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	War crimes - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about War crimes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Offence (such as murder of a civilian or a prisoner of war) that contravenes the internationally accepted laws governing the conduct of wars, particularly the Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Convention of 1949.
		In November 1995 the Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić and his general Ratko Mladic were charged with genocide and crimes against humanity at the Yugoslav War Crimes Tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands.
		Subsequent wars have had their full measure of crimes, an example being the My Lai massacre (1968) during the Vietnam War, when US troops murdered 200 unarmed civilians.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /War+crimes (386 words)

	Encyclopedia: Parliament Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first Act, the Parliament Act 1911, cut the powers of the House of Lords to interfere with and retard House of Commons legislation, asserting the supremacy of the Commons.
		The 1911 Act stopped the Lords from vetoing any public legislation that originated in and had been approved by the Commons, and restricted their ability to delay such legislation to one month for "money bills" (dealing with taxation) and two years for other bills.
		The act was a reaction to the clash between the Liberal government and the Lords, culminating in the so-called "People's Budget" of the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George in 1909, which proposed the introduction of a land tax based on the ideas of the American tax reformer Henry George.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Parliament-Act (1148 words)

	War Crimes Act 1991 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The War Crimes Act is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed in 1991.
		It confers jurisdiction on courts in the United Kingdom to try people for war crimes committed by people connected with Nazi Germany during the Second World War.
		The act was rejected by the House of Lords, and so it was passed with the authority of only the House of Commons, under the provisions of the Parliament Acts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/War_Crimes_Act (109 words)

	UK Primary Legislation
		Older acts (pre-1963) are cited using the regnal year(s) spanning the session of parliament and chapter number (e.g.
		Acts first appear in booklet format (one month after publication by The S.O.) and are filed in the Service File, later the acts for the current year are cumulated and published in annual volumes.
		With effect from the first Public General Act of 1996, all new Public General Acts (and the Data Protection Act 1984) have been and will be published in full text form on the Internet via the Her Majesty's Stationery Office Web Pages (http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts.htm).
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /vlibrary/outlines/ukleg.html (2030 words)

	war crimes on Encyclopedia.com
		Individuals were found guilty of acts considered legal, or even required, by their nation at the time; such findings represent a violation of the concept of sovereignty.
		Several Americans were tried for war crimes in this war, and Lt. William Calley was found guilty (see My Lai incident) of particularly disturbing acts against civilians that for many became emblematic of the horrors of the Vietnam conflict.
		In the 1990s, in reaction to war atrocities committed by various parties during the breakup of Yugoslavia, the United Nations established a tribunal in The Hague, the Netherlands, and attempted to gather evidence for prosecutions; Serbs, Croats, and Muslims have been charged, including top civilian and military Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat leaders.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/w1/warcrime.asp (1606 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		In 1914 the Welsh part of the Church of England was disestablished as the Church in Wales, and an Act was passed to establish a Home Rule government in Ireland (the implementation of this was blocked due to the First World War).
		In 1991 the War Crimes Act was passed with the Act, extending jurisdiction of UK courts to cover acts committed on behalf of Nazi Germany during the Second World War.
		In 1999 an Act was passed to change the system of elections to the European Parliament to a form of proportional representation.
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Parliament_Act (558 words)

	Implementation of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, An Interim Report to Congress (IWG), 2002
		Section 2(c)(3) of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act required that appropriate committees of the Senate and the House be informed of the activities of the IWG and Federal agencies in identifying and declassifying records under the Act.
		Upon its passage the Act required some clarification because the title and definitions in the Act could be construed to mean that the object of the legislation was the release of foreign government records.
		The Act states that "there shall be a presumption that the public interest will be served by disclosure and release of the records." Accordingly, the IWG has directed the agencies to take an "expansive view" both in identifying and declassifying records responsive to the Act.
	www.fas.org /sgp/library/iwgreport02.html (9595 words)

	East Anglian Daily Times - politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		WAR crimes prosecutions, the closed list proportional representation method for choosing Britain's European MPs, the lowering of the age for consensual gay sex to 16, and a ban on hunting with hounds have one thing in Common — they've all been forced onto the statute book using the Parliament Act.
		Such a course of action would need a special Act of Parliament, and if the Lords object and keep objecting then the Government could do nothing about it unless it packed the red benches of the upper chamber by creating hundreds of their supporters as life peers.
		Supporters of hunting and coursing are set to mount a legal challenge to the use of 1949 Parliament Act, claiming the Act is invalid because it was never itself passed by the House of Lords.
	www.eadt.co.uk /content/politics/story.asp?datetime=19+Nov+2004+16%3A37&tbrand=EADOnline&tCategory=POLITICS&category=Politics&brand=EADOnline&itemid=IPED19+Nov+2004+16%3A37%3A34%3A963 (870 words)

	Lords Hansard text for 7 Dec 1994 (141207-24)
		The 1991 Act, as noble Lords will recall from the lengthy and detailed debates in Parliament during the passage of that legislation, is about acts of murder, manslaughter, or, in Scotland, culpable homicide which were committed as war crimes in Europe during the Second World War.
		What the Act did was to make it possible to proceed against people who, at the time of the alleged war crimes, did not have British nationality and who would, therefore, have escaped liability for prosecution before the Act came into force.
		Parliament did not intend at the time the War Crimes Act was enacted that the police and prosecuting authorities should have a prescribed period of time in which to undertake investigations into war crimes and bring charges as appropriate.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/ld199495/ldhansrd/vo941207/text/41207-24.htm (2752 words)

	War Crimes Act 1991 (c. 13) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Acts of Parliament printed from this website are printed under the superintendence and authority of the Controller of HMSO being the Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament.
		It should be noted that the right to reproduce the text of Acts of Parliament does not extend to the Queen's Printer imprints which should be removed from any copies of the Act which are issued or made available to the public.
		Braille copies of this Act can also be purchased at the same price as the print edition by contacting TSO Customer Services on 0870 600 5522 or e-mail:customer.services@tso.co.uk.
	www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk /acts/acts1991/Ukpga_19910013_en_1.htm (289 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Special report: Nazi war criminals in Britain
		October 24: Konrad Kalejs, the 88-year-old Latvian accused of being a Nazi war criminal, was excused from an extradition appeal hearing yesterday after arriving at the federal court in Melbourne on a stretcher, seemingly unconscious.
		February 20: A warrant for the arrest of a suspected Nazi war criminal who now runs a guesthouse in Edinburgh was issued by a court in Lithuania yesterday as authorities began moves to have him extradited.
		January 26: The trial of a man convicted of murdering Jews in Britain's only successful war crimes prosecution should not have gone ahead because the evidence against him was unreliable and insubstantial, the appeal court heard yesterday.
	www.guardian.co.uk /nazis (667 words)

	Parliament \| Houses of Parliament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The present two-chamber system began in the 14th Century in England: the House of Lords (the upper house) and the House of Commons (the lower house) sit separately and are constituted on entirely different principles.
		THE U.K. The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
		The result was the Parliament Act of 1911, which removed from the House of Lords the power to veto a bill, except one to prolong the lifetime of a parliament.
	www.parliament.uk /works/parliament.cfm (1035 words)

	DM Andy's Bits and Pieces: Striking down the Parliament Act?
		The inevitable legal challenge to the Hunting Act has started, in fact two of them according to today's Guardian.
		If the Parliament Act 1949 were to be struck down, I believe it would be the very first law that has been repealed by the courts (1) and not by the elected legislature, as the problems with "judical activism" in the US show, it's not a road we want to go down in this country.
		War Crimes Act 1991 (which allows suspected Nazi war criminals to be tried in UK courts even though the crime took place outside the UK)
	dm-andy.blogspot.com /2004/11/striking-down-parliament-act.html (438 words)

	BBC News \| UK \| Prosecution prepares war crimes trial
		Prosecutors are preparing to open the first war crimes trial in the UK of a 77-year-old man charged with murdering four Jews in 1942.
		The only other man to be prosecuted under the British War Crimes Act, Szymon Serafinowicz, 86, died in August 1997, six months after a court ruled that he was unfit to stand trial.
		The UK passed the controversial 1991 War Crimes Act because of a lack of extradition provisions to cover war crimes.
	news2.thdo.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk/274989.stm (390 words)

	BBC News \| UK \| Sawoniuk loses war crimes appeal
		The frail and partially deaf war criminal denied murdering Jews in his hometown of Domachevo, Belarus, 57 years ago while serving in a local German-controlled police force.
		He is the only person to have faced a full trial after an inquiry by the war crimes investigation unit set up as a result of the War Crimes Act of 1991.
		War crimes trial could be first and last
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/uk/newsid_637000/637783.stm (473 words)

	War Crimes Act 1991 (c. 13)
		An Act to confer jurisdiction on United Kingdom courts in respect of certain grave violations of the laws and customs of war committed in German-held territory during the Second World War; and for connected purposes.
		(4) The Schedule to this Act provides a procedure for use instead of committal proceedings where a person is charged in England, Wales or Northern Ireland with an offence to which this section applies.
		(6) Her Majesty may by Order in Council direct that the provisions of this Act shall extend, with such exceptions and modifications as appear to Her Majesty to be appropriate, to the Isle of Man, any of the Channel Islands or any colony.
	www.hmso.gov.uk /ACTS/acts1991/Ukpga_19910013_en_2.htm (579 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		Since 1949 the Act has been only used to pass the War Crimes Act 1991, the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, and the Sexual Offences Amendment Act 2000.
		If the Court were to overturn the Parliament Act, the legitimacy of previous acts passed using its authority would be called into question.
		Pro-hunting groups have threatened widespread acts of civil disobedience "with full knowledge that these would result in arrest." Such actions may include deny access to land for military training, which would have a disproportionately large affect, as most pro-hunting individuals are also large land holders.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=4079894&postID=110089087503219034 (356 words)

	Our Dogs - Latest news stories from the world of show dogs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Parliament Act was first passed in 1911 to ensure governments could set a budget, after peers rejected the 1909 Finance Bill, Chancellor David Lloyd George's so-called ‘ People's Budget’, which provided pensions and health insurance for the poor.
		Peers threatened to reject the Parliament Act when it was introduced, but backed down when the Government threatened to create several hundred extra Liberal peers who would vote the Bill on and destroy the natural Tory majority in the Lords.
		Since then, it has only been used three times: for the War Crimes Act 1991 allowing Nazis accused of murder to be prosecuted; the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, bringing in a list system for candidates; and the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 which set the age of consent for homosexual acts at 16.
	www.ourdogs.co.uk /News/November2004/News261104/theparl.htm (242 words)

	CHAPTER 24 (Bill C-19) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This Act is binding on Her Majesty in right of Canada or a province.
		(4) For greater certainty, crimes described in articles 6 and 7 and paragraph 2 of article 8 of the Rome Statute are, as of July 17, 1998, crimes according to customary international law, and may be crimes according to customary international law before that date.
		(3) A peace officer or a person acting under the direction of a peace officer is not guilty of an offence under this section by reason only that they do any of the things mentioned in subsection (1) for the purpose of an investigation or otherwise in the execution of the peace officer's duties.
	laws.justice.gc.ca /en/2000/24/6002.html (7049 words)

	ipedia.com: Parliament Act Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The act stopped the Lords from vetoing any public legislation, budgets or "money bills" (dealing with taxation) that had been approved in the Commons and restricted their ability to delay other legislation to one month for money bills and two years for other public bills.
		The delay was that the rejected bill would become law without the consent of the Lords, if passed by the Commons in three successive sessions, providing two years elapsed between Second Reading and final passing in the Commons.
		The 1911 Act was amended in 1949 to reduce the power of the Lords further by cutting the time they could delay bills from two years to one.
	www.ipedia.com /parliament_act.html (460 words)

	Implementing Laws and Regulations - Introduction - Royal Warrant: Regulations for the Trial of War Criminals 1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These regulations were enacted in 1945 to make provision for the trial and punishment of violations of the laws of war committed in any war in which the United Kingdom was engaged after 2 September 1939.
		They dealt, inter alia, with the convening of military courts for such trials; the custody of suspects; the procedures of military courts; and the penalties that could be imposed on those found guilty.
		These regulations apply "to any person within the limits of the command of an officer authorized to convene a military court." Although these regulations have not formally been revoked, it is unlikely that they would be applied in modern conditions.
	www.icrc.org /ihl-nat.nsf/e6ea7abc74de3fe041256486004ad09d/8cb72e81a52c0130c1256b350031779f?OpenDocument (247 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Net closes in on war crimes suspect
		He is charged with 13 crimes relating to the genocide of Jews and the mass murder of other civilians in Lithuania and what is now Belarus.
		Mr Gecas is accused of involvement in the murder of 32,000 civilians.
		His case was the impetus behind the passing of the War Crimes Act in 1991, which enables prosecutions to be brought against naturalised British citizens suspected of offences committed under their previous nationality.
	www.guardian.co.uk /nazis/article/0,2763,443939,00.html (1160 words)

	Implementing Laws and Regulations - Introduction - War Crimes Act 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Act grants British courts jurisdiction in respect of the offences of murder, manslaughter and culpable homicide, when these constitute a breach of the laws and customs of war, committed in Germany or in territory under German occupation between 1 September 1939 and 5 June 1945.
		A defendant must have been, on 8 March 1990 or thereafter, a British citizen or resident of the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands.
		was considered inappropriate since the 1945 Regulations envisaged war crimes military courts outside the United Kingdom, whereas the 1991 Act gave jurisdiction to courts of the United Kingdom.
	www.icrc.org /ihl-nat.nsf/4fba3fefb860824b41256486004ad097/e41b2a7ee5391ac3c1256b9f002b3ca5?OpenDocument (196 words)

	Saint Brendan's - A Level Law notes 33A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For example, s.2(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 states that a custodial sentence should be "commensurate with the seriousness of the offence", and the discretionary life sentence has a core of "deterrence and retribution" before which a prisoner may not be released even if he is no longer a danger to society.
		A former Belarusian policeman accused of war crimes committed in 1942 was prosecuted under the War Crimes Act 1991 and convicted on two specimen counts of murder.
		This was the line originally taken in the Criminal Justice Act 1991, which said that an offence was not to be regarded as more serious (and thus deserving of more severe punishment) simply because D had previous convictions and/or had not responded to previous sentences.
	www.stbrn.ac.uk /other/depts/law/teaching/notes33a.htm (12699 words)

	AR.net >> Discussion Forum >> Great Britain's Ban on Fox Hunting Finally Goes Through
		The Parliament Act allows the House of Commons to override opposition from the House of Lords.
		Since 1949, the Parliament Act had only been used to pass the War Crimes Act of 1991, the European Parliamentary Elections Act of 1999, and the Sexual Offences Act of 2000 (to lower the age of consensual sex for homosexuals).
		Apparently, the Labor government find fox hunting to be an issue on the same scale as war crimes and sexual offences.
	www.animalrights.net /78917 (736 words)

	Parliament Acts (Amendment) Bill [H.L.]
		Whereas doubts have been expressed as to the validity of the Parliament Act 1949, and of the War Crimes Act 1991 and the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, enacted in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949;
		And whereas it is expedient that those doubts be resolved and that the scope of section 2 of the Parliament Act 1911 be re-examined and clarified:-
		The Parliament Act 1949, enacted in accordance with the Parliament Act 1911, and the War Crimes Act 1991 and the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, enacted in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, are hereby confirmed.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/ld199900/ldbills/126/2000126.htm (306 words)

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