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Topic: Wakashan languages

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	Wakashan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wakashan is a family of languages spoken in British Columbia around and on Vancouver Island.
		As typical of the Northwest Coast, Wakashan languages have large consonant inventories—the consonants often occurring in complex clusters.
		This Indigenous languages of the Americas-related article is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wakashan_languages (83 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Native American languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		Native American languages cannot be differentiated as a linguistic unit from other languages of the world but are grouped into a number of separate linguistic stocks having significantly different phonetics, vocabularies, and grammars.
		A polysynthetic language is one in which a number of word elements are joined together to form a composite word that functions as the sentence does in Indo-European languages.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/N/NatvA1mlang.asp (3118 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Native American languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Among the tribes speaking Salishan languages are the Bella Coola, Klallam, Coeur d'Alene, Colville, Nisqualli, Okanogan, Pend d'Oreille, Puyallup, Salish or Flathead, Shuswap, Spokan, and Tillamook.
		The languages of the Tanoan branch of Aztec-Tanoan are spoken in the Rio Grande valley, New Mexico, and Arizona.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/N/NatvAmlang.asp (3118 words)

	Eventualities, Grammar, and Language Diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The relation between these two varies from language to language in the way in which distinctions of the second kind are played out in the grammar and in the structure and meanings of words.
		In the consciousness of language users, there is a world of difference when they struggle with a new idiom, or, if they are multilingual, when they compare their experience of the various languages they know.
		If someone is the last speaker of a language and says she is lonely because she has no one to talk to in her mothertongue any more, she will not be comforted by the assurance that after all, up to skin and muscle, all languages are basically the same.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~ebach/papers/utruni.htm (4398 words)

	Classified List of BC Native Languages
		The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska.
		The Tsimshianic languages are spoken on the northwest coast and in adjacent areas of the interior.
		The Wakashan languages are all spoken in the same general area, namely parts of Vancouver Island, nearby parts of the mainland coast, and the Olympic penninsula.
	www.ydli.org /bcother/bclist.htm (1153 words)

	Aboriginal Languages in Canada: Background and Trends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Languages which were/are used in a wide variety and number of occasions, such as at community meetings, at the band office, in schools, and at social events, tended to be flourishing and enduring.
		It is a mixed language, drawing its verbs and associated grammar from Cree and its nouns and associated grammar from Michif-Cree.
		Aboriginal languages are referred to in neither the Canadian Constitution nor federal legislation and thus must receive funding from secondary government sources such as the present cooperation agreements between the federal government and the territories for Aboriginal and minority languages.
	www.pch.gc.ca /progs/em-cr/eval/2003/2003_01/5_e.cfm (1697 words)

	UBC Library: Subject Page - Wakashan Languages
		Wakashan bibliography in A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics, Anthropology and Archaeology by Brad Coon
		Archives of Wakashan Listserv - searchable archive of the Wakashan language listserv from March 2003 -
		Sketch of the Kwakiutl language by Franz Boas
	toby.library.ubc.ca /subjects/subjpage2.cfm?id=901 (351 words)

	The Massachusetts Review - Vol. 44 Nos. 1 and 2
		Slightly farther away are the language isolate Haida on Haida Gwai and in Alaska, Tlingit in far northwestern BC and adjacent areas of Alaska (distantly related to the Athapaskan languages).
		Toward the end of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, attention shifted to describing languages as they were at a single time and emphasis was laid on couching such descriptions in terms that were appropriate to the individual language, and not in terms taken over unquestioningly from the traditions of the classical languages.
		"On endangered languages and the importance of linguistic diversity." In Grenoble and Whaley, 1998, pp.
	www.massreview.org /4401/bach.htm (4669 words)

	Wakashan Linguistics Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Department of Linguistics at the University of British Columbia is pleased to announce the first-ever Wakashan Linguistics Conference.
		The aim of this conference is to bring together researchers and educators with an interest in Wakashan languages.
		Though there is a long and rich tradition of linguistic work on Wakashan, and over the years there have been several important language revitalization efforts in Wakashan-speaking communities, there has never been a single forum where researchers and educators can come together from all across the Wakashan-speaking world to share knowledge and ideas.
	www.linguistics.ubc.ca /Wakashan/announcement.html (188 words)

	Northwest Coast Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Adler, F.W. A bibliographical checklist of Chimakuan, Kutenai, Ritwan, Salishan, and Wakashan linguistics, IJAL 27:198- 210.
		Kess, J.F. A bibliography of the Haida language.
		Canestrelli, P.P. Grammar of the Kutenai language (annotated by Franz Boas).
	www.lib.montana.edu /~bcoon/nwcst.html (5048 words)

	Category:Wakashan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main article for this category is Wakashan languages.
		There are 1 subcategories shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).
		This page was last modified 23:46, 7 February 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Wakashan_languages (72 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Wakashan
		You have reached the page on Wakashan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		updated 9-18-2002 The Wakashan languages (Algonkian-Mosan) comprise the Wakashan sub- branch of the Algonkian-Wakashan branch of the Algonkian-Mosan family of languages.
		The Wakashan and Salishan branches are both found in the northwestern part of the United States and Canada, but the Wakashan languages are more closely related to the Algonkian languages than they are to the Salishan languages.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/wakashah.htm (296 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on ANYONE FOR SALISHAN?
		Chinook being a trade language is easier for anyone to learn--we were communicating in it after a weekend--so it's an option for people who want to keep a hold on their culture but are daunted by Halkomelem.
		Describing people as speakers of a 'dying language' often puts a terrible onus on the speakers, making them feel guilty for not preserving their language in face of the onslaught of modernity.
		Language is one of the most visible and most decisive elements of identity, especially in America.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=1209 (2338 words)

	UBC Linguistics research
		The Salish and Wakashan families are an ideal place to investigate the issue of temporal relations, since the small amount of existing literature indicates that there are marked differences between the ways in which these languages express Tense and Aspect, and the ways in which more well-studied languages such as English do so.
		Modular theories hold that grammar (knowledge one has of human language) is unique and isolated from other performance systems, and that it is itself constituted of discrete subsystems, including knowledge of pronunciation (phonology), of sentence structure (syntax), and of meaning (semantics).
		Linguistic diversity notwithstanding, this means that there are regular phenomena that are dependent on the asymmetrical relations of the language faculty, shedding new light on the relations between the language, the grammar and the mind.
	www.linguistics.ubc.ca /research.htm (3178 words)

	Wakashan Words
		We hope to add a set of 100 common words for each language eventually, complete with phonetic lettering and possibly even audio, but for now we we have included twenty basic words, enough to give you a feeling for each language.
		The nouns are singular and most of the verbs are 3rd person singular ("he or she sings") because many Native American languages don't have a separate infinitive ("to sing") the way English and French do.
		If you would like to know a Wakashan word that is not currently on our page, you can take part in our American Indian translations fundraiser or visit our main Wakashan languages site for more free resources.
	www.native-languages.org /famwak_words.htm (163 words)

	Ethnologue report for ISO 639 code: wak
		The code wak is classified in ISO 639 as a collective language code.
		It encompasses all the related languages that comprise the members of a single genetic subgroup.
		10 to 30 speakers (1997), and others who use it as second language, out of 900 population on the reservation, and others not on the reservation (1995 Davissons).
	www.ethnologue.com /14/show_Iso639.asp?code=wak (166 words)

	Wakashan Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Jacobsen, William H. "Noun and Verb in Nootkan," in Barbara Effrat (ed.) The Victoria Conference on Northwestern Languages.
		Each root is illustrated with lexical words from the languages where it is represented, cognate roots being brought together under a single entry and cross-referenced to each other as they occur at different points in the alphabetical order.
		The root list is preceded by concise phonologies of each language and an exposition of the techniques used to isolate roots in North Wakashan.
	www.ydli.org /biblios/wakbib.htm (142 words)

	[No title]
		All words in all languages have a semantic representation of lexical conceptual structure, and let us assume these are roughly similar across languages, so that English give, Tagalog bigay and Kwakwala c’´- all would have a lexical conceptual structure roughly along the lines of ‘X causes Y to have Z’.
		In noun/verb languages the nouns carry the R variable as part of their lexical entry; the D merely provides specification of the variable, as for example, [±Def].
		A parallel constellation of properties was found in the Wakashan language Kwakwala, strongly arguing that this was not a random assemblage of traits, but a coherent structural type with interrelated properties.
	www.sultry.arts.usyd.edu.au /LFG98/austro/download/foley.doc (5678 words)

	Deixis in the Pacific Northwest
		Franz Boas -- one of the heroes of language documentation--, in the Introduction to his Handbook of American Indian Languages (Boas, 1911) famously discussed the system of obligatory distinctions found in `Eskimo' and Kwakw'ala (his Kwakiutl), a Northern Wakashan language of the Pacific Northwest.
		The Upper North Wakashan languages add a category for something that was present recently but is now gone.
		Southern Wakashan lacks the elaborate deixis of Northern Wakashan.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~ebach/papers/pwdeixis.htm (2698 words)

	Linguistic classification of american indians
		Language classification proposed by Charles F. and Florence M. Voegelin (1966)
		means a unique language with few or no elements in common with other languages
		Language families proposed by Campbell and Mithun (1979)
	hjem.tele2adsl.dk /johnmadsen/Indian/indian0.html (159 words)

	First Nations Languages - Xwi7Xwa Library
		Yukon Native language Centre courses in Tlingit, Tagish, Kaska and Tutchone.
		Interactive ALR (American Language Reprint) This online resource can be used for the comparative study of Native American languages.
		Native Languages of the Americas A compendium of native languages
	www.library.ubc.ca /xwi7xwa/lang.htm (492 words)

	Nuuchahnulth Language Corpus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Stonham, J. A Concise Dictionary of the Nuuchahnulth Language of Vancouver Island.
		‘Wakashan Languages.’ Entry for the Encyclopædia of Language and Linguistics, ed.
		In: Papers for the 37th International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages 2002, University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics.
	www.magma.ca /~stonham/nuuchahnulth/publications.html (506 words)

	[No title]
		Knowledge of Non-official Languages: Classifications from 1996 and 1991 This appendix presents the non-official language classifications used for the 1996 and 1991 Censuses.
		The classification, with the exception of English, French and non-verbal languages, is the same as the one used in establishing mother tongue and home language.
		Japanese Japanese Korean Korean Sino-Tibetan languages Sino-Tibetan languages Chinese19 Chinese Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.
	www.library.mcgill.ca /EDRS/data/dli/statcan/census/census96/doc/dictionary/app_h.txt (671 words)

	Florence Woo's homepage
		My main interest is in the syntax of Nuu-chah-nulth (formerly known as Nootka), a Southern Wakashan language spoken along the west coast of Vancouver Island.
		These issues are related in unexpected ways: incorporation is pervasive phenomenon in the language, sometimes creating complex predicates that have implications for the analysis of verb serialization.
		I have done fieldwork on the language since 2000, and lately I have been interested in issues on culture sensitivity in field research, literacy training, and language preservation.
	people.ucsc.edu /~flwoo (713 words)

	[No title]
		Karuk is a Hokan language of northern California, on the lower Klamath River.
		"Lowlands languages" are those Germanic languages that developed in the "Lowlands": the low-lying areas adjacent to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.
		Also included are those languages that descended from autochtonous Lowlands languages and are used elsewhere; for example, Afrikaans, Emigre Dutch/Frisian/Low Saxon, Lowlands-based pidgins and creoles, and also English and Scots.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/courses/211/211links.html (701 words)

	Seminar Abstract: Emmon Bach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Wakashan languages make up one of the seven or eight distinct language families of the Canadian province of British Columbia.
		We will first look briefly at some comparisons of the Southern and Northern Wakashan languages, and then outline more in detail some similarities and differences among languages of the Northern Wakashan group.
		The similarities and differences are considerable and they suggest a more complex historical situation than one reflecting directly the geographical spread from south (Vancouver Island and adjacent places on the mainland) to north (just to the southeast of the Alaska panhandle).
	lings.ln.man.ac.uk /news/bachabs.html (142 words)

	[No title]
		American Indian Languages Spoken at Home by American Indian Persons 5 Years and Over in Households: 1990 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Release date: August 1995 (Data are estimates based on a sample) United States United Region Region States Northeast American Indian languages...............
		Source: Racial Statistics Branch Population Division Bureau of Census Washington, DC 20233 The data in this table are consistent with those published in 1990 CP-3-7, 1990 Census of Population, "Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language," issued July 1994.
		The Subject Summary Tape File (SSTF) 13, "Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language," can be ordered from the Census Bureau's Customer Service Office on (301) 763-INFO(4636) or FAX (301) 457-3842.
	www.census.gov /population/socdemo/race/indian/ailang3.txt (246 words)

	Census of Canada, 1996: stubsets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Refers to the Aboriginal language(s) in which the respondent can conduct a conversation.
		These combinations are reported under each relevant language.
		The count refers to all Aboriginal persons who have knowledge of at least one Aboriginal language.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /datalib/cc96/stubsets/aborg_lang17.htm (57 words)

	Publications List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of America Bulletin, Apr. 1995.
		Entry for the Encyclopædia of Language and Linguistics, ed.
		‘Stratal Segregation in the Southern Wakashan Lexicon.’ Invited Lecture for the Conference on Wakashan Linguistics, University of British Columbia, August, 2004.
	www.magma.ca /~stonham/jts_publist.html (1191 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Salishan pt. 1
		You have reached the first page on Salishan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Listed here are works dealing with many Salishan languges, or those in which the particular language is not more narrowly defined.
		It is comprised of 2 dialects, Colville, spoken on and near the Colville Indian Reservation in eastern Washington state, and Okinagan (also spelled Okanagan) which is spoken along the Okinagan River in British Columbia and Washington.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/salishlh.htm (1379 words)

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