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Topic: Waggle dance

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	gears: Internet Classroom
		The majority of this recruitment is by the waggle dance, a unique form of animal behavior in Apis, in which the returning forager seems to perform a miniaturized "reenactment" of her recent journey.
		The waggle dance has been acclaimed as a truly symbolic message, one which is seperated in space and time from both the actions on which it is based, and the behaviors it will guide.
		The informative portion of the dance is the straight run where the dancer vigorously vibrates (waggles) her abdomen back and forth laterally and emits strong substrate and airborne vibrations in addition to audible (to humans) buzzes.
	gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov /ic/dance/dance.html (1116 words)

	Apiculture at NC State
		The dance language is used by one individual to communicate two items of information to one ore more receivers: the distance and direction to a location (typically a food source, such as a patch of flowers).
		While several variables of the waggle dance are correlated with distance information (e.g., dance "tempo", duration of buzzing sounds), the duration of the straight run portion of the dance, measured in seconds, is the simplest and most reliable indicator of distance.
		The orientation of the dancing bee during the straight portion of her waggle dance indicates the location of the food source relative to the sun.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /entomology/apiculture/Dance_language.html (1638 words)

	Measuring Beelines to Food
		The round and waggle dances are performed by foraging bees on an area of vertical comb close to the entrance of the hive to signal the availability of food.
		The waggle dances of these bees indicated a distance that was about half the length signaled by bees traveling the same distance from a hive to a feeder on the ground.
		Waggle dances were video-filmed at 25 frames per second and were later played back for frame-by-frame analysis.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Waggle/measuring_beelines_to_food.htm (3379 words)

	Waggle dance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Waggle dance is a term used in beekeeping and ethology for a particular figure-eight dance of the honeybee.
		The direction and duration of waggle runs are closely correlated with the direction and distance of the patch of flowers being advertised by the dancing bee.
		Amazingly, waggle dancing bees that have been in the hive for an extended time adjust the angles of their dances to accommodate the changing direction of the sun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Waggle_dance (508 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The duration of the waggle is positively correlated with the distance, so that the further away is the food source, the longer the waggle run.
		In many sub-species of bees, there is a transitional form between the round dance and the waggle dance, this dance is called the sickle dance.
		In this dance, the two waggle runs point to different directions, therefore, one has to draw an imaginary line in the center to point to the direction of the food.
	www.cyberbee.net /biology/ch6/dance2.html (331 words)

	The Essay, William Lewis
		Although this “word” is actually not used by the dancing bee, it is still part of the discourse between bees and is thus a relevant unit of the waggle dance.
		The combination of units in the honeybee’s waggle dance must be structured in certain ways and cannot omit elements, or the communication event does not occur (Kirchner 1994).
		It is obvious that the waggle dance of the honeybee constitutes a sophisticated form of communication.
	prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu /past/1995-1996/lewis.html (2623 words)

	Bee Dancing
		The direction is indicated by the direction of the waggle part of the dance (see 1 and 5 in the figure).
		If the bee waggles upward (like the dance here), then the food source is located in the direction of the sun.
		If the bee waggles 45 degrees to the right of up, then the food source is 45 degrees to the right of the sun, etc.
	wc.pima.edu /~bfiero/tucsonecol109/boxes/beedance.htm (193 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Waggle dance leads bees to nectar (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The direction the bees point while performing the dance, Professor von Frisch speculated, indicates the direction of the food source in relation to the Sun; while the intensity of the waggles indicate how far away it is.
		This led some scientists to suggest that the waggle dance was in fact performing a much simpler task.
		Professor Riley explained: "Other hypotheses were raised that suggested the dance was to attract the attention of bees in the hive, cause them to cluster around the dancing bee, and pick up the odour of the source visited.
	news.bbc.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /2/hi/science/nature/4536127.stm (783 words)

	Lesson 1.4, Honey Bee Communication
		When the flowers are a distance greater than 100 meters from the hive, she performs a "wagging" or waggle dance in the pattern of a figure eight.
		Normally, when the waggle dance is performed by honey bees (on a vertical surface) the direction of the sun is up.
		During the dance, she maintains the same angle between her body and the sun as she observed when she collected the nectar from the flower.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/insects/ahb/lsn14.html (1570 words)

	LiveScience.com - Dancing Bees Speak in Code
		Later, it was noticed that the number of waggles in one figure-8 corresponds to the distance to the meal.
		For this reason, some scientists have speculated that the waggle dance merely excites other bees, which then fly out of the hive searching for a scent trail left by the returning bee.
		This is the most definitive proof that recruited bees read the waggle dance, since the transplanted bees chose the foretold trajectory without any of the possible other cues — odors (bees have a strong sense of smell), landscape, other bees — that might exist along the true hive-to-feeder route.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/050527_bee_dance.html (696 words)

	Bee learning and communication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The laden forager dances on the comb in a circular pattern, occasionally crossing the circle in a zig-zag or waggle pattern.
		The orientation of the dance correlates to the relative position of the sun, and the length of the waggle portion of the run is correlated to the distance from the hive.
		One of the most important lines of evidence on the origin and utility of the dance is that all of the known species and races of honey bees exhibit the behavior, but details of its execution vary among the different species.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication (2053 words)

	[No title]
		It then performs a waggle dance, on the surface of the swarm, describing the location and the suitability of its discovery.
		Waggle dances compete and bees explore different alternatives and start doing a new dance.
		Don't be like the bee colony that sent out one worker bee to find a new home to live in and when that bee came back with whatever new location that had been stumbled across first, the colony relocated to that new home to live in.
	www.cs.uni.edu /~jacobson/waggle.txt (1114 words)

	Wrangle over 'Waggle dance' / New study on insect communication puts bee in scientist's bonnet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Most scientists firmly believe the dance is a mysterious coded language that the bees use to direct their hive-mates how to fly toward distant food sources of nectar and pollen.
		The latest effort to decipher the honeybee's "waggle dance" is being published today in the journal Nature by Joseph R. Riley of Britain's Rothamsted Research Center in rural Hertfordshire, together with Uwe Greggers of Berlin's Free University and other colleagues.
		Scientists have long observed the "waggle dance" of honeybees, and most believe their experiments show that the gyrations of a bee inside the hive is a cryptic language telling other bees the distance and direction to a new- found source of rich pollen and nectar hundreds of yards away.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/05/12/MNGGQCNTIJ1.DTL (972 words)

	[No title]
		Upon her return to the hive with pollen and nectar, the worker bee performs an elaborate dance on the vertical surface of a comb.
		The forager waggles her body from side to side as she moves forward in a straight line, then circles to the right, back to her starting point, waggles ahead again, and then circles to the left (Fig.
		The angle of the straight run, or "waggle," from vertical is equal to the angle from the hive between the sun and the nectar/pollen source.
	insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu /mes/notes/entnote22.html (1044 words)

	NOVA Online \| Tales from the Hive \| The Waggle Dance
		The waggle dance is used to communicate the location of food sources more than 35 yards away.
		The dance consists of two loops with a straight run in the middle.
		The rate of looping and duration of buzzing indicate the distance to the food supply.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/bees/danceswagg.html (58 words)

	Waggleworx™ Visual Communications +44 (0)20 8971 9276
		Waggle Worx is a London based design and communications consultancy.
		We take our name from the dance performed by worker bees to communicate the location of pollen to the rest of the hive.
		Known to non-bees as the waggle dance, it’s a master class in effective communication.
	www.waggleworx.com (47 words)

	Honeybee Communication
		The scouts dance on the vertical surface of the combs.
		Relationship between the angle of the dance on the vertical comb and the bearing of the sun with respect to the location of food.
		When the food is at some angle to the right (blue) or left (red) of the sun, the bee orients the straight portion of her dance at the same angle to the right or left of the vertical.
	www.pugetsoundbees.org /beedance.htm (1097 words)

	The Round and Waggle Dances of the Honey Bee: One Dance or Two? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		These two dances are usually considered separate entities, two “words” in the bees’ language, mainly because of the apparent lack of directional information in the round dance.
		We investigated the distinction between the round and waggle dances by training honey bees to feeders at varying distances from the hive and video recording and analyzing the subsequent dances.
		For every dance, the following components were measured: (1) waggle phase duration, (2) form and pattern of dancer movement during a circuit, (3) angular orientation of individual waggle phases, and (4) divergence angle (the angle between the directions of sequential waggle phases).
	iussi.confex.com /iussi/2006/techprogram/P2340.HTM (232 words)

	Bee Tidings Newsletter, March, 2003
		The tremble dance is performed by a bee walking throughout the brood nest shaking her body in a twitching manner with her front legs held aloft.
		It is a symbolic dance in which the position of a celestial object (the sun) and the gravitational field are represented symbolically.
		In the waggle dance, the gravitational field symbolically represents the position (azimuth) of the sun.
	entomology.unl.edu /beekpg/tidings/btid2004/btdmar2004.htm (2159 words)

	ScienceWeek Message Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Furthermore, the waggle dance had become something of a sacred cow and it needed a critical examination by an independent group of investigators.
		The communicative function [of the honeybee waggle dance] is supported decisively by experimental evidence already in the literature.
		One important proposition of the dance language group is that "when odors in the hive become strong, honeybees switch to using only smell to forage." This is a critical point that makes the Wenner group arguments about "controls" inadequate.
	scienceweek.com /swbb/messages/bb142.htm (645 words)

	ACP - Insects > Social Insects
		The speed of her waggle and the number of circuits per minute indicate distance from the hive.
		Dancing a normal waggle dance, this bee, like any robot, was a bit clumsy.
		By modifying the dance, Michelsen highlighted the wagging portion of the dance as the key to conveying direction.
	acp.eugraph.com /insects (1174 words)

	BeeSource.com \| POV \| Wenner \| SOUND PRODUCTION DURING THE WAGGLE DANCE OF THE HONEY BEE
		Although the waggle dance of the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) has been investigated as a means by which the location of food sources is communicated among individuals in a hive, the possible use of sound by these communicating bees has heretofore not been investigated.
		Since the ratio of the sound pulse rate to the waggle rate is approximately 2.5 to 1, the sound is not an incidental result of the waggling by the dancing bee.
		The results of an analysis of variation and a consideration of the effect of wind on the signal given by dancing bees indicates that the average complete run time is largely a sum of the average straight run time and average circle run time.
	www.beesource.com /pov/wenner/besa1959.htm (526 words)

	[No title]
		If one person wants to play a greater role in preparations and neither dance nor narrate, that is fine with me. In your presentation, we would like you to illustrate the round dance and 2 waggle dances, to relatively near and distant targets.
		Be sure to make the appropriate sounds; also, the dancer should give the other bees a sample of the nectar she found.
		After each dance, we suggest you ask the class to guess where the food is. After one of the waggle dances you could also send two foragers in search of the flowers.
	facstaff.uww.edu /mckinnoj/Bio2LctBees.doc (458 words)

	Quantum Mechanics and Honeybee Communication
		have been studied by many scientists, and their waggle dance, and sensitivity to ultraviolet and polarized light was reported by K. von Frisch in 1965.
		Shipman, upon further study, found curves that were an exact duplicate of the curves in the honeybees recruitment dance (the dance made by bees to recruit other bees to a source).
		When a honeybee dances to communicate the location of a source, and the distance from the hive to the source reaches a certain point, the bee will change from a waggle dance to a circle dance, which employs short straight line segments on the sides of the loops to define the shorter distance.
	www.n8ture.com /scienceqm.html (533 words)

	Phase reversal of vibratory signals in honeycomb may assist dancing honeybees to attract their audience -- Tautz et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		by pollen clinging to the dancing foragers and the extrusion
		waggle dance, the phase of the lateral displacements of the
		The arrows indicate the range of frequencies known to occur during the waggle dance.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/21/3737 (5717 words)

	CBBC Newsround \| Animals \| 'Waggle dance' bee theory proved
		The waggle dance involves the bee running around waggling its abdomen.
		He thought the direction the bee points in while dancing tells the direction of the food, and the speed of the waggle says how far away it is.
		Tiny radar equipment was attached to bees who watched the waggle dance, and they flew straight to the food.
	news.bbc.co.uk /cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4540000/newsid_4542500/4542557.stm (198 words)

	Dance Faculty
		She was the former director of the Dance Services Network, performed with Sonia Plumb Dance Co.; EBA Dance Theater, NY; Albano Ballet; Footnotes Dance Company.
		As a professional dance educator, she has extensive experience teaching children and adults in a variety of dance styles, including jazz, tap, ballet and body conditioning.
		Alyson Portelance received her BS degree from the University of Connecticut and is studying dance at Wesleyan University.
	www.hartfordconservatory.org /html/dance_faculty.html (890 words)

	Waggle dance controversy resolved by radar records of bee flight paths - 11 May
		This ‘dance language’ was first described by Karl von Frisch in the 1960s but his experiments also showed that bees that had attended the dance (recruits) took far longer to get to food than would be expected.
		This time delay caused other scientists to argue that the recruits did not read the abstract code in the dance at all, but found the food source simply by tracking down the smell that they had picked up from the dancing bee.
		The scientists watched the waggle dance occurring in a glass observation hive and identified recruits.
	www.bbsrc.ac.uk /media/pressreleases/05_05_11_honeybees.html (716 words)

	ACP - Honeybees’ Waggle Dance Verified 05 12 05
		A new study provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of the ‘dance language’ used by honeybees to describe to other hive members the whereabouts of a food source.
		By radar tracking bees that observed these waggle dances, researchers show that the instructions do work, but not with pinpoint accuracy.
		The waggle dance hypothesis, first proposed by the Nobel Prize-winning zoologist Karl von Frisch, has long come under fire from those who point out that bees observing the dance do not always find the food.
	acp.eugraph.com /news/news05/riley.html (327 words)

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