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Topic: Wangkumara (language)

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	Dixon, Lorna Rose (1917? - 1976) Biographical Entry - Australian Dictionary of Biography Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		When Janet Mathews began to study the languages of north-west New South Wales at Bourke in 1970, Lorna recorded the Wangkumara language with her, and in the process began to talk about the cultural education of her childhood in the 'Corner Country'.
		She died of a cerebral haemorrhage on 21 December 1976 at Bourke and was buried with Catholic rites in the local cemetery.
		Lorna Dixon's strategy for conserving the Wangkumara language and culture became widely known throughout the region as a symbol of and an inspiration for the Aborigines' determination to survive culturally as well as physically.
	www.adb.online.anu.edu.au /biogs/A140009b.htm (796 words)

	Tripartite language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A tripartite language, also called an ergative-accusative language, is one that marks the agent, experiencer, and patient verb arguments each in different ways.
		Languages lacking case inflections may indicate case with a fixed word order.
		Several constructed languages, especially engineered languages, use a tripartite case system or tripartite adposition system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tripartite_language (168 words)

	[No title]
		Languages with trochaic (strong-weak) rhythm are characterized by evenness of duration between the elements of a f oot.
		Hopi, an iambic language, sacrifices extrametricality and foot well-formedness by incorporating the extrametrical syllable as a weak syllable in a trochaic foot, e.g.
		Trochaic languages, in which feet naturally pick out t he initial and/or prefinal syllable (the latter being the rightmost non-final syllable, see above), are better equipped to promoting iambic languages, which select the second syllable of the word, one that is not peripheral.
	www.let.uu.nl /~Rene.Kager/personal/Papers/hayes.rtf (11468 words)

	NSW Dept of Aboriginal Affairs: Land and Culture: Fact Sheet
		Aboriginal languages are complex and diverse, with intricate grammar and extensive vocabularies which encapsulate an intimate knowledge of the Australian environment and Aboriginal culture.
		Language goes to the very core of one's identity and Aboriginal languages contain embedded in them much of the culture, social values and world view of its speakers (Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs 1992).
		Language groups were fragmented and Aboriginal people were forced to relocate into mixed language groups, reducing the opportunities available to speak their language.
	www.daa.nsw.gov.au /landandculture/langfacts.html (1072 words)

	[No title]
		The theory of language which is to account for the systematicity, goal-directedness and dynamism inherent to grammaticalization must be structural, functional and operational in nature.
		In many languages, there are some prepositions like English beyond which need not be treated individually in the grammar because they obey general rules of syntax like other ordinary lexemes; and there are other prepositions like of which require special treatment in the grammar because they are obligatory in a number of constructions.
		Several of the ancient Indo-European languages are examples of this, as their third person pronouns retain a slight demonstrative force which is, of course, absent from the first and second person pronouns.
	www.db-thueringen.de /servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-2058/ASSidUE09.txt (17398 words)

	Naamval in natuurlijke taal
		The purpose of this project is to construct a model that accounts for the variety of systems in languages in the world, that is compatible with insights from language processing, and that is sufficiently formalized to predict particular language patterns.
		Such a model for case in natural languages is sufficiently robust and general to form the blueprint for much larger sections of the human language capacity.
		Such language samples are in principle unlimited as to size, but it can be expected that a sample of 250 languages will be adequate, given that this sample is balanced for genetic and areal spreading.
	baserv.uci.kun.nl /~hdehoop/proposal.htm (4472 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1231: Lang Description/Typology: Dixon (2002)
		Although Dixon's system of classifying the totality of Australian languages is by itself extremely well-done, the convention he uses to refer to individual languages is somewhat difficult to assimilate by the reader.
		It is appropriate for describing a period of population expansion and split, with concomitant split of languages.
		Accordingly, Australian languages are marked for a basically 'triptotic' system as opposed to 'diptotic' systems that would show the merger of the locative with one of the directional functions.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1231.html (4928 words)

	State of Indigenous Languages in Australia - 2001: 7.1.c.i ABS Census Procedures
		The ABS thesaurus, Australian Standard Classification of Languages (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998b) lists a number of variants, but anything unrecognisable at the time of data entry was discarded, and the response was coded to either 'nec' ('not elsewhere classified') or 'nfd' ('not further defined').
		Further, she notes the problem of naming one language only, when we know that Aboriginal people are multilingual, especially when we consider varieties of English and creole as well as Indigenous languages.
		As Schmidt's data is largely based on linguists' estimates, we would expect them to be conservative in comparison to speaker self-reports, and this is true for all but 13 languages in which her figures are higher than the ABS figures.
	www.environment.gov.au /soe/techpapers/languages/indicator1f.html (1082 words)

	Ethnologue: Australia
		Of those, 234 are living languages, 2 are second languages without mother tongue speakers, and 31 are extinct.
		The clans are active, but the position of the language is weak because of scattering and children speaking other languages, such as Djambarrpuyngu.
		An in-group language used to assist in the preservation of identity.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Ausi.html (5835 words)

	[No title]
		And in a language with trochaic feet, a right-peripheral catalectic syllable is footed together with a preceding syllable.
		I haste to point out that the under-representation of languages from other groups is not due to a (methodologically unsound) decision, but merely reflects the distribution of rightward trochaic systems over the world\rquote s languages.\tab \par \tab Now to the survey.
		Allowing for such restr icted catalexis has a severe theoretical disadvantage, however: it incorrectly predicts that languages such as Timacua should be typologically common, and thus gives up the strong typological correlation between word minima and final stresses as a consequ ence of the theory.
	www.let.uu.nl /~Rene.Kager/personal/Papers/catalexi.rtf (10675 words)

	Opal-essence : your field guide to opal facts and folklore
		The Wangkumara people, an Aboriginal language group located in extreme north-western New South Wales, have a legend which tells how their people gained fire from opal stones, with the assistance of a Muda - a Creator who switches from human form to pelican.
		The flames rose and spread slowly across the plains for a long distance, approaching a group of Wangkumara who were camping near Cooper's Creek.
		The people were able to use the fire to cook their meat and fish for the first time, and were grateful for this new gift.
	www.patsopals.com.au /ctrl/opals/essence2.aspx (667 words)

	Alpher & Nash
		Language classification by numbers, OUP; also in their 'Keeping contact in the family: approaches to language classification and contact-induced change' in
		We demonstrate that this rate is crucial in the prediction of what fraction of vocabulary might in the long term be common to two neighbouring languages (the 'equilibrium percentage') in a model of lexical similarity that does not distinguish borrowings from common retentions.
		We then apply these findings to the case study, and compare the methods of lexicostatistical subgrouping (with and without recognition of loans), to results from classification by classic means.
	www.anu.edu.au /linguistics/nash/papers/lexstat (669 words)

	1267.0 - Australian Standard Classification of Languages (ASCL), 1997
		Because Australian Indigenous languages are of particular interest in Australian social and language research, they have been extensively identified in the ASCL.
		All known Australian Indigenous languages not separately identified in the classification structure are included in the following lists coded to the nec category of the Narrow Group to which they relate.
		Any Australian Indigenous language not identified by the ABS is notionally included in the appropriate nec category.
	www.abs.gov.au /ausstats/abs@.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/C76B9BA33E555000CA25697E00184C46?opendocument (105 words)

	Walkabout - Tibooburra
		It has a population of around 150 people and functions as a service centre to the district, with two hotels, motel rooms, a caravan park, cabins, a roadhouse, a local store and a National Parks and Wildlife Service office, relating to Sturt National Park.
		The name Tibooburra is thought to mean 'heaps of rocks' in the language of the local Aborigines.
		Three upright rocks, known as the 'Three Brothers' (only one remains), are believed to be an incarnation of three ancestors of the Wangkumara tribe who were turned to stone for marrying women from another tribe.
	www.walkabout.com.au /locations/NSWTibooburra.shtml (1657 words)

	Interpreting Case Hierarchy
		Accusative and ergative case are not ranked with respect to each other in (18), since there are many languages which have accusative and/or ergative case forms in addition to nominative and dative case forms.
		Finally, (41c) and (541) are not ranked with respect to each other, since languages may have accusative or ergative case as well as nominative and dative case.
		Dyirbal is one of the best-known split-ergative languages (Pama-Nyungan: Dixon 1972).
	www.aa.tufs.ac.jp /~ritsuko/project/Naka1010.html (8771 words)

	McDermott, George (c. 1895 - 1972) Biographical Entry - Australian Dictionary of Biography Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		McDERMOTT, GEORGE (c.1895-1972), Aboriginal stockman, linguist and collector of traditions, was born near Nockatunga, Queensland, son of Nellie Murray, a Wangkumara woman born in 1880, and a white man named McDermott, who was working as a tank-sinker.
		From Wangkumara elders he learned many songs, stories and traditions and became highly regarded for his knowledge and as a 'clever man'.
		A Wangkumara dictionary, based on the knowledge of McDermott and others, edited by Carol Robertson, was published in 1985.
	www.adb.online.anu.edu.au /biogs/AS10304b.htm (507 words)

	Behind the Scenes - Public Information Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		National advertising was translated into 17 languages in the ethnic press, 26 languages on ethnic radio and five languages for ethnic television.
		A caller to one of the language specific lines was greeted by a recorded electoral message in their own language and could be connected to an operator speaking their language if they required further information.
		In addition to the placement of election advertising in ethnic media, the AEC provided a national telephone interpreting service in 15 languages and key election information was sent to ethnic media and community organisations throughout the election period.
	results.aec.gov.au /12246/publicinfo.htm (2514 words)

	FSNewz - "Spirit of Australia" Tour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the language of the local Aborigines 'Uluru' is simply a place name which is applied to both the rock and the waterhole on top of the rock.
		There are 7 different clan groups who speak 7 different languages, but out of those the most common language is Murrinh-Patha, spoken by the Kardu Diminin clan.
		The other languages are Murrinh-Nuwanh spoken by Kardu Piru Panguy, Marti Ke spoken by Kardu Yek Naninh, Amor spoken by Kardu Yek Thinti, Maringarr spoken by Kardu Darrinpirr, Murrinh Kurn spoken by Kardu Papa Ngala and Marri Jabin spoken by the Karu Thank Kural people.
	www.fsnewz.net /Events/events/AUStour/index.htm (10699 words)

	Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
		When preparing their manuscript, authors are requested to keep in mind that readers of the Journal may not be familiar with the specific context being described or with the language(s) discussed and to pay particular attention to the description of the context (political, educational, social or linguistic) of the teaching or the research.
		This journal is devoted to exploring the relationships between linguistics and such areas of scholarly concern as history, sociology, politics, archaeology, religious studies, translation and the study of art in various semiotic modalities, in so much as these enterprises draw upon or contribute to a catholic understanding and development of linguistics.
		Teaching and research in the Department are characterized by a strong emphasis on both the scientific and humanistic study of language and communication with the aim of achieving a balanced approach to the pursuit of theoretical insight and practical application.
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /news/issues/issue_41.htm (6923 words)

	Schulze reviews on LinguistList
		In sum, we have to praise the author for having undertaken the enterprise to approach the functional and formal scope of agreement clitics from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective.
		Here, they convincingly argue that ''the world of non-Western languages offers a breathtaking opportunity to delve into a wide spectrum of empirical and theoretical issues, some of which are new (...) and others that have hitherto resisted satisfactory explanations constructed in other linguistics theories'' (p.2).
		Some of the papers will probably strongly influence analyses related to the languages under discussion, others will stimulate researchers to look for parallel data, processes, or explanatory options in 'their' languages or in a cross-linguistic perspective.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~wschulze/reviews.htm (13536 words)

	Nature's Fireworks - A Beginner's Guide to OPAL - Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Over time, their culture has produced a rich variety of mythologies in hundreds of different languages.
		The aboriginal Wangkumara tribe recount a legend of how their people gained fire from opal stones, with the assistance of a Muda ' a creator who switches from human form to pelican:
		The flames rose and spread across long distances, approaching a group of Wangkumara who were camped near by.
	www.happiness-site.info /nature-s-fireworks---a-beginner-s-guide-to-opal---part-1.html (541 words)

	Ruhlen: Classification and List of Languages of the World
		Languages are given in capitalized lower-case letters, groups in all capitals.
		Languages and groups preceded by + are extinct.
		The number of languages in each group is shown as [extant+extinct] after the name of the group.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/Ruhlen/ruhlen.html (4340 words)

	Pama-Nyungan Languages
		The name "Pama-Nyungan" was derived from the names of two widely-separated groups, the Pama languages from the Northeast, and the Nyungan languages from the Southwest.
		The terms pama and nyunga are expressions meaning "man" in the languages from their respective regions.
		The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian languages.
	www.aboutlanguageschools.com /language/families/pama-nyungan.asp (214 words)

	ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER COMMISSION ANNUAL REPORT 1993-94
		Since the amalgamation of the former Wangkumara and Far Western Regional Councils it is necessary to combine both Council Regional Plans.
		The culture and language throughout the Tiwi Islands is uniform, consisting of four major skin groups.
		Predominant languages throughout the region are Yolngu-Matha and Anindilyakwa.
	www.austlii.edu.au /au/other/IndigLRes/1994/3/24.html (20991 words)

	ODIN results for language Ngura (NBX) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		For those results that indicate Verified as "Highest" or "High", all instances of IGT in the document have been manually verified both to be IGT and to be in the language specified.
		"Low" indicates that the language was not verified, although the instances discovered are IGT.
		For more information about the language selected, click the language name or language code above and the Ethnologue report page for the language will be opened.
	www.csufresno.edu /odin/igt_urls.php?lang=NBX (214 words)

	Tibooburra - New South Wales - Australia - Travel - smh.com.au
		It has a population of around 150 people and functions as a service centre to the district, with two hotels, motel rooms, a caravan park, cabins, a roadhouse, a local store and a National Parks and Wildlife Service office, relating to Sturt National Park.
		The name Tibooburra is thought to mean 'heaps of rocks' in the language of the local Aborigines.
		Three upright rocks, known as the 'Three Brothers' (only one remains), are believed to be an incarnation of three ancestors of the Wangkumara tribe who were turned to stone for marrying women from another tribe.
	www.smh.com.au /news/New-South-Wales/Tibooburra/2005/02/17/1108500199563.html (1723 words)

	High vowel phonotactics in central Australian languages
		Western Desert, Djingilu, Wakaya, Pitta-Pitta, Ngura languages of the middle Cooper (e.g.
		In general, the constraint is bounded by the boundary of a compound (whether noun-noun or particle-verb) or the constituents of a reduplication.
		There has apparently been more than one historical process at work: progressive and regressive assimilation There is also a possible relation to the elimination of the phonemic distinction between the high vowels in the Arandic languages, located between Warlpiri and Arabana/Wangkangurru.
	www.anu.edu.au /linguistics/nash/abstracts/iCu.html (336 words)

	YAPA youthwork stories: Deadly in the Druitt
		Along with these issues were some that exclusively affect Aboriginal young people, such as inherited grief and grief at the moment, loss of cultural identity through language and practice, and a high crime rate due to unlicensed driving, uninsured vehicles and unregistered vehicles.
		Murdi is the language group of a Queensland tribe, from the Coopers Creek area, on the border of Queensland, the Northern Territory, NSW and South Australia.
		It is about moving from their homeland, being in the Druitt, running with the crew, and about how it feels to be young, fl and deadly.
	www.yapa.org.au /youthwork/stories/druitt.php (1418 words)

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