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Topic: Walther Meissner

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	Meissner Walther 1882 1974 Oral history interview with Walther Meissner, 1963 February 8. AIP International Catalog of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Meissner Walther 1882 1974 Oral history interview with Walther Meissner, 1963 February 8.
		Oral history interview with Walther Meissner, 1963 February 8.
		Discussions of scientific matters relate to work that was done between approximately 1900 and 1930, with an emphasis on the discovery and interpretations of quantum mechanics in the 1920s.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/icos/4775.html (249 words)

	CIRL - Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: Walther Meissner
		Fritz Walther Meissner was born on December 16, 1882, in Berlin, Germany.
		Meissner accepted a position at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, a scientific research institute founded by Hermann von Helmholtz, in 1887.
		This phenomenon, commonly known as the Meissner effect or the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect, is related to the generation of screening currents along the surface of the superconductor that are able to cancel out the applied magnetic field.
	education.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/pioneers/meissner.html (422 words)

	Meissner effect Summary
		In 1933, two German physicists, Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld, were studying superconductivity (the tendency of a substance to lose all resistance to the flow of an electrical current) in tin.
		In fact, the magnetic field is not totally expelled in the Meissner effect, but resides in a very thin layer less than a millionth of a centimeter thick on the outside of the superconducting material.
		The nature of the Meissner effect is dependent upon the type of material used, its purity, shape, and size.
	www.bookrags.com /Meissner_effect (608 words)

	2 Experimentally Determined Properties of Superconductors2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It was not until 1933 that Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered what is now considered a fundamental property of superconductors: perfect diamagnetism, or the expulsion of external magnetic fields (see figure 5).
		The Meissner effect was a breakthrough for theories of superconductivity because it allowed superconductivity to be treated thermodynamically and, as we shall see later, it helped the development of the London equations.
		Note that the Meissner effect was discovered twenty years after superconductivity because the effect is unobservable in the hollow spheres that Onnes and others used in their experiments and because of the difficulties in making sensitive magnetic field measurements on superconductors.
	iguanaworks.net /~lueyb/MyWritings/SC/node3.html (1099 words)

	CSC Logo - IEEE Technical Council on Superconductivity
		In 1933, Fritz Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that when a superconductor is cooled below its superconducting temperature in a magnetic field, the magnetic field lines are expelled from the interior of the superconductor.
		The Meissner Effect is a unique property of superconductivity, which distinguishes superconductors from perfect conductors and demonstrated that superconductivity is a reversible thermodynamic state.
		Although the Meissner Effect is one of the cornerstones of superconductivity, it was never recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee.
	www.ewh.ieee.org /tc/csc/logostory.html (2519 words)

	Superconductivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This effect, called the Meissner Effect, causes a phenomenon that is a very popular demonstration of superconductivity.
		Some of the field lines of the magnet have penetrated the sample and are trapped in defects and grain boundaries in the crystals.
		Up to this point those properties of superconductors which are commonly referred to as macroscopic properties, such as the Meissner effect and zero resistance have been discussed.
	www.rare-earth-magnets.com /magnet_university/superconductivity.htm (4648 words)

	HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
		By 1933 Walther Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld discovered that superconductors are more than a perfect conductor of electricity, they also have an interesting magnetic property of excluding a magnetic field.
		Figure (2) is an image of magnetic field lines from a magnet levitating above a superconductor.
		Meissner Effect will occur only if the magnetic field is relatively small.
	www.ornl.gov /reports/m/ornlm3063r1/pt2.html (979 words)

	Model 150 Manual
		Walther Meissner and Robert Oschenfeld made the important discovery in 1933 that superconductors tend to spontaneously exclude magnetic fields from their interiors.
		The Meissner effect causes a superconductor to repel a stationary magnet.
		Perfect conductivity does not explain the Meissner effect, whereby magnetic flux is expelled from the interior of superconducting materials by screening currents, even if the flux was present before the material became superconducting.
	www.webcom.com /cfsc/manual/sc150.html (4716 words)

	Walther Meißner - Wikipedia
		Walther Meißner (auch: Fritz Walther Meißner; * 16.
		Walther Meißner studierte von 1901-1904 Maschinenbau an der Technischen Hochschule Charlottenburg und anschließend Mathematik und Physik an der Berliner Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität.
		Neue Deutsche Biographie, Bd 16, S. Eder, Walther Meißner zum 80.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Walther_Mei%C3%9Fner (613 words)

	TIME.com: A Letter From the Publisher -- Mar. 14, 1988 -- Page 1
		The Meissner effect, named after German Physicist Walther Meissner, is defined as the exclusion of a magnetic field.
		The picture behind Stephenson, in which a swinging ceramic ball is being repelled by a horseshoe magnet, is an ingenious portrayal of superconductivity, one of the most promising new scientific frontiers.
		The Meissner effect picture by TIME's Bill Pierce, which appeared in our Aug. 10, 1987, issue, won the prestigious Budapest Award, given for best illustrating "positive and innovative action concerned with the preservation of our endangered planet," at last month's 31st World Press Photo competition in Amsterdam.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,966963,00.html (607 words)

	The Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		If this permanent magnet had a magnetic field strong enough to support its own weight, it could be levitated above the perfect conductor.
		In Berlin in 1933, an experiment was done by Walther Meißner and Robert Ochsenfeld to test whether superconductors behaved the way Maxwell's laws predicted a perfect conductor to behave.
		They found that a superconductor will expel any magnetic flux whether it becomes superconducting before or after the magnetic field is brought near it.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /~baz/squid/node6.html (174 words)

	SUPERCONDUCTORS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		World War I, Dutch researcher H. Kamerlingh Onnes discovered a curious effect: when metals such as mercury, tin, and lead were cooled by liquid helium to temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero, they abruptly lost all trace of electrical resistance.
		Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld observed in 1933 that a magnetic field was excluded when the metals were cooled below a superconducting critical temperature.
		John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and J. Robert Schrieffer won the Nobel Prize for their 1956 paper that explained these effects as the quantum behavior of interacting electrons in a vibrating lattice structure.
	www14.brinkster.com /aleatoriedad/Superconductores1.htm (1314 words)

	Ferromagnetic superconductors (January 2002) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Another fundamental property of the superconducting state was discovered in 1933 when Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld demonstrated that superconductors expel any residual magnetic field.
		Recent resistivity experiments by Shimizu and co-workers at Osaka clearly show that the epsilon phase of iron does superconduct over a large pressure range (figure 5).
		The Osaka group has shown that its resistance drops by 10% at the critical temperature and it has a Meissner effect that is comparable with a reference sample of superconducting indium at 3.2 K (see figure 4).
	physicsweb.org /article/world/15/1/9 (4000 words)

	Max von Laue - Biography
		Also prominent in von Laue's work were his contributions to the problems of superconductivity which he made when he was Professor of Theoretical Physics at Berlin University.
		At this time Walther Meissner was studying at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, the remarkable disappearance of ohmic resistance shown by many metals at temperatures of the order of that of liquid helium.
		This explanation was confirmed and it opened the way to Meissner's subsequent discovery that a superconductor eliminates the whole magnetic field in its interior and this became the basic idea of F. and H. London's theory of superconductivity.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-bio.html (1505 words)

	SQUID Summary
		Most all metallic elements, as well as hundreds of alloys and intermetallic compounds, can be superconductors.
		In 1933, German physicist Walther Meissner discovered that magnetic fields which were below a specific strength could not penetrate superconductors.
		Type II superconductors, however, are immune to this Meissner Effect.
	www.bookrags.com /SQUID (1538 words)

	Superconductivity at CWRU
		This program is supported by a five-year Bioengineering Consortium grant from the NIH, with consortium collaborators located at Los Alamos, Tristan Inc., and Columbia University.
		B.S. Chandrasekhar retired from CWRU in 1987 and moved to Garching, Germany, where he continues to contribute to the field as Guest Professor at the Walther Meissner Institute.
		The group consists of David Farrell (faculty, PI of project here), John Tripp (senior research scientist), and Christopher Allen (senior research engineer).
	hightc.cwru.edu (216 words)

	Superconductor Week glossary
		The Meissner effect is the effect by which a weak magnetic field decays rapidly to zero in the interior of a superconductor.
		This active exclusion of magnetic fields is distinct from perfect diamagnetism, as the magnetic field will be zero inside the superconductor regardless of what it was before the material became superconducting.
		Magnetohydrodynamic – Having to do with the study of magnetic fluids, i.e.
	www.superconductorweek.com /glossary.htm (2114 words)

	WMI History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Heinz Maier-Leibnitz), Walther Meissner continues research in Herrsching
		Klaus Andres becomes Director of the ZTTF associated with the chair "Technical Physics" (E23) at the Technical University of Munich
		Renaming of the ZTTF into "Walther-Meissner-Institute" (WMI) on the occasion of Walther Meissner's 100.
	www.wmi.badw.de /ueberuns/geschichte-en.html (357 words)

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