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	NativeTech: Wampum; History and Background
		Wampum beads of the mid-1600's average 5mm length and 4mm diameter with tiny holes were bored with European metal awls average 1mm.
		Wampum beads are made in two colors: white ("Wòmpi") beads ("Wompam") from the Whelk shell ("Meteaûhock"), and purple-fl ("Súki") beads ("Suckáuhock") from the growth rings of the Quahog shell ("Suckauanaûsuck").
		Wampum could be presented by the family of a prospective husband to the family of a potential wife, and if accepted, granted approval for the marriage.
	www.nativetech.org /wampum/wamphist.htm (2052 words)

	Wampum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wampum beads are traditionally made by rounding small pieces of the shells of quahogs and whelks, then piercing them with a hole before stringing them.
		Wampum belts are used as a memory aid in Oral tradition, badge of office, and ceremonial device of indigenous cultures such as the Iroquois.
		Word of the value of wampum was spread to English settlers in Massachusetts by Isaak de Rasieres, the chief commercial agent of the Dutch West India Company, who informed Governor William Bradford of the Plymouth Colony of the significance of the belts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wampum (980 words)

	wampum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The use of wampum as currency was spread through the fur trade to the inland Iroquois in the northeast; the Creek and Cherokee in the southeast; Ohio river tribes; and Missouri and Columbia river tribes in the west (Snyderman, l954, using settler names for tribes and for rivers).
		Wampum illustrates historical material rhetoric, or communication by means of encoded objects within or between groups co-existing on the North America continent.
		In the Iroquois view the wampum is thought literally to contain the message; the messengers, on the other hand, are seen as relatively passive bearers of the wampum, which nevertheless is described as being a "heavy burden" which they bear on their backs.
	web.syr.edu /~cfsmith/congress/episodes/1789/comments/Cher/wampum.html (2607 words)

	Wampum Beads, Wampum History, and Wampum Making
		Wampum was usually made from the Northern Quahog, a hard-shell clam known to biologists as Mercenaria mercenaria.
		Wampum is typically a cylindrical bead, not a disk bead, and much of its value comes from the work that goes into drilling pieces of shell lengthwise, which is far more difficult than drilling from top to bottom.
		For the record, white wampum was also made from the central colums of whelk shells, which are also found in New England.
	www.wampumworks.com /history2.html (795 words)

	Wampum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		All these tribes represented in the wampum are strongly united together in a wigwam, strongly protected by larkalosnihigan or strong fence; this wigwam of protection is situated in Conowaga, and the Chief of that wigwam is called by the Indians (Knikigan), our Parent or Master.
		Wampum of choosing Chief of the Passamaquoddies—When the Chief dies, the tribe will mourn for him for a whole year; they suppose they are in darkness during that time.
		The captains are received according to the regulations and rules, and are taken to the Wigwam of Prayer (or church) and from there to the dance hall, and when the usual ceremonies are over, the captains tell the Indians of their mission, and are answered by the Chief who was willing to help them.
	www.wabanaki.com /wampum.htm (792 words)

	Wampum shell beads (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		White wampum was made from various shells, but the violet wampum (called also fl or blue) came only from the purple portion of the quahog clam and was more valuable.
		Generally the rate of wampum was six white or three fl beads for a penny.
		Wampum was commonly strung up into what are called "belts." The contrast between the dark and light beads made patterns.
	www.thebeadsite.com.cob-web.org:8888 /FRO-WAPM.htm (890 words)

	Wampum--Native American Beadwork
		Wolf Clan Mohawk Tiyeeneenhogarow, known to the Brits as King Hendrik, is holding a dark purple wampum belt with 13 crosses (whose symbolism is not known) on it.
		This belt is also known as the Great Chain, as each figure holds a ends of a wampum chain or belt representing the promise of an unbreakable alliance.
		Wampum, a beautiful and sacred medium for solemnizing agreements, a mnemonic aid to remembering the content, was considered by the invaders -- since Indian people always seemed to be giving it to each other, and to white people -- to be local money.
	www.kstrom.net /isk/art/beads/wampum.html (1378 words)

	Wampum
		Wampum beads were valued highly because of the scarcity of the shells from which they were made and because of the amount of patient labor necessary to make a single bead.
		Wampum was highly prized by the Indians for several purposes long before it came into use as money in trading with the white settlers.
		Wampum was currency honored in exchange for any commodity; including food, tools, skins, furs, canoes, and even for purchase of wives and slaves.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /natbltn/700-799/nb725.htm (679 words)

	All About Wampum
		Wampum beads could be strung together in "belts" or could be on a single string.
		If the wampum was accepted it showed that the woman and her family said "yes" to the idea of the marriage.
		Wampum could be given from one group to another as a way of declaring war or requesting peace.
	web.grinnell.edu /courses/edu/f01/edu315-01/liberato/wampum.html (667 words)

	Wampum: Introduction
		Wampum was used by colonists in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia.
		In the New Netherlands colony wampum was legislated at four beads to the stiver, which was the Dutch equivalent of the English penny.
		Although wampum was clearly less desirable as a means of payment, it continued to be used on a limited basis to the end of the century.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Wampum.intro.html (1125 words)

	WAMPUM ... America's First Currency
		Though wampum is most often associated with the Iroquois, and there are claims that the Iroquois were the first producers of wampum beads, it is more likely that the Iroquois were introduced to wampum by trade.
		Wampum was a firmly established base of currency by the time of increased European colonial settlements in the 17th century.
		There was some fluctuation in wampum's value, as is always the case with currency, but by and large, it remained uniformly acceptable and desirable to nearly the end of the 17th century in the colonies and into the 18th century along the frontiers.
	www.mohicanpress.com /mo08017.html (1431 words)

	Oneida Indian Nation
		The words of the message were so closely associated with wampum that, after being "read into" the shell fabric, the words could be recalled by viewing the wampum object.
		Wampum consists of beads made from mussel shells found along the coast of New England.
		This nikohla' or wampum is the national and common property of the Oneida Indian Nation.
	www.oneida-nation.net /culture/wampum.html (496 words)

	Wampum shell beads
		True or "council" wampum is about a quarter of an inch (6 mm) long and half as wide.
		Larger wampum beads were made in white-run factories in New York and New Jersey, the last one closing about 100 years ago.
		Wampum had value, was easily divisible and was scarce because it took a lot of labor to make.
	www.thebeadsite.com /FRO-WAPM.htm (890 words)

	Lois Scozzari, The Significance of Wampum to Seventeenth Century Indians in New England
		Wampum was a collection of small white or dark purple/fl beads, meticulously fashioned from the shells found in abundance along the coast of Southern Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island.
		The increased value associated with wampum, after European involvement in the trade, also increased native demand and native people in northern regions eagerly traded their furs which were coveted in European markets for it.
		All wampum was to be strung in uniform units of one, three, and twelve pence in white and fle at values of a pence 6 pence, 2 shillings 6, and 10 shillings.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/41/037.html (4864 words)

	Wampum Beads, Wampum Jewelry, Beads, and Wampum Making
		Wampum must be a bead -- made from quahog or whelk shell.
		The value of wampum was, and still is, mostly in the work that goes into shaping and drilling the beads.
		Purple wampum is slightly harder to make (it tends to be more brittle), and it has been traditionally more expensive than white wampum.
	www.wampumworks.com (483 words)

	historical wampum
		Historical wampum is small (1/8 inch to 1/4 inch long by 1/4 inch wide), usually cylindrical, white and purple beads, hand-polished, drilled, and strung into strings or woven into belts.
		"Wampum was the material object necessary for the successful functioning of [native] political, social, and religious councils" (Fenton, 473).
		Relating wampum use to object-orientation is this shared, key principle: re-usability, re-configurability, ease of substitution when prior values are satisfied.
	web.syr.edu /~cfsmith/talks/cw97html/historicalwampum.html (607 words)

	Waaban Aki Crafting ~ Wampum Beads, Wampum Jewelry and Hand Woven Wampum
		Wampum beads were made in two colors, white from the whelk shell and purple from the growth rings of the quahog shell.
		Wampum, though made into a longer and more slender bead, was even being made by the Dutch Europeans, and it continued in use until the American Revolution.
		Long, wide belts of wampum were not produced by Natives until after European contact, but the methods used in making large wampum belts developed from traditional Native techniques of finger-weaving, as with this bias weave collar.
	home.cshore.com /waaban/wampum.html (1187 words)

	wampum1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Wampum beads are traditionally made from two types of shell, the Quahog (a type of thick shelled clam) and the Atlantic Whelk.
		White wampum is made from the Atlantic Whelk shell, which is a type of ocean snail.
		Sometimes people refer to the purple colored wampum as being fl, but in reality it is a very rich deep purple, in color.
	www.peace4turtleisland.org /pages/wampum1.htm (517 words)

	Money Substitutes in New Netherland and Early New York
		Wampum production needed to continue as it was vital to the fur trade, but the real problem was that since wampum production was not under the supervision of the province it was impossible to regulate either the quantity or quality of the wampum beads put into circulation.
		Wampum was clearly used throughout this year as various sums of wampum are mentioned in the Fort Orange court records and several of them are for quantities higher than the 24 guilder amount mentioned as the maximum required limit in the ordinance of November 11, 1658.
		Before the wampum is reduced to the valuation of beaver, at 7 fl., it suffers a depreciation of 50 per cent, because beaver, calculated at the usual rate of 8 florin, is bartered and valued at public sales at the rate of 15 to 16 florin in wampum....
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/NNWampum.html (20308 words)

	Wampum Belts
		Wampum served as a device to encode and record the terms of an agreement or treaty between nations.
		The ‘talk’ encoded on the wampum was carefully preserved and maintained in the minds and hearts of the Nishnaabeg and their treaty partners.
		In 1818, 54 years after the wampum belts were given to the Nishnaabeg at Niagara, Odawa Chief Ocaita (Okeda, which eventually became the Sheshegwaning surname Cada) reminded the British of the promises made with the delivery of those Wampum belts.
	www.mchigeeng.net /kinoomaadoog/articles/wampum_belts.htm (976 words)

	Wampum
		If you head to the new Wampum, which is lost in the belly of a Verisign DNS snafu, you'll come up with some error message.
		The new Wampum, when its DNS finally resolves, will be posting an update on our present and future status.
		Old Wampum archives will remain on Blogspot until I can figure out how to move them without mangling them, as I did yesterday.
	wampum.blogspot.com (4486 words)

	QUAHOG WAMPUM JEWELRY
		Quahogs were used by the Native American Indians prior to the arrival of the colonizing Europeans for ornamentation, for use in marriage and in other ceremonies, and as a memory aid.
		Upon the arrival of the Dutch, English, and French, Wampum was made into tubular beads and served as one of the main sources of currency between the Native Americans and the newly arrived European traders and settlers.
		Wampum jewelry made of sterling silver and authentic quahog wampum.
	www.mohicanpress.com /mo10010.html (208 words)

	Home Page
		When you wear wampum jewelry you bring something unique to your personal style.
		Wampum Magic makes stunning creations from shells rich in color and texture found only in our local waters.There is nothing like this to be found anywhere in the world but here.
		Wampum's historic value is well documented and existed as far more than just 'legal tender' thousands of years before the first settlers arrived.
	www.wampummagic.com (96 words)

	WAMPUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The glass wampum beads that Tim uses are historically correct and are manufactured by a company that has been making and importing these beads to North America for 200 years.
		We have two types of hairties; The woven wampum strip is approx.
		The other type is several strands of strung wampum with red deer hair/brass cones on bottom.
	quillwork.net /wampum.html (395 words)

	NativeTech: Wampum: Published Picutres
		The Huron Wampum Belt commemorates the 1683 agreement between the Hurons and Jesuit missionaries for the construction of the first wooden church on Huron Lands.
		Wampanoag Chief Metacom, son of Massasoit, was known to his European contemporaries as "King Philip."
		Unprovenienced Wampum Belt and Headbands from Southern New England
	www.nativetech.org /wampum/wamppics.htm (78 words)

	Wampum
		No matter what your game, you'll earn points every time you use your Wampum Rewards card.
		As a member your points will be redeemable for a wide range of Foxwoods' premium goods and services.
		Just stop by any Wampum Rewards location at the casino with your valid identification, we'll hand you your card on the spot, and you can start earning points right away.
	www.foxwoods.com /WampumRewards/LearnMore (146 words)

	On2 Money / A History of Money
		That is precisely what Native American tribes had to do.
		These beaded shells, called wampum, were the most common form of money in North America.
		By 1637, the Massachusetts Bay Colony declared wampum legal tender (ok to use as money).
	www.pbs.org /newshour/on2/money/history.html (512 words)

	The Wampum Chronicles: Mohawk Territory on the Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Wampum Chronicles is dedicated to the study of history, culture,
		Please access the Wampum Chronicles Messageboard and post your questions there.
		Registration is required but you do not have to identify yourself.
	www.wampumchronicles.com (518 words)

	Wampum Maltese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Wampum Maltese, Wampum Maltese, Wampum Maltese, Maltese, Maltese, Maltese
		Please have a look at all the beautiful Maltese I own and love.
		PO Box 72057, Lynnwood Ridge, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa
	www.wampummaltese.com (138 words)

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