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Der Ring des Nibelungen

	History of the Wagner Tuba by W.Melton - Wagner Tuba Revival
		The general impression of the Wagner tuba that is still current is of an outdated museum piece, and it is often the butt of caricature.
		The Wagner tuba has a negative reputation of being hard to play and having intonational difficulties, but this stems purely from unfamiliarity with the instrument which can be the result of infrequent usage.
		If the Wagner tuba is still often limited to the role of guest in the orchestra, then, equally, the instrument simply will not go away.
	www.wagner-tuba.com /wagnertuba_melton/wagner_tuba_revival.htm (639 words)

	Tuba - LoveToKnow 1911
		The tubas are often confounded with the baritone and bass of the saxhorns, being like them the outcome of the application of valves to the bugle family.
		The tenor tuba corresponds to the tenor horn, which it outwardly resembles, having its tube bent in rectangular outline and being played by means of a funnelshaped mouthpiece.
		During the middle ages the tuba was as great a favourite as the busine (see Buccina and Trumpet), from which it may readily be distinguished by its marked conical bore and absence of bell.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Tuba (598 words)

	Tuba HIstory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The tuba was patented in 1835 by the Prussian bandmaster Fredrich Wilhelm Wieprecht and the German builder Johann Gottfried Moritz.
		Tubas can now be found in the most diverse range of shapes and designs of ANY instrument, and the number increases drastically when tenor tubas (another name for the euphonium) are added.
		Tubas can come in five different "keys" (BBb, CC, Eb, F, and the GG contrabass bugle.) All tubas are actually in the key of C (that is to say, they're all in concert pitch).
	www.geocities.com /wade_eernisse/TubaHistory.html (350 words)

	Tubas
		The tuba is the largest, lowest-sounding instrument in the brass section of the Western orchestra.
		In the case of tubas - and a few other instruments - the name simply tells you the fundamental of the instrument, that is, the note that the no-valves harmonic series of the instrument is based on.
		The Wagner tuba is a cross between a horn and a tuba.
	cnx.org /content/m12617/latest (1061 words)

	The New York Philharmonic Kidzone! - Instrument Storage Room - Tuba
		Tubas have been built in all kinds of keys, but the standard orchestra tuba of today is pitched in C. Warren Deck, the New York Philharmonic's Principal Tuba, designed his own instrument.
		When the tuba was developed in the 1820s and 1830s, it began to replace the ophicleide in bands and orchestras.
		Richard Wagner, the German opera composer who had very definite ideas about orchestration, had a special instrument developed for his opera orchestra, which has come to be called the Wagner Tuba.
	www.nyphilkids.org /lockerroom/tuba.html (289 words)

	Al's Tenor Horn Page - Tuba History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Tubas come in a number of keys: BB flat, CC, E flat, F, and GG, though the tuba is what is called a “non-transposing” instrument, as its music is read and played in concert pitch.
		The Wagner tuba comes in two forms- the smaller 4-valve F\B flat horn which has roughly the same range as the Horn and Tenor (alto) horn, and the larger B flat bass horn.
		The Wagner tuba has a bell with almost no flare, and the entire bore, including though the valves, is conical, which together serve to impair the instrument’s output, which no doubt in turn curtailed this instrument’s chances of gaining widespread popularity.
	home.earthlink.net /~tenorhorn/tubahistory.html (1549 words)

	Les said, the better: tuba
		Two tubas in the same key with widely differing bores would be called by the same name but have a great difference between them in timbre.
		However, the lower Wagner tuba is in the same range as a tenor trombone, which has a cup depth of 64 mm (74).
		The parallel uses of D flat are reinforced by the association of the Valhalla music with that tonality-music which is scored for the special sound of the so-called 'Wagner Tubas' in both operas.
	celesteh.blogspot.com /search/label/tuba (1759 words)

	Wagner the Innovator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Wagner's intention, by contrast, was to create a new kind of dramatic work, in which music, poetry, drama, acting, scenery and spectacle could be combined in a meaningful and expressive whole, and which was to be called, not "opera", but "music drama".
		The "Wagner tuba" [not a tuba really, more a horn-saxhorn hybrid] is played by each of four extra horn players who alternate between the two instruments, and gives a sombre dignity to such passages as the announcement of the Valhalla motif.
		On the point of Wagner's brass, for example, Carse was one of the first to show clearly that "the secret of their irresistible power of penetration" [18] often lies in their use, not harmonised in open chords (as lesser composers might have done), but in majestic unison or octaves.
	www.bikwil.com /Vintage10/Wagner-Innovator.html (2240 words)

	Horn History 5
		This brass instrument and relative of the horn was invented in the late 1800's to meet the specifications of the German opera composer Richard Wagner.
		Wagner used them in all four operas in "The Ring." Bruckner used them in his Symphonies 7, 8 and 9, and Stravinsky used two in "The Rite of Spring." Other composers like Richard Strauss, Edgard Varese, Arnold Schoenberg, and even the contemporary composer Christopher Rouse have all used Wagner Tubas in their orchestral works.
		Some horn players dislike playing the Wagner Tuba because it is inherently out of tune and requires lots of fussing and a very good sense of intonation to play it well.
	www.hornplanet.com /hornpage/museum/history/horn_history5.html (578 words)

	The Tuba - for TRUE Heavy Metal Music...Harrison Greene First Chair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		However, the tuba is an extremely capable instrument, less nimble than smaller instruments but capable of a range of expression as wide as any other instrument and more than most - from soft and lyrical to loud and bombastic and even fast and complex.
		he tuba is derived from the ophicleide, a type of keyed bugle used in the 1800's before the musical community embraced valved brass instruments, the ophicleide itself the successor to the serpent.
		Tubas can come in five different keys (BBb, CC, Eb, F, and the GG contrabass bugle), bell up or front, bells fourteen to thirty inches in diameter, lacquered or silver plated, rotary or piston valves (or both), two to six valves, convertible or student or professional models.
	www.qualitydentistry.com /extra/tuba.html (400 words)

	AllRefer.com - tuba (Music: Theory, Forms, And Instruments) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The helicon and sousaphone are contrabass tubas used in marching bands; they coil around the player and rest on the left shoulder.
		The baritone and euphonium are small tubas, mainly band instruments, pitched the same as the trombone.
		Tubas appeared first in Berlin in the 1820s, soon after the invention of the valve.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/tuba.html (280 words)

	History of the Wagner Tuba by W.Melton - Introduction
		History of the Wagner Tuba by W. Melton
		A History of the Wagner Tuba" by William Melton
		Wagner Tuba History - Properties and Pitch - Scoring for Wagner Tuba - Seating Within Orchestra
	www.wagner-tuba.com /wagnertuba_melton/melton_intro.htm (474 words)

	Euphonium Tuba Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Wagner wrote for a tuba (Wagnerian Tuba) which was a modified French horn.
		Tubas are usually manufactured with three or four piston or rotary valves.
		The Eb tuba and F tubas are less popular and are used in chamber music.
	www.csupomona.edu /~dmgrasmick/mu330/EuphoniumTubalect.html (370 words)

	The Royal Danish Theatre - Der Ring des Nibelungen
		A third example is the bass tuba and the two deep Wagner tubas in F that signify Fafner the dragon in both Das Rheingold and Siegfried.
		Wagner abandoned the idea of using the saxhorn in 1862 and asked the instrument maker Alexander to build a set of tubas for a concert tour intended to promote public awareness of The Ring.
		As Wagner chiefly intended the instrument to be played by horn players, and since alternating between the horn and the Wagner tuba should be easily undertaken, the Wagner tuba was adjusted in a way so that a horn mouthpiece could be used and the valves of the instrument could be worked with the left hand.
	www.old.kglteater.dk /ringen/uk/om_ringen_musikken_artikel_Wagnertubaen.html (877 words)

	Wagner tuba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The euphonium is sometimes used as a substitute when a Wagner tuba cannot be obtained.
		The sound of the Wagner tuba is mellower than that of the horn and sounds more distant, yet also more focused.
		The name "Wagner tuba" is considered problematic, possibly incorrect, by many theorists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wagner_tuba (588 words)

	Felix Draeseke and the Wagner Tuba by William Melton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Draeseke's tubas play through much of the jovial overture simply doubling the trombones in the rhythmical figures of the tuttis (in Example 1 first bass tuba doubles second trombone exactly), or serving as chordal accompaniment (Example 2).
		Wagner and Bruckner, wrote Ingrid Fuchs, had treated “the tuba quartet preferentially, as a group set apart, mostly for quiet ceremonial, solemn utterances” [28].
		The awe-filled handling of the Wagner tuba by late Romantic composers had now been joined by a more athletic writing style, and Igor Stravinsky and Bela Bartók were among many that enthusiastically continued in the new vein.
	www.draeseke.org /essays/wmtuba.htm (2350 words)

	Classical Music and Romantic Music - Part Three
		Wagner grew up in a theatrical family in Dresden, Germany and was impregnated from an early age by the world of drama (especially the drama of the ancient Greeks and the drama of Shakespeare), the legacy of Beethoven (especially the Ninth Symphony), and by contemporary German opera.
		The characteristic Wagner "sound," especially in his sensual masterpiece Tristan und Isolde, is, to a large extent, the result of a sense of a seamless outpouring of sound (the so-called "endless melody") which arises from the continuous displacement and disguising of cadences
		Wagner was strongly influenced by Romantic philosophy, especially the writings of Schopenhauer, which stressed the separation of the artist from society and the role of arts as a release--a transcendence of the bondage of daily living.
	trumpet.sdsu.edu /M151/Romantic_Music3.html (4281 words)

	Richard Wagner - an overview of the classical composer
		Wilhelm Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig, and it is thought that his real father was not the man who gave him his surname (Karl Friedrich Wagner who died when Richard was 6 months old) but the actor Ludwig Geyer who was then to become Wagner's stepfather and influence his early development.
		Wagner was also married at the time, but several years later the couple were able to marry, and Cosima devoted her life to supporting and promoting Wagner's work and survived him by many years until her death in 1930.
		Wagner's music is full of passion and, despite the flaws in his own character, he was able to move people and convey great emotion and love in music.
	www.mfiles.co.uk /composers/Richard-Wagner.htm (1179 words)

	Evolution, Physics and Usage of the Wagner Tuba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The most immediately striking thing about the Wagner tuba (see fig 6) is the almost complete absence of a flared bell.
		(Fletcher and Rossig 372) The total sound of the Wagner tuba, therefore, will be unlike anything else in the orchestra, not like a tuba, and not like a french horn, but similar to both.
		In fact, "Wagner had already begun to compose Rheingold before he included the tubas." (Baines 263) So initially, at least, he did not even have them in mind.
	www.celesteh.com /music/tuba (1718 words)

	Los Angeles Philharmonic Association - Piece Detail
		But Wagner also churned out polemic after polemic, essays which often espoused radical ideas and, especially in light of the direction Germany took in the 20th century, distasteful and disturbing opinions.
		Wagner first started working on the project in 1848, a year of political upheaval and revolution throughout Europe.
		Wagner uses a rapid succession of 16th notes in the winds and flourishes in the strings to lift the main motif, played by the horns and associated with Brünnhilde.
	www.laphil.org /resources/piece_detail.cfm?id=67 (1232 words)

	Tuba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An orchestra usually has a single tuba (though having 2 or 3 is not uncommon), serving as the bass of the brass section, though its versatility means it can double as reinforcement for the strings and woodwinds, or increasingly as a solo instrument.
		Three-valve tubas are generally the least expensive and are almost exclusively used by beginners and amateurs, and the sousaphone (a marching instrument which is just a different way to wrap the tubing of a B ♭ tuba) almost always has three valves.
		Tubas are generally finished in raw brass, lacquered brass, or silver-plated brass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuba (2510 words)

	Society Event Siegfried Seminar 26 June 1999. Wagner Society in NSW Inc
		As much for tonal colour as for volume, Wagner was remarkably specific in the number of players he required for each section of the Siegfried orchestra, and scored sections of the opera for many subdivisions of each section.
		Wagner’s demands extended to unusual use of instruments: muting the strings, bowing at the bridge of strings (sul ponticello), turning the bow on its side (col legno), and adding an extension to the bassoon to enable it to reach low A. He even had new instruments specially manufactured.
		To his specifications was built the Wagner Tuba, to bridge the sonority gap between horns and trombones.
	www.wagner-nsw.org.au /events/26June99.html (643 words)

	Wagner Tuba Notation
		This is an area of some confusion, principally caused by Wagner himself who varied his notation even within the one work of The Ring.
		For example, in Walkure and Siegfried the tuba parts are given in Eb and Bb, the tenor tubas in the treble clef sounding a 6th lower than written, the bass tubas in the bass clef a tone lower.
		The following however would seem to be the accepted norm with the Tenor Bb Wagner Tuba sounding a major second lower than written and the Bass Wagner Tuba in F sounding a fifth lower than written.
	www.wagner-tuba.com /notation.htm (230 words)

	Tuba Museum
		While the common definition of the Tuba is simply a large bass horn, a scholar could correctly call it a lip-vibrated cup mouthpiece multi-valved conical bored aerophone of the lower register!
		The first instrument called a Tuba was the ancient Roman Tuba (meaning tube), produced around 500 BC, which was used as a military signal trumpet.
		Styles still in use include the sousaphone, the helicon, the bell-front "recording" tuba, and the "Wagner" tuba designed for the Ring of Nibelung operas in 1876.
	www.travelerstuba.com /travelersclub_021.htm (400 words)

	Tuba
		Tubas come in lots of different shapes and names like the Bombardon, Fluegelhorn, and Helicon, but now it is most commonly called the tuba.
		Tuba players change their mouthpieces to go with the music they are playing.
		The tuba used to be less popular in its early stages because in European countries the instrument makers kept switching designs for the tuba and changing the name so no one knew exactly what a tuba looked like.
	library.thinkquest.org /5116/tuba.htm (420 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Richard Wagner - Composer
		Many of Wagner's outrageous acts were accepted so completely that they are now considered the norm; he was definitely a man ahead of his time.
		Wagner wouldn't allow any of this; he considered the music to be sacred and the opera house a temple of music.
		Wagner searched for a long time for the perfect opera house, where everything would be as he wanted it.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A510995 (1793 words)

	Wagner tuba - Definition up Erdmond.Com
		Wagner was inspired to invent this instrument after a brief visit to Paris in 1853, when he had dropped by the shop of Adolphe_Sax (inventor of the saxophone).
		The Wagner tuba comes in two sizes, tenor in B-flat and bass in F, and both are transposing instruments.
		The bass tuba's written range is from the F a twelfth below middle C to the D a ninth above middle C, and it sounds a perfect fifth lower than written.
	www.erdmond.com /Wagner_tuba.html (337 words)

	History of the Wagner Tuba by W.Melton -Modern Voices
		The Wagner tuba had been taken up by a select number of Wagner's heirs, its literature and scope had continued to grow, a healthy number of manufacturers now produced them, and military contracts seemed a guarantee for a prosperous future.
		Schoenberg's sole use of the instrument was in 'Gurre-Lieder' (1900-1911) which included ten horns in F with the last four doubling on Wagner tubas (tenor tubas in E-flat and bass tubas in B-flat, the only departure being the seating arrangements: seven and eight in B-flat, and nine and ten in F).
		The Wagner tuba was in danger of becoming a museum piece.
	www.wagner-tuba.com /wagnertuba_melton/modern_voices.htm (492 words)

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