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Topic: Walther Nernst

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	Walther Nernst Summary
		Walther Nernst (1864-1941) made a significant breakthrough with his statement of the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which holds that it should be impossible to attain the temperature of absolute zero in any real experiment.
		Nernst was led to this law, which he and other scientists spent a long time investigating, while he was searching for mathematical criteria for the description of chemical equilibrium and the spontaneity of chemical reactions.
		Nernst invented, in 1897, the Nernst lamp, an electric lamp using an incandescent ceramic rod (the successor to the carbon lamp and the precursor to the incandescent lamp).
	www.bookrags.com /Walther_Nernst (5997 words)

	Walther Nernst - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His Nernst glower, important in the field of infra-red spectroscopy, is a solid-body radiator with a filament of rare-earth oxides.
		Nernst died in 1941 and is buried near Max Planck in Göttingen, Germany.
		Walther Nernst, "Theoretical chemistry from the standpoint of Avogadro's rule and thermodynamics" (Ger., Theoretische Chemie vom Standpunkte der Avogadroschen Regel und der Thermodynamik).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Walther_Nernst (472 words)

	AllRefer.com - Walther Hermann Nernst (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Walther Hermann Nernst[vAl´tur her´mAn nernst] Pronunciation Key, 1864–1941, German physicist and chemist, a founder of modern physical chemistry.
		After doing outstanding research on osmotic pressure and electrochemistry, he turned to thermodynamics, establishing in 1906 a new tenet (often called the third law of thermodynamics) that dealt with the behavior of matter at temperatures approaching absolute zero.
		Nernst invented (1898) an electric metallic-filament lamp, a link between the carbon lamp and the incandescent lamp.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/Nernst-W.html (223 words)

	Walther Nernst - Biography
		Walther Hermann Nernst was born in Briesen, West Prussia, on June 25, 1864.
		Nernst's early studies in electrochemistry were inspired by Arrhenius' dissociation theory which first recognized the importance of ions in solution.
		Nernst was mechanically minded and he was always to the forefront in considering ways of applying the results of scientific research to industry.
	www.geocities.com /ray_333kod/nernst.html (694 words)

	Walther Nernst - Biography
		Nernst's early studies in electrochemistry were inspired by Arrhenius' dissociation theory which first recognized the importance of ions in solution.
		Nernst and his students in Berlin proceeded to make many important physico-chemical measurements, particularly determinations of specific heats of solids at very low temperatures and of vapour densities at high temperatures.
		Nernst was mechanically minded and he was always to the forefront in considering ways of applying the results of scientific research to industry.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/nernst-bio.html (682 words)

	Walther Hermann Nernst
		Walther Hermann Nernst was born in Briesen, West Prussia, on June 25, 1864.
		Nernst's first outstanding work was his theory of the electromotive force of the voltaic cell (1888).
		Nernst applied the principles of thermodynamics to the chemical reactions proceeding in a battery.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/Nernst.htm (478 words)

	Walther Nernst Memorial
		Walther Nernst presented his theorem December 23, 1905 at a meeting of the Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Royal Academy of Sciences) [1] and December 20, 1906 at a meeting of the Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin) [2].
		Rubens, Heinrich (1865 - 1922) Predecessor of Nernst
		Stark, Johannes (1874 - 1957) Opponent of Nernst.
	www.nernst.de (1864 words)

	Hermann Nernst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1891 Nernst was promouted to Extraordinary professor in the Göttingen University.
		Nernst Heat Theorem (Third Law of Thermodynamics) was presented by Walther Nernst on December 23, 1905 at a meeting of the Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen.
		Walther Nernst had scientific contacts with many famous scientists including Einstein, Plank, Sommerfeld, Curie, etc. In 1914 Walther Hermann Nernst and Max Planck succeeded in bringing Albert Einstein to Berlin, and after the war, in 1919, arrangements were made for Max von Laue, Planck's favourite student, to come to Berlin as well.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/nernst.htm (2388 words)

	WALTHER NERNST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Exactly 100 years ago, in 1905, Walther Nernst discovered the Third Law of Thermodynamics, thus completing this fundamental theory.
		Also presented is a lively account of the development of low temperature physics by Nernst during the early days of quantum theory, when he was in Berlin, closely associated with Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Max von Laue.
		In addition to the role of science in the life of Nernst, the impact of the political turmoil in Germany before and after the advent of the 20th century is also told.
	www.worldscibooks.com /histsci/5974.html (281 words)

	Nernst, Walther Hermann - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nernst, Walther Hermann, 1864-1941, German physicist and chemist, a founder of modern physical chemistry.
		After doing outstanding research on osmotic pressure and electrochemistry, he turned to thermodynamics, establishing in 1906 a new tenet (often called the third law of thermodynamics) that dealt with the behavior of matter at temperatures approaching absolute zero.
		Nernst invented (1898) an electric metallic-filament lamp, a link between the carbon lamp and the incandescent lamp.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-nernst-w.html (239 words)

	Bloomfield Science Museum/Walther Hermann Nernst
		Walther Nernst of course did not know about nuclei, but he did grasp the principle of chain reactions and the possibility that they could be intermediated by other than heat.
		Nernst developed this theory, which is so important that it is called "The Third Law of Thermodynamics "and which had, and still has, great scientific and industrial importance.
		It is the flow of these ions through pores in the membranes which form the walls of the tubes that sustains the passage of the electrical impulses, rather than the flow of electrons along wires as in technological communication devices such as telephones.
	www.mada.org.il /website/html/eng/2_1_1-18.htm (807 words)

	Science in Poland - Walther Hermann Nernst
		Nernst had shown that it is possible to determine the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction from thermal data, and in so doing he formulated what he himself called the third law of thermodynamics.
		But Nernst showed in 1906 that it is possible with the aid of the third law, to derive the necessary parameters from the temperature dependence of thermochemical quantities.
		Walther Hermann Nernst - 1920 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry
	www.staff.amu.edu.pl /~zbzw/ph/sci/whn.htm (537 words)

	HYLE 6-1 (2000): Book Reviews. Elisabeth Crawford: Arrhenius: From Ionic Theory to the Greenhouse Effect, Canton 1996 ...
		In her biography of Nernst, Barkan recasts his career in order to integrate what previously appeared to be separate unrelated strands of his scientific interests, and thereby present an alternative view of the formation of Nernst’s most famous contribution to physics and chemistry: the heat theorem.
		Rather, she portrays Nernst as following his own unique path, independent of disciplinary boundaries, and her version of Nernst’s research path is continuous, from his research in Wilhelm Ostwald’s laboratory to the organization of the first Solvay Congress of physics in 1911.
		Barkan’s argument that Nernst’s work should be seen as a comprehensive whole rather than a series of fragmented projects, is well thought out and largely convincing, although it is difficult to follow in places for those unfamiliar with previous interpretations of Nernst’s work.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/6/rev_ramb.htm (2077 words)

	Albert Einstein and Walther Nernst: Comparative Cosmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Here Nernst did in fact go into a cosmology completely ignoring, as irrelevant to his subject, the entire Theory of Relativity, both Special and General, indicating that its cosmological implications, the Big Bang and the expanding universe, were pure fantasy, so he had obviously never considered them of any importance.
		Nernst actually made the hypothesis that "outside" our galaxy it was "colder" than it was "inside" it: "the result is that the temperature of intergalactic radiation is about 0.75° K, i.e.
		Nernst's work, on the other hand, had since 1937 suggested to carry out experimental study of linear and logarithmic law, and at the same time "to clearly bearing in mind" the implications of the hypothesis of the existence of "background" cosmic radiation; these suggestions have been ignored.
	itis.volta.alessandria.it /episteme/ep3-17.htm (3453 words)

	The world of Walther Nernst by Kurt Mendelssohn - book review
		The name of Walther Nernnt is less well known than some of the other scientists who were part of the revolution in physics at the start of the 20th century, but the experimental and theoretical work he did was a vital part of that revolution.
		In this biography by Kurt Mendelssohn, who studied with Nernst for many years, we hear the story of Nernst's rise as a talented researcher in low temperature physics, followed by a prestigious (and profitable) career as a scientist in Berlin.
		Nernst is responsible for the 3rd law of thermodynamics, and worked with Einstein on the quantum nature of low temperature physics.
	www.chronon.org /Science/The_world_of_Walther_Nernst.php (305 words)

	Nernst
		As a young man in Prussia, Hermann Walther Nernst (1864-1941) expressed his ambition to become a poet.
		In 1883, he had graduated first in his class at the Gymnasium of Graudenz (currently part of Poland), where his studies focused on classical literature, humanities, and natural science.
		Walther Nernst was the son of a civil servant.
	www.bioanalytical.com /info/calendar/97/nernst.htm (289 words)

	Walther Nernst Chronology
		Walther Hermann Nernst is born in Briesen, West Prussia (now Wabrzezno, Poland).
		The urns of Walther Nernst and of his wife Emma (she died 1949-05-04) have been transferred from Berlin and from London, resp., to Göttingen and are buried in a simple ceremony at the Göttingen Stadtfriedhof (municipal cemetery), and a
		Centennial of the Nernst Heat Theorem (3rd law of thermodynamics).
	www.nernst.de /chronology.htm (941 words)

	Nernst Equation
		Walther H. Nernst (1864-1941) received the Nobel prize in 1920 "in recognition of his work in thermochemistry".
		His contribution to chemical thermodynamics led to the well known equation correlating chemical energy and the electric potential of a galvanic cell or battery.
		The Nernst equation also indicates that you can build a battery simply by using the same material for both cells, but by using different concentrations.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c123/nernsteq.html (1218 words)

	Walther Rathenau - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Rathenau, Walther (1867-1922), German political economist and government official, born in Berlin.
		Jews: There comes a painful moment in the life of every…, Revolution: A general strike by a defeated army is…
		Nernst, Walther Hermann (1864-1941), German physical chemist and Nobel laureate, best known for his contributions to the field of thermodynamics....
	encarta.msn.com /Walther_Rathenau.html (93 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 98022028
		Primarily a scientific biography of Walther H. Nernst (1864-1941), one of Germany's most important, productive and often controversial scientists, this book addresses a set of specific scientific problems that evolved at the intersection of physics, chemistry and technology during one of the most revolutionary periods of modern physical science.
		Nernst, who won the 1920 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, was a key figure in the transition to a modern physical science, contributing to the study of solutions, of chemical equilibria, and of the behavior of matter at the extremes of the temperature range.
		A director of major research institutes, rector of the Berlin University, and inventor of a new electric lamp, Nernst was the first 'modern' physical chemist, an able scientific organizer, and a savvy entrepreneur.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam029/98022028.html (220 words)

	Walther Hermann Nernst Winner of the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
		Walther Hermann Nernst Winner of the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
		Walther Hermann Nernst brief CV (submitted by Erica)
		Walther Hermann Nernst Biography from Encyclopedia Britannica (submitted by www.britannica.com)
	www.nobelprizes.com /nobel/chemistry/1920a.html (71 words)

	Nernst equation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Nernst equation is named after the German physical chemist Walther Nernst who first formulated it.
		For pure solid compounds or pure liquid compounds, activities are constant, so in the Nernst equation, as elsewhere in chemical thermodynamics, their values are considered to be one.
		It is understood, however, that the activities of pure solid compounds and pure liquid compounds are still taken as equal to one and that the activities of gases are still taken as equal to their partial pressures.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/nernst_equation.htm (614 words)

	Chemical Sciences: Electrochemistry: Introduction to the Nernst Equation
		These simpler forms of the Nernst equation will generally be used through the rest of the sections on the Nernst equation.
		The Nernst equation will give the actual electrode potential no matter what form of the electrode reaction is used, as long as the form corresponds to a physically real couple.
		]/[VO The Nernst equation will also give the actual electrode potential no matter what electrode couple is used, as long as the couple is actually present and the activities used in the Nernst equation are the activities which the various species in the solution actually do have.
	www.ualberta.ca /~jplambec/che/p102/p02101.htm (675 words)

	All about Electrochemistry: the Nernst equation
		The Nernst equation tells us that a half-cell potential will change by 59 millivolts per 10-fold change in the concentration of a substance involved in a one-electron oxidation or reduction; for two-electron processes, the variation will be 28 millivolts per decade concentration change.
		Ions of opposite charge tend to associate into loosely-bound ion pairs in more concentrated solutions, thus reducing the number of ions that are free to donate or accept electrons at an electrode.
		The Nernst equation accurately predicts cell potentials only when the equilibrium quotient term Q is expressed in activities.
	www.chem1.com /acad/webtext/elchem/ec4.html (1856 words)

	Science and Society Picture Library - Search
		Lamp developed by the German physicist Walther Nernst.
		The Nernst lamp has a rod of refractory metal oxide which conducts electricity when hot and glows brightly when an electric current passes through it.
		Nernst lamps were more efficient than carbon filament lamps, but were quickly superseded when metal filament lamps became available.
	www.scienceandsociety.co.uk /results.asp?image=10276181 (105 words)

	©Dobrowolski: Walther Nernst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bedeutende Beiträge von Walther Nernst zur Physikalischen Chemie :
		Nernst befasste sich erfolgreich mit dem Studium der Infrarotstrahlung.
		Nernst fand die nach ihm benannte Gesetzmäßigkeit der Abhängigkeit der elektrolytischen
	www.ch-2.de /Historie/Nernst.html (297 words)

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