kingdom and the Transmission of Knowledge, African Studies, 36 (Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1995)
	www.grad.berkeley.edu /grad/deans/duggan/disserta.htm (664 words)

	Ford Foundation Report
		In Senegal it marked the end of the kingdom of Waalo and the emergence of a new political order.
		On March 5, 1820, in the absence of its leader, Amar Fatim Borso, Waalo's capital, Nder, was taken by a Moorish-led force, in spite of a fierce defense mounted by Yerim Mbagnik, prince of Waalo.
		This poem, in the Wolof language, describes aspects of the battle as well as the decision of the women who chose to burn themselves to death rather than fall into the hands of the Moors and their allies.
	www.fordfound.org /publications/ff_report/view_ff_report_detail.cfm?report_index=223&print_version=1 (2010 words)

	H-Net Review: Trevor Getz on Kings and Queens of West Africa
		In fact, however, Diouf presents a remarkably even account of the lives and context of Mansa Musa, Asantehene Osei Tutu, and Ndata Yalla Mbodj of Waalo.
		For example, she courageously admits to Osei Tutu's role in the slave trade (although letting him off rather easy and saving her ire for the French in Senegal).
		Similarly, the writing is so good that we can also overlook the probably inappropriate juxtaposition between sophisticated concepts such as concepts of rules and cultural legacies and the large text size and over-simple prose style elsewhere.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=23842987187736 (539 words)

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