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	Wabar craters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Wabar craters are meteorite craters found by accident by an explorer searching for the legendary city of Ubar.
		The sand was turned into fl glass near the craters, and pellets of the glass are scattered all over the area, decreasing in size with distance from the craters due to wind-sorting.
		Fission-track analysis of glass fragments by Storzer suggested the Wabar impact took place thousands of years ago, but the fact that the craters have filled up considerably since Philby visited them suggests their origin is much more recent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wabar_craters (866 words)

	Wabar craters
		After a month's journey through the wastes that was so harsh that even some of the camels died, Philby found was a patch of ground about a half a square kilometer in size, littered with chunks of white sandstone, fl glass, and chunks of iron.
		The sand was turned into fl glass near the craters, and pellets of the glass are scattered all over the area.
		One analysis of glass fragments suggested the Wabar impact took place thousands of years ago, but the fact that the craters have filled up considerably since Philby visited them suggests their origin is much more recent, and different chemical analyses suggest the impact site is no more than a few centuries old.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/wa/Wabar_craters.html (703 words)

	WABAR PHOTO
		Found dispersed in and around three impact craters situated on 125 acres of desert sands was fl glass, white impactite rock containing coesite, and remnants of iron-nickel that were spalled off of the impacting body.
		Wabar is a member of the IIIAB group of irons and displays a medium Thomson (Widmanstätten) structure.
		From measurements of the rate of infilling of the craters by sand, as well as through TL studies, it is estimated that the fall occurred between 235 and 416 years ago, or an average of 289 (±46) years ago.
	www.meteoritestudies.com /protected_WABAR.HTM (505 words)

	Wabar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		WABAR, Saudi Arabia, is situated in the largest continuous sand desert in the world.
		The Philby ‘A’ crater - 64 meters in diameter.
		From this data they surmised that the craters were made by an object some 10 meters across, which broke into at least 4 pieces, 3 of which exploded with the force of atom bombs.
	www.s-d-g.freeserve.co.uk /wabar.html (325 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 18-4
		Impact craters almost always start out as circular structures bounded by a raised rim and bottomed by a depression which may have a central uplift or peak (exception to roundness is the elliptical form that occur when a crater strikes at a very low incidence angle).
		Crater morphology is altered with time as erosion (mainly by water on Earth and by repeated subsequent impacts and buried by ejecta on the Moon) tends to subdue its topographic expression.
		When craters are exposed at the surface, the younger, usually less eroded ones are recognized by their morphology or external form.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /Sect18/Sect18_4.html (3701 words)

	datadubai.com:A desert impact site demonstrates the wrath of rocks from space
		This asymmetry suggests that the impact was oblique, with the incoming objects arriving from the northwest at an angle between 22 and 45 degrees from the horizontal.
		As a rule of thumb, craters in rock are 20 times as large as the objects that caused them; in sand, which absorbs the impact energy more efficiently, the factor is closer to 12.
		At first the craters had a larger, transient shape, but within a few minutes material fell back out of the sky, slumped down the sides of the craters and reduced their volume.
	www.datadubai.com /rubart4.htm (3704 words)

	Three Craters in Israel
		Further, if the diameter of a crater were double this size (13.5 miles), then the crater would have been caused by eight times all the nuclear bombs in the world (80,000 megatons of bombs), being proportional to the cube of the crater diameter.
		From the Wabar crater sizes, Jeffrey Wynn and Gene Shoemaker calculated that the incoming object weighed more than 300 tons and released the energy equivalent of at least 1,000 tons of exploding TNT [R9].
		Perhaps the Wabar Craters were formed about 9 minutes after the impact in Israel, from rebounding material that did not escape from the earth [F4].
	www.gsanctuary.com /3craters.html (3419 words)

	Impact event
		Based on crater formation rates determined from our closest celestial partner, Luna, astronomers have determined that during the last 600 million years the Earth has been struck by 60 objects larger than 5 kilometers or more across.
		Probably the most convincing evidence for a worldwide catastrophe was the discovery of the crater which has since been named Chicxulub Crater.
		A particularly interesting fireball was observed moving north over the Rocky Mountains from the US Southwest to Canada on August 10 1972, and was filmed by a tourist at the Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming with an 8-millimeter color movie camera.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ea/Earth_impacts.html (1381 words)

	The Montréal Planetarium — What's Up — Meteorites, Messengers from Space
		The Wabar craters are in the eastern part of the desert of Rub' al-Khali.
		The number of craters varies from one expedition to another, because the smaller craters are periodically buried and then swept clear again by the wind.
		Today exhibited in Mecca, this stone bears a strong resemblance to the impactites from the Wabar craters, but because the Wabar craters are much younger than the fl stone of Kaaba, it probably didn't come from there.
	www.planetarium.montreal.qc.ca /Information/Expo_Meteorites/Vedettes/wabar_a.html (741 words)

	U. S. Geological Survey research on the Wabar impact site, Saudi Arabia
		The crater complex and its associated ejecta field are largely contained within a 500 meter by 1,000 meter, roughly elliptical area located in the north-central core of the Ar-Rub' Al-Khali desert of Saudi Arabia, about 550 kilometers by air southeast of the capital Riyadh.
		The Jangle-U crater is 78 meters in diameter and was formed by a 1.2-kiloton (TNT equivalent) device detonated shallowly beneath the surface.
		Glass fragment size correlates inversely with distance from the crater rims, with fist-sized chunks of lava-like material found close to the crater rims, while droplets of 2-4 millimeters are common 850 meters northwest of the the Philby "A" crater.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /About/Who/jwynn/3wabar.html (1842 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Wabar craters
		In 1932, a British explorer, Harry St. John "Abdullah" Philby, father of Communist spy Kim Philby, was hunting for a city named "Ubar", that the Qur'an claimed had been destroyed by God for defying the Prophet.
		Not only were conditions harsh, reaching 61 degrees C (142 F) in May 1994, but the Wabar site was tricky to find, as it sits in the middle of an enormous dune field that has few fixed landmarks.
		Fision-track analysis of glass fragments by Storzer suggested the Wabar impact took place thousands of years ago, but the fact that the craters have filled up considerably since Philby visited them suggests their origin is much more recent.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Wabar_craters (925 words)

	Meteors - Crystalinks
		The meteor section of the British Astronomical Association on the other hand has a much stricter definition, requiring the meteor to be magnitude -5 or brighter.If a meteoroid survives its transit of the atmosphere to come to rest on the surface, the resulting object is called a meteorite.
		The most frequent hypervelocity cratering events on the Earth are caused by iron meteoroids, which are most easily able to transit the atmosphere intact.
		Craters on Earth form much as they would on the moon or any rocky planet.
	www.crystalinks.com /meteors.html (1911 words)

	the chiemgau impact event
		There are several estimates for the age of the craters ranging from 2,370 to 8,500 years ago.
		The dimensions of the two craters, some 900 m apart, are 75-80 m diameter, 12.5 m depth, 4.5 m height of the wall, and 50 m/4.5 m/1.5 m, respectively,
		The largest crater, probably produced by the impact of a fragmented projectile, measures 216 m by 108 m, being approximately 15 m deep.
	www.chiemgau-impact.com /streufeld.html (735 words)

	Scientific American: Feature Article: The Day the Sands Caught Fire: November 1998
		Laboratory examination later showed that it was more than 90 percent iron, 3.5 to 5 percent nickel and four to six parts per million iridium-a so-called sidereal element only rarely found on the earth but common in meteorites.
		Near the rims of the Wabar craters, the fl glass looks superficially like Hawaiian pahoehoe, a ropy, wrinkled rock that develops as thickly flowing lava cools.
		Therefore, the largest object that hit Wabar was between 8.0 and 9.5 meters in diameter, assuming that the impact velocity was seven or five kilometers per second, respectively.
	www.astro.spbu.ru /homepages/viva/Book/Comets/1198wynn.html (4023 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Desert Meteorites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The meteorite crater at Wabar, long known to the Bedouin of the Empty Quarter and first mapped by H. St. John Philby in 1932, turns the questing mind to ancient times and points the scientific researcher to the future.
		This disappearing al-Hadidah (Wabar) crater is the only evidence left in the great desert of the force and heat generated by the fall of a meteorite.
		The crater at Wabar, Saudi Arabia, 300 feet wide and 40 feet deep, and 13 large craters in central Australia also prove that the earth occasionally takes a heavyweight punch from a meteorite.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196106/desert.meteorites.htm (1731 words)

	Meteorite Stamps and Coins
		Almost 3.5 cubic kilometers of rock evaporated, 2 cubic kilometers of rock melted, and 31.2 cubic kilometers of rock were ejected as far away as 40 kilometers.
		The smaller Steinheim crater (about 2.5 km in diameter) was formed at the same time as the Ries.
		However, recent studies suggest these craters formed too recently to be the source for the Kaaba stone.
	www.pibburns.com /catastro/metstamp.htm (8148 words)

	96.06.03: Asteroids, Comets, and Meterorites: Their Intimate Relation with Life on Earth
		Chicxulub crater in the northern Yucatan of Mexico has a diameter of 170 km, but some researchers believe the full dimension of the hidden crater is 300 km in diameter.
		The existence of a string of three impact craters 12 kilometers wide in Chad was announced by a NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist and her colleague in March 1996.
		Tables comparing crater diameters with their frequency of occurrence on Earth and average time intervals of occurrence indicate that 150 km diameter craters occur every 100 million years, 100 km craters every 50 million years, 50 km craters every 6 million years, and 10 km craters every 10,000 years.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1996/6/96.06.03.x.html (10429 words)

	Download Info of - Tektite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		For example, since the Chesapeake Bay impact crater (today the largest known impact structure of the United States and associated with the North American tektite strewnfield) is covered by sediments, it was not detected until the early 1990s.
		Since several new craters are identified every year, this is not really regarded as a problem by proponents of the impact theory, except for the purported Australasian crater, a feature that would be less than a million years old and thus easily visible.
		The age of moldavites, a type of tektite found in Czech Republic, was determined to be 14 million years, which agrees well with the age determined for the Nördlinger Ries crater (a few hundred kilometers away in Germany) by radiometric dating of Suevite (an impact breccia found at the crater).
	www.cwap.org /en/tektite (2840 words)

	Jarmo Moilanen´s homepage - Impact crater list references
		Craters of Ilumetsä crater Økm Põrguhaud 0.080 Sügavhaud 0.050 Tondihaud or Kuradihaud?
		Craters of Morasko crater Økm 1 0.100 2 0.025 3 0.063 4 0.035 5 0.015 6 0.024 7 0.050 8 0.035
		There was speculations in Sky and Telescope that the Wabar, a crater complex of three small craters, in Saudi Arabia was formed in impact of huge fireball which passed over Riyadh in 1863 (from impactite samples age of 6400 years was estimated in 1960s).
	www.somerikko.net /old/geo/imp/refer.htm (5146 words)

	Armageddon Could Be Closer Than You Think
		In the Empty Quarter the crater Wabar was according to local Bedouin tradition the remains of an ancient city destroyed by the wrath of God.
		When first discovered, in 1932, the largest of the Wabar craters was 12 metres deep, now sixty six years later the crater is almost buried by the sands.
		Shoemaker believed that the craters were not formed at some time in ancient history, but in fact were the result of meteor strike just 135 years ago.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/19981008121415data_trunc_sys.shtml (597 words)

	Meteorite Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Examples of craters caused by iron meteoroids include Barringer (Meteor Crater), Odessa Meteor Crater, Wabar craters, and Wolfe Creek crater; iron meteorites are found in association with all of these craters.
		Very large meteoroids may strike the ground with a significant fraction of their cosmic velocity, leaving behind a hypervelocity impact crater.
		Few meteorites are large enough to create impact craters.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Meteorite (2546 words)

	Wabar
		Almohandis, A.A., 1994, The Wabar meteorite and its impact crater, Saudi Arabia (abstract).
		Basilevsky, A.T., Fel'dman, V.I., Kapustkina, I.G. and Kolesov, G.M., 1984, On the distribution of iridium in the rocks of terrestrial impact craters (in Russian).
		Spencer, L.J., Hey, M.H., 1933, Meteoric iron and silica-glass from the meteorite craters of Henbury (central Australia) and Wabar (Arabia).
	www.unb.ca /passc/ImpactDatabase/images/wabar.htm (864 words)

	untitled
		When the site was first visited by Philby in 1932, the craters with their glassy walls and surrounding ejecta were all well displayed.
		Wabar impactite glass is scientifically unique and special material in that it is quite young, with both the responsible meteorite and several impact craters preserved.
		Coarser material up to 10 cm or more in diameter is concentrated close to the craters, while smaller 2 to4 mm beads dominate near the extremes of the ejecta train.
	tektitesource.com /Wabar_glass.html (816 words)

	Scientific American: Feature Article: The Day the Sands Caught Fire: November 1998
		SAND-FILLED CRATER (left), 11 meters (36 feet) in diameter, was discovered by the authors on their expedition to Wabar in December 1994.
		Under the sand the crater is lined with a bizarre kind of rock--impactite--thought to have formed when immense pressures glued sand grains together.
		The 64-meter (210-foot) crater marks the impact site of a five-meter meteorite, one of several pieces of the original Wabar meteoroid (which broke apart in midair).
	www.astro.spbu.ru /homepages/viva/Book/Comets/1198wynnbox3.html (197 words)

	Unusual Meteorite Features (Wabar Meteorite Impactite/Melt Glass) - Meteorites Australia
		About 6400 years ago a massive IIIAB iron meteorite fell in the Rub' Al-Khali desert of Saudi Arabia.
		It created at least 3 craters which measure 11m, 64m and 116m in diameter, however there may still be more hidden beneath the moving sands.
		The tremendous impact in the quartz-rich sand created impactite material which was strewn around the craters for up to several hundred meters away.
	www.meteorites.com.au /features/wabar.html (267 words)

	Henbury
		Alderman, A.R. 1931 The meteorite craters at Henbury, Central Australia, with addendum by L.J. Spencer.
		Gurov, E.P. Gurova, E.P. 1984 A group of young meteorite craters in the marginal northwestern part of the Aldan Anteclise (in Russian).
		Hodge, P.W. Wright, F.W. 1971 Meteoritic particles in the soil surrounding the Henbury meteorite craters.
	www.unb.ca /passc/ImpactDatabase/images/henbury.htm (989 words)

	The Path of a Comet and Phaethon's Ride - Bob Kobres
		It was also in 1927 that Russian scientist Leonid Kulik located the Tunguska area, devastated in 1908 by the twenty-megaton aerial explosion of what was probably a piece of debris long ago separated from the progenitor of the still-extant comet Encke.
		Kulik expected to find a crater similar to the structure in Arizona; when he finally found the site he sought, he was a bit dumbfounded.
		Some large structures had been discovered in Australia (Henbury craters), and in 1932 British explorer James Philby was led to some impressive, recent craters in the Arabian desert (Wabar craters).
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1995/february/Sa13053.htm (325 words)

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