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Topic: War Relocation Authority

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	Relocation of Japanese Americans - War Relocation Authority - 1943
		Under regulations adopted in September of 1942, the War Relocation Authority is now working toward a steady depopulation of the centers by urging all able-bodied residents with good records of behavior to reenter private employment in agriculture or industry.
		Each resident is eligible for membership in the relocation center cooperative association and all members are entitled to patronage dividends which are derived from the profits and based on the individual volume of purchases.
		Although the War Relocation Authority is placing first emphasis on relocation of evacuees in private employment, student evacuees are also being permitted to leave the centers for purposes of beginning or continuing a higher education.
	www.sfmuseum.org /hist10/relocbook.html (2925 words)

	Terminology
		The term "evacuation" to describe the removal of Japanese Americans during World War II (as well as the related terms "evacuation center" and "evacuee") is objected to by some on the grounds that "evacuation" implies removal for the protection of the people involved such as with a natural disaster.
		The War Relocation Authority termed these camps "War Relocation Centers." The term "relocation" was also used by the WRA for Japanese Americans leaving the camps and settling in the mid-west and east (outside the exclusion areas) under the WRA's leave clearance program.
		"Relocation center" is often objected to as a euphemism of the War Relocation Center, much to mild to describe camps surrounded by barbed wire and guarded by armed military policemen.
	www.nps.gov /manz/terminology.htm (949 words)

	Civil Liberties in Wartime
		The program of the War Relocation Authority is said to have three main features: (1) the maintenance of Relocation Centers as interim places of residence for evacuees; (2) the segregation of loyal from disloyal evacuees; (3) the continued detention of the disloyal and so far as possible the relocation of the loyal in selected communities.
		It is conceded by the Department of Justice and by the War Relocation Authority that appellant is a loyal and law-abiding citizen.
		They concede that it is beyond the power of the War Relocation Authority to detain citizens against whom no charges of disloyalty or subversiveness have been made for a period longer than that necessary to separate the loyal from the disloyal and to provide the necessary guidance for relocation.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~leg397v/Readings/endo.htm (5394 words)

	research_guide
		Eisenhower [Milton Eisenhower, the first Director of the War Relocation Authority] had gone over the matter with the Western Association of Colleges and the Association of American Colleges in laying his plans, in that we were already 'on the alert'." However, he added, "This is no time to stand on any degree of sensitivity.
		Throughout the war, many church organizations were involved in various activities related to the evacuation and resettlement of Japanese Americans; and publications became one of the means through which these organizations sought to convey their messages and carry out their mission.
		After the last of the relocation centers closed at the end of 1945, the War Relocation Authority shifted its focus to the preparation of a series of special reports dealing with the various phases and functions of the agency.
	departments.oxy.edu /digitalarch/web/research_guide/index.htm (11758 words)

	Mario's Cyberspace Station: USEO9066 WRA DOCUMENT
		Under regulations adopted in September of 1942, the War Relocation Authority is now working toward a steady depopulation of the centers by encouraging all able-bodied residents with good records of behavior to reenter private employment in agriculture or industry.
		Internal security at each relocation center is maintained by a special police force composed largely of able-bodied evacuee residents and headed by a nonevacuee chief plus a few nonevacuee assistants.
		In connection with personal properties, such as household furnishings, the Authority provides--at the option of the evacuee owners--either storage in a Government warehouse located within the evacuated area or transportation at Government expense to a point of residence outside.
	mprofaca.cro.net /useo9066p.html (3020 words)

	HyperWar: U.S. Government Manual--1945 [Department of the Interior]
		Purpose.--The Authority was established to provide for the removal from designated areas of persons whose removal is necessary in the interest of national security, and for their relocation, maintenance, supervision, and placement in public and private employment.
		On June 8, 1944, the President directed the War Relocation Authority to administer an Emergency Refugee Shelter for a group of civilian refugees to be evacuated from the European theater of war and given shelter in the United States for the duration of the war.
		The biggest single task of the War Relocation Authority is the maintenance and resettlement of approximately 110,000 persons of Japanese ancestry who were evacuated from their homes in the strategic military zones of the Pacific Coast region early in 1942, and who were subsequently transferred to relocation centers administered by the Authority.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ATO/USGM/Interior.html (8049 words)

	War Relocation Authority Camps in Arizona, 1942-1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Authority embarked on a rapid trajectory of planning and building 10 relocation camps that would house more than 110,000 Japanese Americans who lived chiefly inside the boundaries of Military District 1 along the Pacific Coast.
		One was the Colorado River Relocation Center (April 1942-March 1946), on Colorado Indian lands near Poston, 12 miles southwest of Parker in La Paz (formerly part of Yuma) County, that had a peak population of about 18,000.
		Until it closed offices on June 30, 1946, the Authority carried the responsibility of housing, feeding, employing and otherwise providing services for citizens who had been hastily and summarily placed in an alien social and geographical environment by their federal government in a fevered time of world war.
	www.creekland.org /SocialStudies/RelCmps/WarRel.html (603 words)

	Arizona Historical Foundation -Resource Guide
		Wade Head was the director of the Colorado River War Relocation Center (known as Poston) from 1942-1944.
		WRA: A story of human conservation by the United States War Relocation Authority, 1946.
		War Relocation Authority Camps in Arizona, 1942-1946: Approximately 40 images depicting life at Poston and Gila River internment camps.
	www.ahfweb.org /resguide_jrelocation.htm (514 words)

	War Relocation Authority - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
		The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18, 1942 with Executive Order 9102 and officially ceased to exist June 30, 1946.
		The WRA was responsible for ten camps, most located on the West Coast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/War_Relocation_Authority (138 words)

	Manzanar NHS: Historic Resource Study/Special History Study (Chapter 13)
		In July 1942 a "Memorandum of Understanding As to Functions of Military Police Units at the Relocation Centers and Areas Administered by the War Relocation Authority" was developed to prescribe the functions of military police units at relocation centers within the jurisdiction of the Western Defense Command.
		The perimeter of the relocation area shall be patrolled from sunrise until sunset and during such other times as the commanding officer of the military police units deems advisable.
		Section 4 of the circular noted that a War Relocation Project Area comprised the "entire area" of a relocation center, including "the populated area and the administrative and industrial area." Relocation centers were not concentration camps" or "internment camps.
	www.nps.gov /manz/hrs/hrs13a.htm (2201 words)

	National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 2)
		In the nursery school the toys were quite obviously homemade, and the children stretched out on the floor for their midday rest, with little makeshift covers under them which they folded up when the rest period was over.
		I can well understand the bitterness of people who have lost loved ones at the hands of the Japanese military authorities, and we know that the totalitarian philosophy, whether it is in Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy or in Japan, is one of cruelty and brutality.
		Therefore we have no choice but to try to correct our past mistakes and I hope that the recommendations of the staff of the War Relocation Authority, who have come to know individually most of the Japanese Americans in these various camps, will be accepted.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/anthropology74/ce2a.htm (1335 words)

	Asian Americans - World War II Internment of the Japanese
		The War Relocation Authority was created to administer the assembly centers, relocation centers, and internment camps, and relocation of Japanese-Americans began in April 1942.
		WHEREAS the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities as defined in section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat.
		War Relocation Authority Photographs of Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement, 1942-1945 Over 7000 photographs document day-to-day life in individual relocation centers, as well as pre-evacuation activities in California, relocation of evacuees in various states, and resettlement activities.
	www.asianamericans.com /WorldWar2Internment.htm (2323 words)

	There is established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive
		Office of the President the War Relocation Authority, at the head of which shall be a Director appointed by and responsible to the President.
		Accomplish all necessary evacuation not undertaken by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander, provide for the relocation of such persons in appropriate places, provide for their needs in such manner as may be appropriate, and supervise their activities.
		Prescribe regulations necessary or desirable to promote effective execution of such program, and, as a means of coordinating evacuation and relocation activities, consult with the Secretary of War with respect to regulations issued and measures taken by him.
	www.conservativeusa.org /eo/1942/eo9102.htm (501 words)

	Historic California Posts: Manzanar Relocation Center
		When the voluntary relocation program proved to be a failure the camp was transferred to the War Relocation Authority (WRA) and converted into a relocation camp.
		Accordingly, on 18 March 1942, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) was established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President and liaison was created between the WCCA and the WRA.
		Based on this agreement, the Manzanar Reception Center was formally transferred to the War Relocation Authority on 1 June 1942.
	www.militarymuseum.org /Manzanar.html (1280 words)

	Ex Parte Mitsuye Endo
		In July, 1942, she filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of California, asking that she be discharged and restored to liberty.
		By virtue of that delegation and the authority conferred by Executive Order No. 9102, the War Relocation Authority was given control over the ingress and egress of evacuees from the Relocation Centers where Mitsuye Endo was confined.
		The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded to the District Court for proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
	history.wisc.edu /archdeacon/404tja/endo.html (5007 words)

	Pearl Harbor, December 7 1941
		The War Relocation Authority hired Lange to photograph Japanese neighborhoods, processing centers, and camp facilities.
		This obscure, virtually-forgotten World War II detention facility was located in a remote area of north-central Idaho, 30 miles from the town of Kooskia, near the hamlet of Lowell.
		Chronology of World War II Incarceration outlines the discriminatory practices and eventual incarceration of Japanese Americans by the U.S. government from 1790-1990.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /doc/exhibits/japaneseinternment/japan.htm (1966 words)

	War Relocation Authority Camps in Arizona, 1942-1946 -- Internet Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		War Relocation Authority Photographs of Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement, 1942-1945.
		The Decision To Evacuate the Japanese From the Pacific Coast by Stetson Conn.
		Japanese-Americans Internment Camps During World War II From the Special Collections Department, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah and Private Collections.
	www.elearn.arizona.edu /wracamps/internet.html (273 words)

	Teacher Resources - Collection - Ansel Adams's Manzanar Photographs
		In September 1943 the WRA began efforts to depopulate the internment camps by relocating residents with good records to the interior United States.
		The WRA began by granting students, linguists, and agricultural workers temporary leave from internment camps.
		Residents who followed up on these leads and negotiated a job with an employer were granted permanent leave to relocate if their behavior records were approved.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/ndlpedu/collections/manzanar/history5.html (510 words)

	Manzanar Relocation Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This order authorized the Secretary of War or other military leaders designated by him to declare areas of the US to be under military control and from which any or all persons could be excluded or their movements restricted.
		The War Relocation Authority officially ended on June 30, 1946 and Americans got back to the task of living a peace instead of fighting a war.
		The prominence of Manzanar is due to several factors: it was the first of the relocation centers to be opened and among the last to be closed.
	www.michaeldale.com /history/manzanar/index.html (1675 words)

	War Relocation Authority Records - Special Collections at the Libraries of The Claremont Colleges
		War Relocation Authority Records - Special Collections at the Libraries of The Claremont Colleges
		Finally, a more contemporary addition to the Western Americana holdings came in 1944 with the purchase by the Claremont Colleges Library of War Relocation Authority records, a collection assembled by Carey McWilliams, journalist and defender of the rights of minorities, in research for his book, Prejudice (1944).
		Included were sixty volumes of newspapers from War Relocation Authority Centers, minutes of the Japanese-American Citizen League National Conference, and newspaper clippings from all over the U.S. reflecting various shades of public opinion on this controversial aspect of American government policy during World War II.
	voxlibris.claremont.edu /sc/collections/war_relocation.html (124 words)

	>The War Relocation Camps of World War II--Supplementary Resources
		Also known as the "Hunt Camp", the Minidoka Relocation Center was a 33,000-acre site with over 600 buildings and a total population of about 13,000 internees held from Washington, Oregon, and Alaska.
		The Bancroft Library at the University of California at Berkeley and the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. are the primary repositories for WRA photographs.
		Although Ellis Island served a multitude of purposes, it served primarily as a detention center during World War II for "alien enemies," those considered to be inadmissable, and others.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/89manzanar/89lrnmore.htm (749 words)

	Glossary
		Japanese American farmers were told to continue their farm activities in the time before eviction, and that destruction of crops would be punished as sabotage.
		The government however refused to officially refer to Japanese Americans as "internees" or "prisoners" -- instead, they were "evacuees" and "segregees." Only the 2000 or more aliens in Department of Justice detention camps were offical "internees" and given the rights provided by the Geneva Convention.
		Soon after Stimson announced plans for an all-Nisei combat team on January 29, 1943, the War Department began to use the loyalty questionaire to register imprisoned male citizens, while the WRA handled all other prisoners age 17 and over.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/glossary.html (1032 words)

	Hot Topics: Pearl Harbor Attack, December 7, 1941 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Japanese Relocation and Internment During World War II Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack.
		The War Relocation Authority and the Incarceration of Japanese-Americans During World War II Records of the War Relocation Authority.
		War Relocation Authority Camps in Arizona, 1942 - 1946 -- University of Arizona
	www.evergreen.edu /library/govdocs/hotopics/pearlharbor.html (381 words)

	Linls
		In the spring of 1942, just months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, more than 100,000 residents of Japanese ancestry were forcefully evicted by the army from their homes in Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona and Alaska, and sent to nearby temporary assembly centers.
		One result of that attack was the forced relocation of Japanese and Japanese Americans from their homes on the West Coast of the United States.
		On March 18, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9102, "Establishing the War Relocation Authority in the Executive Office of the President and Defining its Functions and Duties." This order created a civilian agency in persons or classes of people from designated areas as previously denoted under Executive Order No. 9066.
	bss.sfsu.edu /internment/exhibits.html (630 words)

	Bringing History Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Evacuees are transported later to War Relocation Authority centers for the duration, 1942.
		Evacuees are transferred to War Relocation Authority centers for the duration, 1942.
		They wil later be transferred to War Relocation Authority centers for the duration, 1942.
	www.bringinghistoryhome.org /views/g5WWIIAct8.html (1151 words)

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