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Topic: Walls of Constantinople

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	Old City Walls of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The land walls were built much stronger in comparison to the sea walls, because this was the main point of attack by the enemy.
		The land walls were, for the most part, were built in the first half of the 5 C. during the reign of the emperor Theodisius II.
		The walls of Theodisius extend from the marble tower on the shore of the sea of Marmara to the palace of Porphyrogenitus.
	www.geocities.com /resats/pictures3.html (267 words)

	Constantinople on the Web - History, Society, Monasticism, the Fall
		Constantinople is perhaps the only city in the world for which it suffices to say -- The City, and it is known of which one speaks.
		Constantinople and Rome : A Survey of the Relations between the Byzantine and the Roman Churches
		With the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453...
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp (1480 words)

	Fall of Constantinople, 1453
		With the exception of the Blachernae section of the walls, at the north-eastern end of the land side, the city was protected, on the land side, by a triple wall, with a deep foss in front of it.
		Given the availability of troops and the critical sections of the walls, Giustiniani, with most of his men, as well as the Emperor and his best troops, took position in the Military St Romanus's Gate sector, where heavy damage was expected to be inflicted by the canon and the main Ottoman assault to be launched.
		The section of the walls in the Lycus valley, near the Emperor's position, was heavily damaged.
	www.greece.org /Romiosini/fall.html (5206 words)

	Greek & Roman Cities of Western Turkey
		If Constantinople is typical, then the walls were a burden on all the inhabitants of a city, everyone being obliged to help or pay for workmen; one third of the city's land tax might be used for expenses, but anything above that amount was a levy on the inhabitants (Tsangadas 1980, 9).
		City walls cannot usually be as regimented as the city plan itself, because they must follow the lie of the land if they are to fulfil their primary purpose, which is to defend.
		Constantinople did not follow this trend, because the enormous area covered by the ancient city was not filled until well into this century, when a "pro-historical" view could prevail.
	rubens.anu.edu.au /raider4/turkey/turkeybook/oldpages/plan2.html (1201 words)

	Town walls, Iznik
		The outstanding sight in Iznik is the imposing circuit of ancient walls, reminiscent of the walls of Constantinople but on a smaller scale.
		The finest section of wall on the west side of the town is built with stone from earlier structures and dates from the reign of Emperor Leo the Isaurian (inscription).
		Projecting from the wall are 108 towers with entrances from within the walls.
	www.planetware.com /iznik/town-walls-tr-br-iktw.htm (160 words)

	map: Constantinople and its Walls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The sacking of Rome in 410 alerted regent of the young emperor Theodosius II, Anthemius, to build a wall to safeguard his city, Constantinople.
		The wall built with the founding of Constantinople by Constantine in 330 was deemed inadequate.
		In the year 800, Constantinople's population was about 250,000 - the greatest city in Europe except perhaps for Cordoba.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/map05con.htm (82 words)

	Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Constantinople is present-day Istanbul (as of 1930) and is located on a peninsula at the Sea of Marmara.
		Constantinople was built in 324 by the Roman emperor Constantine to be the new capitol of the Roman Empire.
		The walls of Constantinople, built by Theodosius II in the fifth century, are still standing today.
	library.thinkquest.org /20176/constantinople.htm (237 words)

	Persia and Constantinople Make Way for Islam
		Then, after Constantinople had gained power in Italy, Khosru worried about a strengthened Roman Empire, and as his reward for making Justinian's conquests possible he asked for an outlet to the Black Sea and for the gold mines of Trebizond, at the southeastern edge of the Black Sea, which he believed should belong to Persia.
		North Africa was the part of Constantinople's empire left untouched, and, after seven years of rule by Phocas at Constantinople, a force from Egypt led by the military-governor to Egypt, Heraclius, sailed to Constantinople intending on overthrowing him.
		The Patriarch of Constantinople, Sergius, led a courageous defense of Constantinople and defeated the Avars.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h02.htm (2598 words)

	Intra Muros/Extra Muros -- Inside/Outside the Roman Walls
		The date of the Servian walls is fairly clear because they were built predominantly of greyish-yellow tuffa stone from the Grotta Oscura quarries in Veii, a type of stone not available in Rome until after it had taken Veii in the first quarter of the 4th century BC.
		The walls were kept in repair as well as they could be, and in the middle of the 9th century Pope Leo IV built walls on the Trastevere side of the Tiber that brought the Vatican within the circuit.
		The bombardment that blew the massive hole in the wall lasted only a few hours, and it was over so quickly that the Bersaglieri who poured through had to slow-march down Via XX Settembre to allow the Pope and his court enough time to escape from the Quirinale Palace to the Vatican.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VWalls.html (1613 words)

	Walls of Constantinople - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Walls of Constantinople are a series of stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its founding as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire by Constantine the Great to the present day.
		The stretch of walls between the Gate of St. Romanus and the Gate of Charisius, with a length of 1,250 metres, was known as the Mesoteichion ("Middle Wall").
		The wall of the Propontis was built almost at the shoreline, with the exception of harbours and quays, and had a height of 12-15 metres, with 10 gates, 3 small gates, 188 towers and a total length of almost 9 km.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople (3955 words)

	The emperors' way - smh.com.au
		A highway runs the length of the walls on their western side but there is always enough green space between them to enjoy an unhindered view the whole way.
		The walls were constructed during the reign of the emperor Theodosius II during the first half of the 5th century.
		Time spent along the walls gives visitors the chance to explore at their own pace both the ghosts of lost empires and the people and communities of modern Istanbul not found in the brochures.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/05/07/1019441495815.html (1048 words)

	Constantinople--Land Walls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By the Belgrade Gate, several rectangular towers were damaged, and part of the wall fell by the Pempton Gate.
		Towers 89 and 90 (which had been restored in the 1970s) and a segment of wall near the Adrianople Gate were also damaged.
		The repairs, additions, inscriptions, and modifications to the walls comprise a dramatic history of the city.
	www2.arch.uiuc.edu /research/rgouster/walls/walls.html (431 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Military History \| Ancient History: Walls of Constantinople
		The despair of its enemies, the walls of Constantinople were the most famous of the medieval world, singular not only in scale, but in their construction and design, which integrated man-made defenses with natural obstacles.
		While the Land Walls glorify the name of Theodosius I (408-450), the reigning Roman emperor at the time their construction began, it is to one of history's dim figures, Anthemius, to whom they owe their genesis.
		As the Byzantine navy withered, Constantinople lay exposed to an assault from the sea.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/military_history/3025281.html (2621 words)

	The Siege of Constantinople (1453), according to Nicolo Barbaro
		The Megaduke, the most important man in Constantinople apart from the Emperor, was guarding the shores on the side of the harbour, and he had a hundred horses in reserve, which were kept by him so that he could use them to send help wherever necessary in the city.
		When they had gone once round the walls of the city, or at any rate along the side of the wall where the enemy's army was, a distance of six miles, everyone returned to the galleys and put off his armour, and the galleys returned to their anchorage near Pera.
		This notable tower was ten paces distant from the main walls of the city, and on the walls there gathered a great number of armed men, all amazed at this tower, and although I said that it was built in a single night, in fact it was built in less than four hours.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/constantinople3.htm (9208 words)

	The Sack of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was now that it was made plain to the court of Constantinople that this Crusade had not stopped here to continue onwards to the east, but to place Alexius IV on the throne of the eastern empire.
		So, with the happening of one night, the ancient city of Constantinople had seen the reign of of the co-emperors Isaac II and Alexius IV come to end, a reluctant nobleman called Nicholas Canobus elected for a matter of hours, before Alexius Ducas alas was recognized after usurping the throne for himself.
		The usurper was crowned emperor at the Santa Sophia by the patriarch of Constantinople.
	www.roman-empire.net /constant/1203-1204.html (5381 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - OrthodoxWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmet II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.
		The closing of the small mosques within Constantinople by Constantine XI and the pressures on Greek Muslims to convert back to Christianity formed the pretext for Mehmet to declare war.
		This section of the walls had been built much more recently, in the eleventh century, and was much weaker; the crusaders in 1204 had broken through the walls there.
	orthodoxwiki.org /Fall_of_Constantinople (1404 words)

	The Byzantine Empire and its Rivals - History Forum
		By the way, the solid walls of Constantinople, built by Theodosius II in the fifth century, were surely effective against many invaders to some degree.
		The Great Wall was highly ineffective in many cases because it was too long, built of basically clay, and could not be reinforced fast enough in case of an invasion.
		When the Avars and Sassanids besieged Constantinople, they were not succesful because the Sassanids, experts in siege warfare, were in the Asian side of Bosphorus and the Avars, poor in siege warfare, were in the European side.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=988 (1517 words)

	[No title]
		Fall of Constantinople is a solitaire game about the climatic battle, following weeks of assaults and bombardments, that occurred during the great siege of 1453.
		Turnbull then provides a 14-page walking tour of the wall, which is supplemented by numerous color and B/W photographs of the wall in its current state.
		The volume includes seven color plates: a cross section of the Theodosian walls in 447 AD; the Golden Gate in 850 AD; the sea walls of Constantinople in 1000 AD; the peribolos between the outer and inner walls; the walls of the Blachernae quarter in 1204 AD; the bombardment of the Theodosian walls in 1453.
	www.lycos.com /info/constantinople--byzantine-empire.html (283 words)

	Amazon.com: The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453 (Fortress): Books: Stephen Turnbull,Peter Dennis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The walls of Constantinople are the greatest surviving example of European medieval military architecture in the world.
		In the chapter entitled "The walls of Constantinople under siege" we meet many of the forces that tried at one time or another to conquer the city and bring it under their control.
		Constantinople is an interesting side note to the Crusades and it also plays an important part in the history.
	www.amazon.com /Walls-Constantinople-AD-324-1453-Fortress/dp/184176759X (1813 words)

	The Walls of Nicaea
		The Roman walls were damaged by earthquakes in the VIth century and parts of them were rebuilt by Emperor Justinian and they were strengthened in the next century when the Arabs threatened Nicaea (and Constantinople).
		On April 12, 1204 the crusaders occupied Constantinople and declared Baudouin of Flanders Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
		The emperor Constantine VI favoured the worship of images, but was confronted with the fact that the iconoclasts prevailed in Constantinople; he then decided to hold the council in Nicaea where the iconoclasts could not influence the bishops and he could exert his own direct influence.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Nicea.html (1502 words)

	Theodosian City Walls of Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey
		It was the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II (408-450) who expanded the area of his imperial capital of Constantinople by building these great land walls farther out into the country.
		They were breached only twice: in 1204 by the armies of the Fourth Crusade, and in 1453--a thousand years after they were built!--by the gigantic cannon of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror, after which Constantinople became Istanbul.
		In 1894 a disastrous earthquake toppled parts of the walls, which had been mostly superceded by modern armaments in any case.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /galeri/istanbul/photopages/003.html (175 words)

	In Italy Online - TAKE A WALK ON THE OLD SIDE: Rome's Ancient Walls
		This 3rd-century gate, flanked by walls built to support the aqueduct that daily carried millions of gallons of water to the nearby Baths of Caracalla, now hosts a fascinating museum, and it is the starting point of a half-mile stroll along one of the most beautiful stretches of Rome's ancient walls.
		Fueled by terror, they finished most of the wall in a year, borrowing stones from temples and apartment buildings, filling in the arches of pre-existing aqueducts, running along the inside of the Tiber River, hiding behind some of the Seven Hills, using anything to save time and protect the city's treasures.
		While hordes of Romans beg to gain passage through their own city walls, a few well-informed foreigners are strolling peacefully along the ramparts, silent and deserted except for the ghosts of the long-gone ancient warriors who once so bravely defended them.
	www.initaly.com /regions/classic/walls.htm (876 words)

	Continental Infantryman of the American Revolution Osprey publishing Warrior 68 Written by John Milsop with ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		"The walls of Constantinople are the greatest surviving example of European medieval military architecture".
		Constantinople is built on a peninsula, the waters of the Bosphorus, Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara offer natural protection augmented by a sea wall that can be compared in size with the outer wall on the landward side.
		The great walls were to be tested several times during their long history; using primary sources Stephen takes the reader through them and the aftermath of the successful Ottoman siege of 1453.
	www.wargames.co.uk /Pending/Feb05/ConstantinopleOsp.htm (446 words)

	Cannon and the Fall of Constantinople
		Almost simultaneous with the great French triumphs, came the news that gunpowder had contributed to another remarkable victory, this time against what was rightly regarded as the stoutest fortress in the world, Constantinople.
		For centuries the gigantic triple walls of Constantinople had permitted the Byzantine Empire, heir to Rome, to survive repeated onslaughts of barbarian, Persian, Arab, and Turk, never falling save to Christian armies aided by civil strife within the city.
		But the Janissaries could not take Constantinople, which was so magnificently fortified that a relative handful of men could hold it against countless attackers.
	www.hyw.com /Books/History/Cannon_a.htm (742 words)

	May 29, 1453: The Fall of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		With the exception of the Vlachernae section of the walls, at the north-eastern end of the land side, the city was protected, on the land side, by a triple wall, with a deep foss in front of it.
		Given the availability of troops and the critical sections of the walls, Giustiniani, with most of his men, as well as the Emperor and his best troops, took position in the Military St. Romanos Gate sector, where heavy damage was expected to be inflicted by the canon and the main Ottoman assault to be launched.
		The Venetian Bailo (the Head of the Venetian Community at Constantinople) Girolamo Minotto and his countrymen were charged with the defense of the region of Vlachernae, where the Imperial Palace was located.
	www.helleniccomserve.com /may291453.html (2446 words)

	Muslims Attack Constantinople: 717-718
		The "liquid fire" was shot out of pressurized bronze tubes, which were mounted on the prows of their galleys and on the walls of Constantinople.
		Leo III had successfully defended Constantinople and his theme system was now completely operational and provided continued strength against future Arab raids, none of which threatened Constantinople again during his reign.
		Image of the wall of Constantinople from Romiosini: Hellenism in the Middle Ages "The Fight to Survive" maintained by Nikoloas Provatas and Yiannis Papadimas.
	www.thenagain.info /webchron/Islam/ConAttack.html (472 words)

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