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Topic: Wallerian degeneration

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	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		Wallerian degeneration in white matter tracts was assessed using a silver stain for axons (Sevier--Munger) and a myelin stain (solochrome--cyanine) on adjacent sections.
		Rostral to the lesion epicenter, apoptosis was associated with axonal degeneration in ascending tracts, especially the funiculus gracilis, the spinoreticular, the spinothalamic, and the spinocerebellar tracts.
		Apoptosis was associated with the degenerating axons in the descending tracts caudal to the lesion, especially the ventral corticospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts; it was less prevalent in the lateral corticospinal or rubrospinal tracts, and no apoptotic cells were seen in the caudal ascending tracts.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/jan99/6-1-7.asp?ShowMenu=false&ShowPrint=false (4631 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		degeneration of paralyzed muscles due to lesion in the motor ganglion cells of the central tube of gray matter of the cord.
		degeneration of the globus pallidus, as in juvenile paralysis agitans.
		secondary parenchymatous degeneration of nerve tracts of the cord.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_d_05zPzhtm (1666 words)

	[No title]
		Wallerian deqeneration is a named sequence of event which describes the dissolution of the distal portion of an axon which is physically or functionally separated from its cell body and, due to deranged axonal transport, is no longer supported by the trophic factors derived from it.
		The term Wallerian degeneration, initially applied to degeneration of the distal part of a severed peripheral nerve, is extended to include degeneration of any transected axon in the peripheral and/or central nervous system.
		Wallerian degeneration is a common result of compressive lesions of the spinal cord.
	www.afip.org /CLDavis/syllabi/neuro.txt (9142 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Wallerian degeneration in normal appearing white matter in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and its correlation with the number of relapses and disease duration.
		However, the presence of Wallerian degeneration early in the disease and its correlation with relapse and with disease duration has not been studied.
		Wallerian degeneration measured by the NAA concentration at pons and cerebellar peduncles is present early in the disease and correlates with the number of relapses and disease duration.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /news/Jan2003/MedlineWallerianDegenerationinNAWMinEarlyStagesofRRMS.html (264 words)

	Neuropathology Mini-Course
		IThe neurons of the substantia nigra degenerate and disappear in Parkinson's disease.
		Wallerian degeneration can occur in either the central nervous system or in the peripheral nerves.
		When Wallerian degeneration occurs in a large number of axons, running together in a compact "tract," tract degeneration is readily demonstrated on myelin stains.
	www.pathology.vcu.edu /WirSelfInst/neur&proc.html (1331 words)

	NEUROSCIENCE: ON NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Wlds mutation on mouse chromosome 4 is a rare tandem triplication of an 85-kb DNA fragment that harbors a translocation.
		Given that proteasome inhibitors block Wallerian degeneration both in vitro and in vivo (5), the Ufd2a protein fragment (a component of the ubiquitin proteasome system) has been the prime candidate for mediator of neuroprotection in the Wlds mouse.
		Degeneration of the neuron's long process -- the axon -- often precedes the death of the cell body and may make a more important contribution to the patient's disability.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa041112-3.htm (1202 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Wallerian degeneration is the simplest and most thoroughly studied model of axonal degeneration.
		It has been hypothesized that similar mechanisms are involved in axonal degeneration seen in peripheral neuropathies and in Wallerian degeneration, and that strategies for protecting against axotomy-induced axonal degeneration may be protective in peripheral neuropathies.
		Degeneration proceeds in a distal to proximal pattern along neuritic bundles until fibers are completely replaced by axonal debris at 5 to 6 days (Figure 1).
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/29414.030410&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (10592 words)

	IX. Neurology. 3. The Spinal Cord or Medulla Spinalis. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Thus, if the motor cells of the cerebral cortex be destroyed, or if the fibers arising from these cells be severed, a descending degeneration from the seat of injury takes place in the fibers.
		These descending fibers are mainly intersegmental in character and derived from cells in the posterior column, but some consist of the descending branches of the posterior nerve roots.
		The comma-shaped fasciculus was supposed to belong to the second category, but against this view is the fact that it does not undergo descending degeneration when the posterior nerve roots are destroyed.
	www.bartleby.com /107/185.html (6259 words)

	Augustus Volney Waller (www.whonamedit.com)
		Degeneration of the distal segment of a peripheral nerve fibre (axon) that has been severed from its nutritive centres (cell body), without local inflammation.
		He concluded that nerve fibres were simply prolongations of the cells from which they derived their nourishment and from this arose the term Wallerian degeneration.
		He severed the anterior spinal nerve root and the resultant degeneration showed that the main part of the cell was in the spinal cord, whereas when the posterior root was sectioned they were in the posterior root ganglia.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/2383.html (1444 words)

	Wallerian Degeneration
		The identical changes occur in the proximal segment of the nerve after nerve injury and occur for a varying distance along the proximal portion of the nerve.
		This degeneration pattern appears histologically to be that seen with Wallerian degeneration but is termed “traumatic degeneration.
		Although Wallerian degeneration continues distally in the nerve fiber, an attempt at regeneration occurs proximally.
	www.nervestudy.com /topics/walleriandegeneration.htm (1256 words)

	Wallerian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Retrograde degeneration is severe, and some neuronal cell bodies are lost, reducing the number of axons available for regeneration.
		Distal to the injured segment, Wallerian degeneration follows a sequence very similar to that observed in axonotemesis injuries.
		The Wallerian degeneration lags somewhat behind this process in the distal segment.
	www.peripheralnervesurgery.com /wallerian.htm (5224 words)

	The Babraham Institute - Research, Lymphocyte Signalling and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To understand mechanisms of axon degeneration we need a reliable experimental model, such as Wallerian degeneration, the degeneration of axons distal to an injury.
		The slow Wallerian degeneration gene, WldS, inhibits axonal spheroid pathology in gracile axonal dystrophy mice.
		(2001) Wallerian degeneration of injured axons and synapses is delayed by a Ube4b/Nmnat chimeric gene.
	www.babraham.ac.uk /research/neurobiology/coleman (664 words)

	Principles of Human Neuropsychology \|
		Degeneration of the length of an axon distal to the point of damage.
		Degeneration spreading from the point of transection of an axon back to the cell body (as opposed to anterograde or Wallerian degeneration).
		Degeneration extending to neurons that have synaptic connections with a damaged neuron.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/155934623x/student_view0/chapter15/glossary.html (473 words)

	[No title]
		Wallerian degeneration, degeneration of the axon, happens in the anterograde direction.
		In the case of anterograde degeneration, if the postsynaptic cell receives synapses from many other cells is unlikely that it will degenerate.
		In the case of retrograde degeneration, if the presynaptic cell innervates many other cells than it is unlikely that it will degenerate as a result of the lesion.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2002/2002Web/Lectures/Neuro/Neuro49.doc (1263 words)

	Research projects - CNS inflammation group
		The degeneration of the distal segment of the axon cut of from the cell body is known as Wallerian degeneration.
		It has long been thought that the degeneration of this isolated portion of axon was a passive process, either the axon simply wasted away due to the absence of support from the cell body, or an influx of calcium at the injury site resulted in the activation of proteases that destroyed the axon cytoskeleton.
		The slow Wallerian degeneration phenotype is expressed in both the CNS and PNS.
	www.cig.soton.ac.uk /projects.htm (2031 words)

	A new protective protein against Parkinson's disease
		Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons projecting to a well-defined structure in the brain named the striatum.
		Since the deficit in striatal dopamine is the main cause of PD symptoms, it appears critical to preserve axon terminals to ensure healthy functioning of the nigrostriatal system.
		Previous work had shown that a spontaneous dominant mutation in the mouse, Wlds (slow Wallerian degeneration), is associated with the protection of axons from a process known as peripheral nerve Wallerian degeneration -- that is, degeneration of axons following a physical insult that disconnects the axons from neuronal cell bodies.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/cp-anp021004.php (355 words)

	Degeneration / Regeneration
		In this photomicrograph fragments of myelin are either partially degenerated blobs (blue-fl) or more completely digested (red) in a peripheral neuropathy known as Guillain-Barré syndrome that developed after infectious mononucleosis.
		Finally, results of anterograde degeneration may be evident by the absence of staining.
		Because the axons that form the medullary pyramid have undergone anterograde degeneration on the side of the lesion, there is no myelin there to be stained, and it is also smaller in size.
	www.sci.uidaho.edu /med532/degeneration_regeneration_mod1.htm (582 words)

	BrainTF23 -Cerebral Hemiatrophy, Encephalomalacia & Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis_Text
		Degeneration of the myelin sheath and axon distal to the most proximal site of axonal interruption secondary to axonal disease has been called Wallerian degeneration.
		Hence HS at the center of the cerebral peduncle may be due to Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract and an HS at the lateral side of the cerebral peduncle may be due to Wallerian degeneration of the corticopontine tract.
		Waragai M, Iwbuchi S.: Wallerian degeneration of the cortico-descending tract in the cerebral peduncle following a supratentorial cerebrovascular lesion detected by MRI-the relationship between Wallerian degeneration at the center of the cerebral peduncle and functional recovery of paresis.
	www.mribhatia.com /braintf23/braintf23text.html (1124 words)

	Classification of Nerve Injuries - MEDSTUDENTS - Neurosurgery
		Axonotmesis: It involves loss of the relative continuity of the axon and its covering of myelin, but preservation of the connective tissue framework of the nerve (the encapsulating tissue, the epineurium and perineurium, are preserved).
		There is usually an element of retrograde proximal degeneration of the axon, and for regeneration to occur, this loss must first be overcome.
		Second-degree: "Seddon’s axonotmesis": injury to axon, supporting structures (including endoneurium) intact; wallerian degeneration occurs; recovery at 1mm/day as axon follow ‘tubule’, sometimes most only be diagnosed retrospectively, recovery is poor in lesions requiring >18 months to reach the target muscle.
	www.medstudents.com.br /neuroc/neuroc4.htm (646 words)

	Table of Contents
		Wallerian degeneration, the degeneration of the distal segment of an injured axon, is still poorly understood 150 years after it was first described.
		This is in spite of increasing awareness of the importance of axon degeneration in human neurodegenerative disorders as diverse as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Huntington's disease and glaucoma.
		Following the fortuitous identification of this mutant in 1989, characterisation of the phenotype by Hugh Perry and Michael Brown at the University of Oxford showed that the protective effect is intrinsic to axons and widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system.
	www.uni-koeln.de /math-nat-fak/genetik/groups/Coleman/researchtopics.htm (1061 words)

	Cytokines and adhesion molecules in axon degeneration - www.ezboard.com
		Cytokines and adhesion molecules in axon degeneration - www.ezboard.com
		Re: Cytokines and adhesion molecules in axon degeneration
		The role of TNF-alpha in the course of Wallerian degeneration of the sciatic nerve was studied in control and TNF-alpha deficient mice.
	p205.ezboard.com /fmsdiagnosedfrm69.showMessage?topicID=430.topic (430 words)

	Alzforum: News
		Principal author Zhigang He and colleagues at the Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Stanford University, California, examined the role of the proteasome in Wallerian degeneration, the delayed though rapid deterioration of axons on the distal side of a lesion.
		The results tie in with earlier observations that axons of Wlds mice, which exhibit slow Wallerian degeneration, are somehow protected by a mutation that leads to expression of a chimeric protein containing a ubiquitin conjugation factor (see ARF related news story).
		In the present study, however, Zhai, Wang, and colleagues extend the observations beyond Wallerian degeneration by showing that MG132 also prevents degeneration in whole axons deprived of nerve growth factor, implying that the proteasome may be involved in other types of neurodegeneration.-Tom Fagan.
	www.alzforum.org /new/detail.asp?id=847 (610 words)

	Orthopaedic Journal 1999
		This leads to degeneration of the distal axon fragment and reactive changes in the cell body, a process known as Wallerian degeneration.
		Electrodiagnostic studies are essential for differentiating the loss of function that occurs from axonal loss (axonotmesis or Wallerian degeneration) from that which results from demyelination (neurapraxia).
		Since Wallerian degeneration has not yet occurred, the mechanism of injury and therefore the prognosis are difficult to assess.
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /ortho/oj/1999/html/oj12sp99p45.html (3796 words)

	Multiple Sclerosis: Wallerian Degeneration And Axonal Loss 2
		Wallerian Degeneration in Normal-Appearing White Matter in early Relapsing/Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), and its correlation with the number of relapses and disease duration.
		Recent pathological studies have demonstrated Wallerian Degeneration in Normal-Appearing White Matter (NAWM) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), in established RRMS, and in Chronic MS.
		This probably reflects both inflammation-induced Axonal Loss followed by Wallerian Degeneration and PostInflammatory NeuroDegeneration that may be partly due to failure of ReMyelination.
	thjuland.net /wd02.html (1040 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The left eye had been enucleated, so that the left optic nerve shows Wallerian degeneration which is also evident in the chiasm and in complementary quadrants of each optic tract.
		Normal-sized neurons in lower layer, atrophic (anterograde transsynaptic degeneration) neurons in upper layer; the latter have excess lipofuscin.
		Note how atrophic the anterior root is, because of the loss (by Wallerian degeneration) of myelinated axons, because the anterior horn cells have degenerated/disappeared.
	www.georgetown.edu /dml/educ/path/lab26/lab26.old (3844 words)

	Alzforum: News
		In today’s Science, Jeffrey Milbrandt and colleagues at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, report that Wallerian degeneration, the active process whereby neuronal axons are destroyed, is inhibited by resveratrol and its aide d’accompli, SIRT1.
		Ufd2a was strongly touted as the business end of this chimera, given that the proteasome/ubiquitin system had previously been implicated in Wallerian degeneration (see ARF related news story).
		To prove that NAD plays a role in slowing Wallerian degeneration, Araki mutated Nmnat1 amino acids that are essential for this activity, and sure enough, these mutants failed to protect axons.
	www.alzforum.org /new/detail.asp?id=1060 (850 words)

	PNS Meeting Platform Abstracts - Mechanisms of Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We have been using the model of Wallerian degeneration to study the mechanisms of axonal degeneration, and have focused on the role of calcium and the calcium activated protease calpain in this process.
		We propose that calpain activation, as opposed to being the penultimate event leading to axonal degeneration, is an early and likely necessary event within a proteolytic cascade that is activated after nerve injury.
		Degeneration of somata of spinal motoneurons is pronounced in wr and SOD-1, negligible in pmn (but abundant in the facial nucleus), and absent in mnd-2.
	pns.ucsd.edu /Plat8.abstracts.html (1557 words)

	Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Wallerian Degeneration occurs in the distal segment of the nerve.
		Failure of the axon potential with damage to the distal axons is characterized by Wallerian Degeneration.
		Wallerian Degeneration typically does not occur in Neuropraxic injury.
	www.ncvstudy.com /page7.htm (376 words)

	Scott G. Clark Ph.D., A.B.
		Axons in wly-1 animals are normal and full-length in young larvae, yet the distal segments of axons swell and degenerate in young adult animals.
		The wly-1-induced degeneration appears similar to that observed following axotomy of vertebrate axons, which is referred to as Wallerian degeneration.
		Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie Wallerian degeneration or similar axonal elimination processes resulting from disease or damage.
	www.med.nyu.edu /Research/S.Clark-res.html (418 words)

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