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Topic: Wake turbulence

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Turbulent flow

	wake
		Wake turbulence is formed by the high pressure air on the bottom of the wing trying to make its way to the low pressure area above the wing and thus achieve equilbrium.
		All airplanes form some kind of wake turbulance it is a byproduct of lift; that little joslte you feel after a perfect steep turn is your airplane flying through its wake.
		This is because wake turbulence is directly related to angle of attack and an airplane that is heavy clean and slow requires a very large angle of attack to fly.
	www.geocities.com /jefferyjg/wake.html (564 words)

	Wake turbulence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Wake turbulence, also known as "jetwash", is turbulence that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air.
		A pilot who suspects wake turbulence is affecting his or her aircraft should get away from the wake, execute a missed approach or go-around and be prepared for a stronger wake encounter.
		This accident was attributed to pilot error in the presence of wake turbulence that resulted in rudder failure and subsequent separation of the vertical stabilizer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wake_turbulence (995 words)

	[No title]
		Initially, when pilots encountered this wake in flight, the disturbance was attributed to "prop wash." It is known, however, that this disturbance is caused by a pair of counter-rotating vortices trailing from the wing tips.
		It was shown that the capability of an aircraft to counteract the roll imposed by the wake vortex primarily depends on the wingspan and counter- control responsiveness of the encountering aircraft.
		Wake turbulence may be encountered by aircraft in flight as well as when operating on the airport movement area.
	www.faa.gov /ATpubs/AIM/Chap7/aim0703.html (2922 words)

	Flight Safety Technologies
		The test is aimed at developing a reliable sensor for wake turbulence as part of a wake vortex advisory system that air-traffic controllers would use to safely separate planes during takeoffs and landings.
		Wake turbulence can cause one plane trailing another to be buffeted in the air if the following aircraft is close enough to be caught in the vortices.
		To help validate the data collected on wake vortices by the turbulence-sensing lasers, NASA and the Transportation Department are setting up a field of 252 highly sensitive microphones to record sound emanating from the aircraft wake turbulence.
	www.flysafetech.com /in_the_news/newsView.asp?NewsID=28 (609 words)

	Smoothing Out Wake Turbulence \| Physical Review Focus
		The turbulence in the wake of an airplane can be extremely dangerous to other aircraft.
		The crash of an airliner in New York in November dramatically demonstrated the problem of wake turbulence.
		Turbulence develops when an object travels faster than a critical speed determined by the fluid.
	focus.aps.org /story/v9/st5 (593 words)

	Wake Turbulence
		Historically, when pilots encountered this wake in flight, the disturbance was attributed to "prop wash." It is known, however, that this disturbance is caused by a pair of counter rotating vortices trailing from the wing tips.
		It was shown that the capability of an aircraft to counteract the roll imposed by the wake vortex primarily depends on the wing span and counter-control responsiveness of the encountering aircraft.
		Counter-control is usually effective and induced roll minimal in cases where the wing span and ailerons of the encountering aircraft extend beyond the rotational flow field of the vortex.
	www.buckeye-illinois.com /wake_turbulence.htm (1943 words)

	CNN.com - What is wake turbulence? - November 16, 2001
		Flight 587 was buffeted by two wakes of similar intensity and appeared to be flying normally before a significant force pushed the plane left, then left and right, according to preliminary readings from its flight data recorder.
		Wake turbulence is less well-known and, until now, has been less destructive -- especially with jumbo jets, which are thought to better handle such air disturbances than smaller, lighter jets.
		The NTSB believes wake turbulence was the initiating event in that crash, and subsequent tests showed turbulence from another jet can disrupt a trailing plane.
	www.cnn.com /2001/TRAVEL/NEWS/11/16/wake.turbulence (505 words)

	11.20.2001 - Triangular-flapped aircraft wing designed by UC Berkeley researchers significantly reduces wake turbulence
		Wake turbulence, or wake vortices, may have played a role in the American Airlines Flight 587 crash that killed 265 people on Nov. 12, according to crash investigators.
		While wake turbulence alone would not have likely caused the crash of Flight 587 in New York, "turbulence in combination with a possible structural problem in the tail fin could be devastating," said Savas.
		Depending upon weather conditions and the plane's speed and size, the wake vortices generated are relatively stable and can stretch a distance of hundreds of wingspans, or three to five miles for a commercial aircraft, said Savas.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2001/11/20_wings.html (1027 words)

	CAUTION Wake Turbulence Brochure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		All Pilots are taught to be aware of wake turbulence.
		In any event, wake turbulence is still out there and it can put a pilot and the aircraft at risk.
		While there have been rare instances where wake turbulence caused structural damage, the greatest hazard is induced roll and yaw.
	www.asy.faa.gov /safety_products/wake.htm (1570 words)

	Concept to Reality
		Immediately behind the wake-generating aircraft is a region of wake turbulence known as the roll-up region, where the character of the wake that is shed from individual components (wingtips, flaps, landing gear, etc.) is changing rapidly with distance because of self-induced distortions.
		Even farther downstream from the generating aircraft is a wake area known as the decay region, where substantial diffusion and decay of the vortices occur due to viscous and turbulence effects.
		For example, the injection of turbulence into the vortex field was found to alter the vortex structure and cause premature aging and dissipation of the trailing vortices.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Concept2Reality/wake_vortex.html (8008 words)

	Plane & Pilot Magazine \| Feature Articles \| Avoiding Turbulent Times
		Wake turbulence abates only when enough time has pased or there's enough distance between the originting aircraft and the plane behind it.
		The helicopter settled onto the ground in a nose-low attitude that caused the main rotor blades to strike the tail boom and sever it from the aircraft.
		Wake turbulence will always be a part of aviation, and avoiding it will always be on the long list of a pilot's responsibilities.
	www.planeandpilotmag.com /content/pastissues/2001/apr/avoiding.html (1100 words)

	High-Lift Wake Simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Streamwise turbulence data from the various approaches were fairly similar in the wake of the flat plate (see figure 13), but the computations clearly predicted freestream turbulence levels lower than those recorded experimentally.
		Even with the low turbulent viscosity levels, the two-layer / k-epsilon model combinations yielded qualitatively strange turbulence profiles in the freestream, although the levels were not as striking as with the non-equilibrium wall functions.
		Though wake turbulence levels were consistently lower than those computed with the two-equation models, mean velocity profiles were as good as with any of the turbulence closures.
	cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu /~asl/highlift/wakedisc.htm (2519 words)

	'Wake turbulence' probed in crash of Flight 587 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		FAA reqirement for wake turbulence separation, is 6 miles behind "heavies." USAF reqirement, is 10 miles separation behind C-5, 747, and a few other assorted "jumbos." If they gave them their standard 6 miles, it usually works fine.
		Wake turbulence is dangerous because it most typically is encountered near the ground, where a plane doesn't have enough altitude to recover from any unusual attitude that may result.
		Wake turbulence from a 757 knocked a Lehr style jet out of the sky in Orange County CA (Santa Ana I believe) a few years ago.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/570346/posts (3608 words)

	Berkeley Engineering - Forefront
		Wake turbulence, or wake vortices, may have played a role in the American Airlines Flight 587 crash that killed 265 people last November 12, according to crash investigators.
		Federal regulations require flights to be spaced far enough apart during takeoff and landing to avoid the potential hazards caused by wake turbulence.
		While wake turbulence alone probably couldn't have caused the crash of Flight 587 in New York, "turbulence in combination with a possible structural problem in the tail fin could be devastating," says Savas.
	www.coe.berkeley.edu /forefront/spring2002/airplanewing.html (479 words)

	Airline Turbulence and Clear Air Turbulence Facts
		Consequently, all turbulence is mechanical in nature—similar to the eddies around rocks and irregularities along a mountain stream.
		Clear air turbulence (or CAT as it is called), is the result of the air that is disrupted around the jet stream.
		Although all turbulence creates windshear—the shearing of two differing velocities of airflow—the term is often used in conjunction with turbulent air that is associated with thunderstorms and near the ground.
	www.fearless-flight.com /flight-safety/air-turbulence.php (1118 words)

	Atlas Aviation - caution wake turbulence
		In any event, wake turbulence is still out there and it can put a pilot and the aircraft at risk.
		Helicopter wakes may be of significantly greater strength than those from a fixed wing aircraft of the same weight.
		A pilot who suspects wake turbulence is affecting his or her aircraft should get away from the wake, execute a missed approach or go-around and be prepared for a stronger wake encounter.
	www.atlasaviation.com /AviationLibrary/cautionwaketurbulence/cautionwaketurbulence.htm (1570 words)

	Wake Turbulence as an Initiator for AA587 fin separation crash
		The strength of the wake vortex aside, it is known that Molin made large inputs to the control wheel, shown in an animation as rather like moving the steering wheel of one's automobile in a sudden quarter-turn.
		Specifically, Ivey said, during the simulator portion of AAMP training, pilots were presented with an "unrealistic wake turbulence encounter." The airplane was rolled beyond 90º angle of bank and the flight controls were inhibited until the aircraft rolled to that point.
		Wake vortex strength is a function of aircraft weight, and with the advent of new, higher gross weight aircraft, ever stronger wake vortices are being produced.
	www.iasa.com.au /folders/Safety_Issues/RiskManagement/crowinstability.html (8929 words)

	CNN.com - 'Wake turbulence' probed in crash of Flight 587 - November 13, 2001
		NEW YORK (CNN) -- Federal investigators said they are considering whether "wake turbulence" from another airplane may have played a role in the crash of a commercial jet that crashed Monday, scattering debris over a Queens neighborhood and claiming more than 260 lives.
		The turbulence from a plane that took off shortly before American Airlines flight 587 could have been a factor in the crash, investigators said Tuesday.
		The NTSB believes wake turbulence was the initiating event in the 1994 crash of USAir Flight 427 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that killed 132 people.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/US/11/13/ny.crash (953 words)

	Breakthrough in wing design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Wake turbulence, or wake vortices, may have played a role in the American Airlines Flight 587 crash that killed 265 people on November 12, according to crash investigators.
		Depending upon weather conditions and a plane’s speed and size, the wake vortices generated can be relatively stable and can stretch a distance of hundreds of wingspans, or three to five miles for a commercial aircraft, said Savas.
		For decades, engineers have sought ways to disrupt the stability of wake vortices in efforts to transform the forceful swirls into benign puffs of air, but most of the designs have been ineffective or impractical.
	www.coe.berkeley.edu /EPA/EngNews/01F/EN14F/aircraft.html (612 words)

	Wake Turbulence and
		Contrary to popular opinion, wake turbulence is not "prop wash." It is actually the turbulence that a wing creates in the process of producing lift.
		When an airplane is near the ground, such as takeoff and landing, the vortices drift downward from the airplane until they encounter the earth’s surface, then drift outward at a rate of three to five knots.
		Since wake turbulence is only present when an airplane is generating lift, it is not present when an airplane is in contact with the ground.
	www.ultraflight.com /thornburgh/wake_turbulence_and.htm (946 words)

	Aircraft Wake Turbulence
		Several puzzling aspects of the wake turbulence picture were brought into focus at the symposium, and areas in need of investigation were identified.
		This type of turbulence is called clear air turbulence to distinguish it from the well-known turbulence associated with convective clouds, which is generally avoidable through use of airborne radar.
		Reducing a boat’s speed automatically minimizes its wake generation, since the momentum imparted to the water thrust behind by the boat is proportional to the square of the boat’s speed.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1971/jul-aug/carten.html (5247 words)

	SOCRATES - Sensor for Optically Characterizing Remote Atmospheric Turbulence Emanating Sound
		Air turbulence which is created by planes and poses a potentially serious threat to other aircraft as they land and take off.
		By detecting the presence and dissipation of hazardous wake vortices, the flow of air traffic can be improved to allow for smaller wait times between take off and landing while reducing fuel consumed during the typical hold pattern.
		A major contributor to this problem is wake turbulence, also known as a wake vortex, which is strongest and most dangerous when planes take off and land.
	www.flysafetech.com /advancing_technologies/socrates.asp (463 words)

	Wake Turbulance and Wing Tip Vortices
		Wake turbulence is best explained as a spinning mass of air, originating from the wingtips of a large heavy airliner, trailing backwards that may cause following aircraft to enter an "unusual attitude" of which recovery is doubtful.
		It is possible to experience wake turbulence while you are on the ground waiting to take off.
		For example, if you were at the hold short line on the taxiway leading to the runway threshold and it was downwind of an approaching "heavy" then you could experience wake turbulence as the "heavy" lands.
	www.flywestwind.com /WTC/Pprograms/turbulance.htm (1122 words)

	CNN.com - 'Wake turbulence' probed in crash of flight 587 - November 13, 2001
		CNN.com - 'Wake turbulence' probed in crash of flight 587 - November 13, 2001
		Ten seconds later -- when flight 587 has been aloft 114 seconds -- the pilot is heard commenting on encountering a "wake effect." The wake was from a Japan Airways Boeing 747 that had taken off minutes earlier, Black said.
		Tests conducted after that crash showed turbulence from another jet can disrupt a trailing plane.
	cnnstudentnews.cnn.com /2001/US/11/13/ny.crash.2207 (955 words)

	Wake Turbulence Slashed By Triangular Wing Flaps
		Wake turbulence may have played a role in the American Airlines Flight 587 crash that killed 265 people on Nov. 12, according to crash investigators.
		The tail fin of the Airbus A300 jet sheared off after the pilots struggled against the wake turbulence, or wake vortices, left by a Boeing 747 that had taken off less than two minutes earlier.
		But adding triangular flaps to the design of aircraft wings dramatically cuts the strength of turbulence generated in a plane's wake, according to research at the University of California, Berkeley.
	unisci.com /stories/20014/1126011.htm (960 words)

	Wake Vortex simulations
		The potential danger of the wake turbulence is currently one of the most limiting factors for the take-off and landing frequency in the airports.
		Vortex decay mechanisms occur during this phase and are: the direct action of the atmospheric turbulence, the development and saturation of natural instabilities initiated by the turbulence, and the viscous decay.
		The design of an aircraft wing shedding such a multipolar wake accompanied by a device generating the optimal perturbation is considered an interesting strategy for the accelerated decay of an aircraft wake.
	www.cerfacs.fr /cfd/wake_vortex.php (768 words)

	U.S.Read - Flight Tracks & Wake Vortices
		The NTSB commented on that day that the flight paths and events on board Flight 587 were "consistent" with wake turbulence encounters.
		The first lateral movement being a result of a wake encounter is improbable; the second lateral movement being caused by wake is highly unlikely for three reasons.
		The NASA wake study which was commissioned for the NTSB will explore what effect the wake had on Flight 587; but the study will not be addressing whether the encounters were likely or not.
	usread.com /flight587/wake_turb/wake_turb.html (1145 words)

	Nathan's Notes: Wake Turbulence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Several unrepeatable phrases were uttered from the row behind as the result of spilt coffee.
		The Captain was on the PA within minutes explaining that as there were no clouds in the vicinity and there was no detectable clear air turbulence we must have encountered wake turbulence, possibly from another aircraft.
		Wake turbulence in an aircraft is just like crossing the wake of another boat on water.
	www.nodewarrior.org /nathan/archives/000259.html (102 words)

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