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Topic: Walls of Byzantium

	BBC - h2g2 - Byzantium: The Walls of Constantinople
		With the Land Walls protecting the west side of the city, and the Sea Walls protecting the other two sides, the city had the best fortifications anywhere in the world at the time, and was virtually impregnable by all the techniques of warfare of the time as well.
		The Walls of Theodosius were severely damaged in 447 by an earthquake, but they were rebuilt in only three months, because the Byzantines were worried about an imminent invasion by Attila the Hun.
		The wall which formed the inner side of the moat was extended upwards by a distance of 1.5m, so that defenders could stand behind it and fire down on invaders in the moat.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A455249 (1434 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Walls of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The original walls of the city were built in the 8th century BC when Byzantium was founded by Greek colonists from Megara.
		The first attackers to break through the walls were the knights of the Fourth Crusade, who managed to scale the sea walls and also break the Wall of Leo in the northwestern Blachernae section of the city.
		The second and final time the walls were breached was during the Siege of Constantinople in 1453, by the Ottomans; however, they did not break through by force, but entered through the Adrianople Gate, which happened to be open, apparently accidentally but possibly through treachery.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Walls_of_Byzantium (708 words)

	BYZANTIUM - LoveToKnow Article on BYZANTIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During the reign of Alexander Byzantium was compelled to acknowledge the Macedonian supremacy; after the decay of the Macedonian power it regained its independence, but suffered from the repeated incursions of the Scythians.
		Inrecollection of its former services, the emperor Claudius remitted the heavy tribute which bad been imposed on it; but the last remnant of its independence was taken away by Vespasian, who, in answer to a remonstrance from Apollonius of Tyana, taunted the inhabitants with having forgotten to be free.
		This overthrow of Byzantium was a great loss to the empire, since it might have served as a protection against the Goths, who afterwards sailed past it into the Mediterranean.
	16.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BY/BYZANTIUM.htm (1126 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Byzantium, Constantinople and Stamboul are examples that may still be found in active use in certain countries.
		The sea walls in the Sarayburnu (Seraglio Point) area, which have continuously existed since Lygos and Byzantion, are the oldest part of the city walls; while the triple land walls built by Theodosius II at the western end of the city are the newest and strongest parts.
		The city walls had 55 gates, the largest of which was the Porta Aurea (Golden Gate), the ceremonial entrance gate used by the Emperors, at the southwestern end of the triple land walls, close to the Sea of Marmara.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Istanbul (5175 words)

	Yeats Bz part2
		Byzantium, so beyond what can be known, seems like an empire because that is the one state more machine than human, more "perfect" than human societies, impervious to change and the whim of the temporal.
		"Byzantium" is making silently explicit what was only indirectly invoked by the old man's attempt to mediate it imaginatively into forms: this perfection by its very "nature" and reality disdains all that man is, including his petty wish for a beautiful, spiritual eternity of divine knowledge.
		In "Sailing to Byzantium" the imagined or wished-for sages in the gold wall of holy fire were purifying, ecstatically dancing and descending in their spin, and eternally fulfilling as the firing muses of the old man's intellect.
	www.mrbauld.com /yeats2bz.html (3069 words)

	Walls, gates and towers in Istanbul
		Walls destroyed in an earthquake, were repaired by Governor Constantinus in the period of Theodosius'.
		The walls which Emperor Anasthase I had made between the years 507 and 511 outside the walls encircling the city are important.
		These walls were repaired again in Sultan Murat IV's period (1635).Ottomans did not attach much importance to the walls, but by constructing towers in certain places, they have strengthened them.
	www.turizm.net /cities/istanbul/wallsandgates.html (679 words)

	CHAPTER - PART 1
		The straits of the Bosphorus are terminated by the Cyanean rocks, which, according to the description of the poets, had once floated on the face of the waters; and were destined by the gods to protect the entrance of the Euxine against the eye of profane curiosity.
		After Ajax had fallen a sacrifice to his disappointed pride, and to the ingratitude of the Greeks, his sepulchre was erected on the ground where he had defended the navy against the rage of Jove and of Hector; and the citizens of the rising town of Rhaeteum celebrated his memory with divine honors.
		The praefect of the Gauls comprehended under that plural denomination the kindred provinces of Britain and Spain, and his authority was obeyed from the wall of Antoninus to the foot of Mount Atlas.
	www.godrules.net /library/gibbon/82gibbon_b2.htm (9826 words)

	Byzantium
		With rows of columns supporting the upper galleries on the north and south of the naive, and numbers of clear windows in the walls, in the semidomes, and around the base of the main dome, the supporting elements looked incredibly slender and light.
		Constantinople's walls and the redefined Byzantine state withstood the challenge, enduring two sieges in 674-678 and in 717.
		Byzantium lost the heart of its empire, and with it the reserves of soldiers, leaders, taxes, and food that had enabled it to survive for the past four centuries.
	www.yasou.org /byzantium/byz.htm (10267 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Byzantium
		Byzantium, city of antiquity, founded about 660 bc as a Greek colony.
		Byzantine Empire, eastern part of the Roman Empire, which survived after the break-up of the Western Empire in the 5th century ad.
		Aristophanes of Byzantium is notable for his work in establishing the...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Byzantium.html (78 words)

	Guides of Istanbul - Theodosian (City) Walls
		In 447 the walls were damaged by an earthquake, and were quickly rebuilt in time to stop Attila's army.
		In the northwestern corner of the city the Theodosian Walls were relatively weaker, but were expanded by Leo I. The northern coast of the city, along the Golden Horn, also had a separate set of walls.
		Many parts of the walls are still standing today and are a testament to the extraordinary longevity of the empire.
	www.guidesofistanbul.com /eng/theodosian_walls.htm (548 words)

	Water Supply - Historical Context: Late Antique Constantinople
		The Roman city of Byzantium on the natural boundary between Europe and Asia, was re-founded as Constantinopolis in AD 330 by the emperor Constantine.
		The walls of the old city were expanded and within two decades the urban population began to grow exponentially.
		Medieval Byzantium was renowned and admired as a centre of Christian art and culture until the 15th century when the city finally fell to the Ottoman conqueror Mehmet II.
	longwalls.ncl.ac.uk /Water/context.htm (730 words)

	Turkey Istanbul History Byzantium and Byzantian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It Byzantium was founded by the name of Byzantion within an area of 2 km² the hill where St Sophia and Topkapi Palace are, in 7th century BC by Magarians.
		Large walls were constructed in the period of Theodosios II (408-450).
		It is one of the oldest Byzantium churches and was built in the period of Constantinus in the beginning of 4th century.
	www.biggtravel.net /biggtraveleng/history/byzantium.asp (867 words)

	Lessons From Byzantium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A word about terminology: Byzantium is properly the name of the Greek city on the Bosporus which the Roman Emperor Constantine I chose for his capital and renamed Constantinople.
		The power and glory of Byzantium were not to last forever, but did last longer than any other polity known to history.
		By this pusillanimous act he stained the honors of a military life, and the few days which he survived [on] the isle of Chios were embittered by his own and the public reproach." Emperor Constantine, on the other hand, continued fighting valiantly on the ramparts.
	www.grecoreport.com /lessons_from_byzantium.htm (3737 words)

	Licinius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The outward reconciliation, which was effected in the following December, left Licinius in possession of Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, but he later added numerous provinces to Constantine's control.
		In 324 Constantine, tempted by the "advanced age and unpopular vices" of his colleague, again declared war against him, and, having defeated his army at the battle of Adrianople (July 3, 324), succeeded in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium.
		The defeat of the superior fleet of Licinius by Flavius Julius Crispus, Constantine’s eldest son, compelled his withdrawal to Bithynia, where a last stand was made; the battle of Chrysopolis, near Chalcedon (September 18), resulted in his final submission.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Licinius (403 words)

	Turkey Istanbul History Byzantium and Byzantian Empire
		It Byzantium was founded by the name of Byzantion within an area of 2 km² the hill where St Sophia and Topkapi Palace are, in 7th century BC by Magarians.
		Large walls were constructed in the period of Theodosios II (408-450).
		It is one of the oldest Byzantium churches and was built in the period of Constantinus in the beginning of 4th century.
	www.bigglook.com /biggtraveleng/history/byzantium.asp (867 words)

	Rome - Vol II, Chapter XVII, Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During the late operations of the war against Licinius, he had sufficient opportunity to contemplate, both as a soldier and as a statesman, the incomparable position of Byzantium; and to observe how strongly it was guarded by nature against a hostile attack, whilst it was accessible on every side to the benefits of commercial intercourse.
		Many ages before Constantine, one of the most judicious historians of antiquity 1 had described the advantages of a situation, from whence a feeble colony of Greeks derived the command of the sea, and the honors of a flourishing and independent republic.
		After Ajax had fallen a sacrifice to his disappointed pride, and to the ingratitude of the Greeks, his sepulchre was erected on the ground where he had defended the navy against the rage of Jove and of Hector; and the citizens of the rising town of Rhaeteum celebrated his memory with divine honors.
	www.cca.org /cm/rome/vol2/ch1701.html (2569 words)

	Byzantium
		He strengthened the walls defending Constantinople and built the Church of the Holy Wisdom, which still stands in the city.
		The dome of the church is an architectural triumph with forty windows circling its base, producing a quality of light that creates the illusion that the ceiling is floating.
		When the theme system and its free peasantry were abandoned in the eleventh century [at the end of the Golden Age], the empire became weak and vulnerable.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/BYZ.htm (4771 words)

	Istanbul Land Walls Information - Istanbul Informative Guide To The City
		The inner wall's thickness is 5 meters and the height is 12 meters protected with 96 towers between18 and 20 meters in height.
		The outer wall's thickness is 2 meters and the height is 8.5 meters.
		Beyond the outer wall there is an outer terrace called the parateichion which is 10 meters in depth and 20 meters in width, and was filled with water whenever the city was threatened.
	www.istanbulinfolink.com /the_city/monuments/land_walls.htm (429 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is still surrounded by walls which are considered as unique samples of fortification technique of the fourth BC century.
		The walls of the city had length of 9km and thickness of almost 3m, while there were successive strong towers with two floors, built in a short distance one from another.
		Pausanias mentions that these walls where stronger than the famous fortification walls of Byzantium or Rhodes, while nowadays there are saved extensive remains of the walls, mainly on the right and left of the Arcadian gate.
	hellas.teipir.gr /prefectures/english/Messinias/MessiniArxaiol.htm (332 words)

	About Turkey
		For years upon years Istanbul was encircled by Byzantium walls, and these walls are actually one of the leading examples of Byzantium architecture.
		It was because of these walls that the city was able to withstand the siege of the Avar, the Arabs, the Bulgarians, the Sassanids, the Russian and the Ottoman armies.
		According to some historians, these walls are similar to the Hittite walls which surrounded the capitol of Hattusa.
	www.guidetoturkey.com /aboutturkey/history/byzantium/meansistanbul.asp (625 words)

	Byzantium before Constantine: The Greco-Roman City, 658 BCE - 330 CE
		The city of Byzantium still remained faithful to his cause, however, and endured a siege of three years' duration that continued long after Niger himself was conclusively defeated and afterwards slain in a final battle near Issus.
		The inhabitants of Byzantium, as they watched this, for a time called unceasingly upon the gods and kept uttering now one shout and now another at the various events, according as each one was affected by the spectacle or the disaster enacted before his eyes.
		His demolition of the walls of the city grieved the inhabitants no more than did the loss of that reputation which the appearance of the walls had caused them to enjoy; and incidentally, he had abolished a strong Roman outpost and base of operations against the barbarians from the Pontus and Asia.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Article/512727 (4504 words)

	Civilization Gaming Network Forums - AoE: Game 8 - Results...?
		Eventually, it was clear that Byzantium was the only city in the area that was not at war, but the Chinese were quickly gaining ground in the east, her city walls just miles outside of our own.
		During the castle age the economy flourished, many walls and castles were erected as the Chinese empire spanned from eastern corner to the southern corner of the map.
		She was such an innocent little wall builder, but the scout found the wall she was building to be nothing more than a roadblock for the Persian Empire.
	www.civgaming.net /forums/printthread.php?t=461 (1454 words)

	Wall Street - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Wall Street, street in the extreme south of Manhattan and the heart of the financial district of New York.
		Wall Street Crash, stock market crash in the United States in 1929.
		This report on the developing Wall Street stock market crash appeared in The Times on October 25, 1929.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Wall_Street.html (168 words)

	Byzantium - Weddings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Exclusive use of Byzantium is subject to a minimum spend.
		Byzantium has a reputation as one of the regions topmost wedding venues.
		With sandy walls, changeable lighting to suite the event, air-conditioning and a solid oak dining table Byzantium’s private room is an excellent option for private dining or corporate meetings.
	www.byzantium.co.uk /byzantium/Weddings.htm (273 words)

	Licinius - LoveToKnow 1911
		In 314 his jealousy led him to encourage a treasonable enterprise on the part of Bassianus against Constantine.
		In 323 Constantine, tempted by the "advanced age and unpopular vices" of his colleague, again declared war against him, and, having defeated his army at Adrianople (3rd of July 323), succeeded in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium.
		The defeat of the superior fleet of Licinius by Flavius Julius Crispus, Constantine's eldest son, compelled his withdrawal to Bithynia, where a last stand was made; the battle of Chrysopolis, near Chalcedon (18th of September), finally resulted in his submission.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Licinius (251 words)

	TURKIYE Inf Page
		In ÃatalhÃ¶yÃ¼k settlement, mankind was accommodating in adobe huts whose walls were decorated by illustrations and colorfully embossed designs in BC 7th and 6th thousands and adorn their rooms with colorful vases and miniatures constructed from cooked soil.
		The city walls and the megarons of the Troia VI was well preserved and forms one of the most valuable place of visit of Turkey.
		The Ottomans were inspired from the Byzantium architecture and combined this inspiration with new progress and stages and therefore granted one of the most authentic architecture styles to the history of art.
	jhonniedenmark.8m.com /catalog.html (20021 words)

	Explore Turkey: The Byzantine Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While internal hostility for the throne persisted, the Fourth Crusade (1201-1204) was diverted to Byzantium by Venetians and claimants to the Byzantine throne from Egypt.
		The walls were constructed during the reign of Theodosios II (408-450) and conveyed a military purpose as well as aesthetic beauty.
		The finest examples of wall mosaics are those of the Grand Palace, which date back to the 5th century and can be seen in the Istanbul Museum of Mosaics.
	sheff.caeds.eng.uml.edu /iaea_98/bizans.htm (1718 words)

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