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Topic: Walter Hohmann

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Hohmann transfer orbit

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	Walter Hohmann Page
		Walter Hohmann was born in a small town, in the district of odenwald in Western Germany.
		Dr. Hohmann felt that the fuel was the main item, and he felt that this route was the most likely to be used.
		By the time Dr. Hohmann's study was done, the year was 1916 and Europe was just beginning the third year of World War I. He decided that this was the wrong time to publish a book on possible orbits for possible spaceships, so he put his book away on possibe space travels.
	www.northstar.k12.ak.us /schools/ryn/spacerace/people/hohmann.html (397 words)

	Walter Hohmann - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hohmann was born in Hardheim, the son of a doctor.
		He realised that minimising the amount of fuel that the spacecraft had to carry would be an important consideration, and plotted a variety of orbits until he found the one that now bears his name.
		He died in an Essen hospital shortly before the end of World War II as a result of stress experienced during the intense Allied bombing of the city.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Walter_Hohmann (355 words)

	Walter Hohmann \| Scienca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Walter Hohmann auf einem Gedenkstein an der Walter-Hohmann-Sternwarte in Essen, welcher zum 25-jährigen Bestehen der Sternwarte enthüllt wurde
		Neben seinem Beruf wandte sich Hohmann Fragen der Himmelsmechanik und der Raumfahrt zu.
		Er berechnete in den Jahren von 1911 bis 1915, welche Eigenschaften ein raketengetriebenes Raumschiff haben muss, um bei geringstem Energieaufwand zu anderen Planeten zu gelangen.
	www.scienca.de /wiki/Walter_Hohmann (358 words)

	Hohmann
		Hohmann was involved with other German space enthusiasts in the 1920's, becoming a member of the VfR rocket society.
		But with the ascendancy of the Nazis and the group's increasing involvement in military rocketry, he broke off all contacts.
		Using conventional liquid propellants, it would fly a Hohmann trajectory, enter Martian orbit, and a landing craft would descend to the surface.
	www.astronautix.com /astros/hohmann.htm (362 words)

	Qwika - similar:Specific_orbital_energy
		An orbit with an eccentricity of 0 is a circular orbit.
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital maneuver that moves a spacecraft from one orbit to another using the lowest possible delta-v for the specific transfer.
		A geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a low Earth orbit (LEO) and a geostationary orbit (GEO).
	www.qwika.com /rels/Specific_orbital_energy (1015 words)

	Walter Hohmann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In seiner Freizeit untersuchte Hohmann in den Jahren 1911 - 1915 als erster "unter Anwendung der Gesetze der klassischen Himmelsmechanik, wie groß, wie schwer und wie leistungsfähig ein raketengetriebenes Raumschiff sein müßte, um auf sonnenumrundenden Ellipsenbahnen bei geringstem Energieaufwand zu anderen Planeten zu gelangen.
		Walter Hohmanns Bahnberechnungen zu Mars und Venus gelten als klassisch.
		Der nach Walter Hohmann benannte Krater auf der Mond-Rückseite bei 91,4° westl.
	www.walter-hohmann-sternwarte.de /sternwarte-dateien/hohmann.htm (226 words)

	H-plot web page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Walter Hohmann (1880-1945) in his book "The Attainability of Celestial Bodies" carried out seminal work on interplanetary travel.
		The classical approach to evaluate the attainability of the planets, introduced by Walter Hohmann at the beginning of the 20th century, foresees two simple orbital manoeuvres whose magnitude can be straightforwardly computed from basic keplerian motion.
		The Hohmann formalism can be generalised and used as a basic targeting strategy for planning rendezvous missions also to the eccentric and inclined orbits characterizing most NEOs by properly rearranging the order and the magnitude of the orbital maneuvers.
	spaceguard.esa.int /NScience/neo-acc/Hplotmain.html (445 words)

	Final Gallery
		Explanation/History of Formulas Used The general equations for the Dv of the main points in the Hohmann transfer were derived from the vis viva equation (or Orbital Energy Conservation Equation), which basically states that the sum of the potential and kinetic energy must remain constant for a satellite in motion.
		Named after its creator, Walter Hohmann, it is, in technical terms, the most efficient way to jump orbits (except when the length of the final semi-major axis is greater than the initial semi-major axis by a factor of approximately 12 or more).
		Since the motion of the shuttle is in an elliptical pattern when conducting the Hohmann transfer, the time necessary is exactly one half the orbital period of the ellipse.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /has/Students/finalGall.cfm?id=4922 (886 words)

	journey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Hohmann Transfer is the most basic and fuel-efficient transfer orbit between any two coplanar circular orbits.
		First developed in 1925 by Walter Hohmann, this theory says that the minimum change in velocity transfer between two coplanar circular orbits is the elliptical orbit that is tangent to both of the terminal orbits.
		A Hohmann transfer from a low earth orbit of 200 km to a Martian insertion orbit of 3522.2 km requires a flight time of 258.86 days, with a velocity change of 5.594 km/s.
	ccar.colorado.edu /asen5050/projects/projects_2003/raine/journey.html (471 words)

	Genealogy.com: The Neil and Katy Hohmanns at Annapolis, Maryland
		Genealogy.com: The Neil and Katy Hohmanns at Annapolis, Maryland
		Joeseph Hohmann, son of Jacob, married Maria Mulligan, daughter of JC Mulligan.
		I am Walter Neil, my wife is Katherine Guilbeau Hohmann, and two sons, Neil Martin and Mark Christopher and one daughter, Claire Emily, complete the Annaopolis Hohmanns.
	www.genealogy.com /genealogy/users/h/o/h/Walter-N-Hohmann/index.html (243 words)

	CHAPTER 1 - THE BEGINNINGS
		With resources that at one time accounted for at least one third of Germany's entire aerodynamic and technological research establishment, they moved with relative rapidity from the primitive rockets of 1933 to the operationally ready V-2 bombardment missiles of 1943.
		The decade of the 30's was spent in carrying rocket technology to the point of practical application, and during the first half of the 40's, rocket technology was applied to the art of war.
		Walter Dornberger recalled several years after the fact that "our aim from the beginning was to reach infinite space, and for this we needed speeds hitherto undreamed of.
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/origins/part06.htm (1644 words)

	"Space Travel is Utter Bilge"
		Among them are the variable-pitch wing for dynamical control of the spacecraft during landing, the use of nose cones and parachutes for successful landings, the manufacture of rocket fuel from planetary resources to save weight, and the use of a surface lander that would detach from a planetary orbiter.
		However, Hohmann is best-remembered for what is known today as the Hohmann trajectory—the formulation that the optimal energy transfer orbit between planets is an ellipse that is just tangent to the orbits of both planets.
		Ironically, Hohmann, who did not participate in the intensive rocket development projects in Germany during World War II, was killed in an allied bombing raid on Essen in 1945, just two months before the war ended.
	pr.caltech.edu /periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v36/bilge.html (3353 words)

	Space Exploration - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The book was supplemented by Walter Hohmann, a German architect, who published in 1925 Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper (The Possibility of Reaching Celestial Bodies), which contained the first detailed calculation of interplanetary orbits.
		At the close of the war, the US Army brought back a number of the V-2s, which were then used in the United States, in vertical flights, for experimental research.
		Some German engineers went to the USSR after the war, but the leading rocket experts, including Walter Dornberger, and Wernher von Braun, went to the United States.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761556756___6/Space_Exploration.html (880 words)

	A Miracle of Science: You have to listen to what the bees have to say!
		Hohmann transfer orbit, in which our ship spends most of its time in an unpowered orbit between our launch planet and our target planet.
		The Hohmann trajectory has a couple of major shortcomings, however: it takes a very long time to travel this way, and the transfer orbit can only be used within certain rather thin launch windows.
		You can, in fact, get two spaceships which leave on Hohmann orbits a day apart to arrive at their target planet at the same moment, but it requires a perfect alignment of planetary positions and velocities which I am not certain will ever exist between Jupiter and Mars.
	project-apollo.net /mos/mos094.html (1028 words)

	Asteroid/Comet Connection
		A "Hohmann transfer orbit" is the most efficient maneuver to use in moving between orbits, such as from Earth's orbit around the Sun to the orbit of an asteroid or comet.
		This maneuver is named for the German civil engineer who first proposed it, Walter Hohmann, born in 1880.
		There is an excellent biography and explanation of Hohmann's work available in a 2.8Mb PDF by William I.McLaughlin from the Journal of Space Mission Architecture.
	www.hohmanntransfer.com (400 words)

	Hohmann
		Walter Hohmann, der noch zwei Schwestern hatte, besuchte in Südafrika zunächst eine englische Volksschule.
		Walter Hohmann veröffentlichte 1925 im Oldenbourg Verlag in München sein berühmtes Buch "Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper", nachdem er zwei Jahre zuvor vom Kosmos Verlag eine Absage erhalten hatte.
		Walter Hohmann schlug auch erstmals das Prinzip des "Beiboots" vor.
	www.urbin.de /konstrukteure/hohmann.htm (427 words)

	Project Gallery - Texas Aerospace Scholars Program
		Walter Hohmann devised a means of efficiently moving a spacecraft between two circular orbits through the use of an intermediate orbit that intersects the other two.(1) Similar types of orbital transfers can be used for elliptical orbits.
		An efficient method of transferring a spacecraft between two orbits can be achieved through the use of intermediate orbits that intersect the two orbits.
		The simplest type of orbital transfer, a Hohmann transfer, occurs when a spacecraft moves from one circular orbit to another circular orbit of a different altitude.
	www.isset.org /nasa/tss/aerospacescholars.org/scholars/johnj.htm (1294 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In 1925 Walter Hohmann published a monograph titled "Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper" (The Attainability of Celestial Bodies).
		He conjectured that the minimum- fuel impulsive transfer orbit between two circular orbits is the elliptic orbit that is tangent to both of the circular orbits as shown below.
		The proof that the Hohmann transfer is the minimum fuel transfer is beyond the scope of this chapter.
	www.csulb.edu /colleges/coe/ae/engr370i/ch04/ch4_8/ch4_8.html (102 words)

	Die Ausstellung: Überblick
		Leben und Werk Walter Hohmanns - des in Hardheim gebürtigen Raumfahrtpioniers - werden in der Abteilung Walter Hohmann und die Raumfahrt mit Hilfe von Gegenständen aus dem Nachlaß des bedeutenden Ingenieurs dargestellt:
		Walter Hohmann berechnete als erster die Flugbahnen für interplanetare Raumflüge; die Abteilung wird ergänzt durch die Präsentation aktueller Aspekte der Raumfahrt.
		In Essen, dem Wohnort Walter Hohmanns, existiert ebenso wie in Hardheim eine Walter-Hohmann-Sternwarte.
	www.erfatal-museum.de /ausstell.htm (477 words)

	Bethel College Music Department
		Professor Hohmann's studio was in what was known as the "Music Hall." The Music Hall was about one hundred feet north of the Ad building.
		Hohmann always had all the music for a specific rehearsal laid out on the stage floor.
		Fuller or one of the students would complain about the sounds coming from the organ, poor Professor Hohmann had the difficult and time consuming job of discovering which key was causing the trouble and which wire needed adjusting.
	www.gregssandbox.com /mcmurry/sec04/04-bbeth.htm (6340 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A number of VfR members, including Walter Hohmann, Willy Ley and Max Valier, had written, and continued to write, popular works on the field of rocketry.
		Hohmann's book "Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskorper" (The Attainability of Celestial Bodies) published in 1925 was so technically advanced that it was consulted years later by NASA.
		Under the direction of Captain Walter Dornberger, the Kummersdorf team was quickly able to design and build the A-1 (Aggregate-1) rocket.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec04.html (4288 words)

	Hohmann orbit
		Also known as a Hohmann transfer orbit, an elliptical trajectory, named after Walter Hohmann, along which a spacecraft may move from one orbit to another with the minimum expenditure of energy.
		Such an orbit just touches the original and destination orbits, and may be used for changing the orbit of an Earth satellite or for sending a probe to another planet.
		To better understand the Hohmann orbit, consider the diagram to the right.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/Hohmann_orbit.html (199 words)

	UCR Space Physics
		Yet no one had an inkling that, 25 years later, Voyager would remain a pioneer in outer space, becoming the farthest man-made object from Earth, poised to reach the termination shock and, perhaps, be the first spacecraft to leave the confines of our heliosphere.
		In some sense, Voyager's history stretches back to the 1920s, when Walter Hohmann demonstrated that the lowest energy path between any two planets is an ellipse that is tangential to the orbits of both the planets.
		However, rockets designed before 1960 were unable to produce sufficient energy to send spacecraft beyond Jupiter, and calculations put the travel time from Earth to Pluto at 40-50 years, and from Earth to Neptune at 30 years-far too long to be feasible.
	spacephysics.ucr.edu /index.php?content=v25/v0.html (1409 words)

	Hohmann, Walter (1880-1945)
		His book Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper (The Attainability of Celestial Bodies), published in 1925, was so technically advanced that it was consulted decades later by NASA when planning its first interplanetary probes.
		In it, he describes his "power tower" spacecraft, a huge cone-shaped rocket with an egg-shaped manned capsule at the top, and, more importantly, the interplanetary transfer orbits that have been named after him (see Hohmann orbit).
		He also wrote popular works in the field of rocketry, as did his contemporaries Willy Ley and Max Valier.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/Hohmann.html (178 words)

	Gravity Applications
		A fuel efficient way to travel is to put the spacecraft in orbit around the Sun with the Earth at one end of the orbit at launch and the other planet at the opposite end at arrival.
		These orbits are called ``Hohmann orbits'' after Walter Hohmann who developed the theory for transfer orbits.
		The spacecraft must be launched within a time interval called the ``launch window'' that is just few of weeks long to use a Hohmann orbit for the spacecraft's path.
	www.astronomynotes.com /gravappl/s9.htm (1116 words)

	May '05 stack 3, Major News about Minor Objects
		Namings: There were 77 new namings in the Minor Planet Center's May 24th updating of the Discovery Circumstances pages, from 4245 Nairc (1981 UC10) to 99905 Jeffgrossman (2002 QX50), which is one short of the current highest-numbered minor planet.
		Among the new names are these Spacewatch discoveries: 9661 Hohmann (1996 FU13), 15025 Uwontario (1998 TX28), 15058 Billcooke (1998 YL16), and 15068 Wiegert (1999 AJ20).
		The University of Western Ontario is well known for its meteor studies, Paul Weigert teaches there, and Bill Cooke is a NASA expert on meteor streams.
	www.hohmanntransfer.com /mn/0505/stak3.htm (1025 words)

	Index to Obituaries in the Mennonite Weekly Review - H (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A choir director, composer, and authority on hymnology, Dr. Hohmann was known in General Conference churches throughout the United States and Canada.
		He founded the Mennonite Song Festival which became an annual event on the Bethel campus, and was co-editor of the Mennonite Hymnary, published in 1940.
		Born at Halstead, Kan., Dr. Hohmann attended Bethel College from 1912 to 1915, and received both the Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees from the Bush Conservatory of Music in Chicago.
	www.bethelks.edu /services/mla/holdings/mwr/hohmann_walter_h_1971.php (230 words)

	Travel to Mars
		This method is called the Hohmann Transfer Orbit.
		For a more mathematical discussion take a look at Mars Academy or Hohmann Transfer Orbit.
		A bibliography of Hohmann can be found at Walter Hohmann's Roads in Space (Adobe Acrobat Reader is needed to view this web page.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/science_surfing/106757 (468 words)

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