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Topic: War of Independence of 1857

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	History Indian Mutiny - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a prolonged period of armed uprisings as well as rebellions in Northern and Central India against British occupation of that part of the subcontinent.
		If the criterion for a National War of Independence is set as "a war, which even if geographically confined to certain regions, is waged with the intention of driving out from the complete national area a power perceived to be foreign", then it was a war of national independence.
		As a result, the end of the war was followed by the execution of a vast majority of combatants from the Indian side as well as large numbers of civilians perceived to be sympathetic to the rebel cause.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/indian_mutiny.php (6375 words)

	Kamat's Potpourri: First Indian War of Independence
		ndia's First War of Independence, termed Sepoy Riots by the British was an attempt to unite India against the invading British and to restore power to the Mogul emperor Bahadur Shah.
		The violence started on May 10, 1857 in Meerut, when Mangal Pandey, a soldier in the Army shot his commander for forcing the Indian troops to use the controversial rifles.
		Kanpur, a city controlled by British on the Ganges 250 miles southeast of Delhi, surrendered to the Indian soldiers on June 28, 1857, and was the scene of a massacre before it was recaptured by the British on July 16.
	www.kamat.com /kalranga/itihas/1858.htm (883 words)

	1857 - The First War of Independence
		Although dismissed by some as merely a sepoy's mutiny or revolt, or as a protest against the violation of religious rights by the British, the great uprising of 1857 is slowly gaining recognition as India's first war of independance.
		And in it's broad sweep it was the greatest armed challenge to colonial rule during the entire course of the nineteenth century.
		The 1857 revolt, which had forged an unshakable unity amongst Hindus and Muslims alike, was an important milestone in our freedom struggle - providing hope and inspiration for future generations of freedom lovers.
	www.indhistory.com /1857-war-of-independance.html (1865 words)

	Scotlands first war of independence - american war of independence
		Independence was necessary because Scotland needed powers over key areas, This would be the first time in 300 years (i.e.
		Throughout the period of the American War of Independence it was usual for Scottish
		So the confrontations to come were truthfully a mixture: a clash of Norman dynasties and a Celtic and English war, for the independence of Scotland.
	zonering.info /?q=scotlands-first-war-of-independence (573 words)

	The glorious example of the heroes of 1857
		To understand the nature of the uprising of 1857, it is necessary to examine the historiography, divergent in opinion among the contemporary British historians and Indian historians as well as the present ones.
		The uprising of 1857 was however limited only to a greater part of UP and a narrow zone of its east, west and south.
		After 1857, the British scaled down their programme of reform, increased the racial distance between Europeans and native Indians, and also sought to appease the gentry and princely families, especially Muslims, who had been major instigators of the 1857 revolt.
	www.rediff.com /news/2007/may/091857.htm (1041 words)

	Revolt of 1857,The Great Indian Revolt of 1857,Revolt of 1857 in India,First Indian War of Independence
		The revolt of 1857 was concluded as a first Indian War of Independence.
		1857 revolt aimed to be dignified as the first Indian War of Independence; but nor was it so restricted that one can dismiss it as just a mutiny.
		Their war was not for a small kingdom, they were fighting for freedom.
	voice.indiasite.com /1857.html (811 words)

	The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha
		Address at the Function marking the 150th Anniversary of the Revolt of 1857 and the Birth Centenary of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, organised by the Sadbhavana Samiti, Hansi, Haryana, 10 October 2006.
		The War of 1857 was undoubtedly an epoch-making event in India’s struggle for freedom.
		For what the British sought to deride as a mere sepoy mutiny was India’s First War of Independence in a very true sense, when people from all walks of life, irrespective of their caste, creed, religion and language, rose against the British rule.
	speakerloksabha.gov.in /speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=172 (1153 words)

	James Buchanan: Inaugural Address. U.S. Inaugural Addresses. 1989
		But be this as it may, it is the imperative and indispensable duty of the Government of the United States to secure to every resident inhabitant the free and independent expression of his opinion by his vote.
		We ought to cherish a sacred regard for the independence of all nations, and never attempt to interfere in the domestic concerns of any unless this shall be imperatively required by the great law of self-preservation.
		Unwilling to take advantage of the fortune of war against a sister republic, we purchased these possessions under the treaty of peace for a sum which was considered at the time a fair equivalent.
	www.bartleby.com /124/pres30.html (2534 words)

	India Then, Iraq Now: Remembering a Revolt
		This interpretation projects India's first war of independence as a war declared by dark forces of religious bigotry ("beastly prejudices") against those of progress and modernization.
		India's Revolt of 1857 was also one against the "doctrine of lapse" an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, the British governor-general of India from 1848 to 1856.
		The Revolt of 1857 was a remarkable display of Hindu-Muslim unity in India against colonialism.
	www.truthout.org /docs_2006/printer_010207O.shtml (681 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion
		British officers in 1857 got misled into the controversy about the greased cartridges, which many of them believed in their delusion had caused the huge conflagration.
		The grave has been renovated by the British government, and this has provoked a public outcry because it has been seen as an affront to nationalist sentiments since Nicholson was responsible for the death of many Indians, some of whom were innocent of defying British authority.
		What Gandhi, and many other Indians failed to recognize and admit was the fact that 1857 saw a level of violence on both sides that was quite unprecedented in the history of British rule in India.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1061105/asp/opinion/story_6959091.asp (1056 words)

	Indian History - British Period - First war of Independence
		Sometimes by design, sometimes almost by accident the area controlled by the British increased, until by 1857 everything from the borders of Afghanistan in the west to the jungles of Burma in the east, from the Himalayas in north, to the beaches of Sri Lanka in south were under British East India companies control.
		On 9th May 1857, at an appalling ceremony in the parade ground of Meerut, they were publicly humiliated: stripped of their uniform, shackled and sent to prison.
		In 1857 Kanpur was garrisoned by four regiments of native infantry and a European battery of artillery and was commanded by General Sir Hugh Wheeler.
	www.gatewayforindia.com /history/british_history2.htm (2232 words)

	Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi - Why was 1857 a rebellion?
		Wars are fought by armies on behalf of governments of whatever type.
		Our knowledge of the organisation of 1857 is, at best, limited, but it seems to have had the grass roots and spontaneous nature of a rebellion.
		As for it being a -National- War of Independence, that requires a -nation-.
	www.copsey-family.org /~allenc/lakshmibai/whynotawar.html (565 words)

	Indian Mutiny
		This war brought about the end of the British East India Company's rule in India, and led to direct rule by the British government (British Raj) of much of the Indian subcontinent for the next 90 years, although some states retained nominal independence under their respective Rajas, or kings.
		This was not the view taken by the British themselves after 1857: instead they scaled down their programme of reform, increased the racial distance between Europeans and native Indians, and also sought to appease the gentry and princely families, especially Muslim, who had been major instigators of the 1857 revolt.
		As a result, the end of the war was followed by the execution of a vast majority of combatants from the Indian side as well as large numbers of civilians perceived to be sympathetic to the rebel cause.
	en.explicatus.org /wiki/Indian_Mutiny (8989 words)

	Marx and Engels. First Indian War of Independence 1857-58
		At the beginning of the Anglo-Indian war, two curious questions were mooted — the one relating to the respective superiority of steamers or sailing vessels, the other as to the use of the overland route for the transport of troops.
		During the American War of Independence the principal obstacle England had to grapple with was a sea line of 3,000 miles over which she had to convey her troops, stores and re-enforcements.
		Again, during the late Russian war, in the summer of 1854, the 10th and 11th regiments of Dragoons (1,400 horses, 1,600 men) arrived in Egypt from India, and were forwarded thence to the Crimea.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1858/08/13.htm (1449 words)

	proXsa:History:Revolt of 1857
		In the case of the 1857 Revolt, that spark came as the episode of greased cartridges.
		As already noted, 1857 Revolt consisted both of rebellion by the sepoys or soldiers and reaction from sections of the general Indian population.
		Writing in 1857 itself, he commented that the British in creating a native army had simultaneously organized the "first general centre of resistance which the Indian people was ever possessed of." He also noted that Muslims and Hindus had combined against their common masters by renouncing their mutual antipathies.
	www.foil.org /history/1857.html (1790 words)

	The War of Independence of 1857 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was not that the revolt of 1857 had erupted all of a sudden.
		However, whether it is considered merely a Mutiny or a War of Independence, one thing is certain that it was the first significant aimed struggle conducted by the princes and soldiers with popular support of the people and with the common object of overthrowing the British rule.
		So far as the history of the Indian freedom movement is concerned, the revolt of 1857 and the repressive measures adopted to crush it gave birth to a bitter and sharp reaction and sowed the seeds of mass popular upsurge and a nationalist movement for freedom from rule.
	www.careera1.com /Projects/summary/warofindependance.htm (4281 words)

	India Discussion Forum - Indian History, Culture, Politics, News, Strategic Security, Hinduism. -> First war of ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is the Indian version of the first war of independence, which the British and Indian Marxist historians called the Sepoy Mutiny.
		The story of Lucknow during 1857 and 1858 can be divided into three distinct phases: the Uprising and siege of the Residency from May to November 1857; preparations to defend the city, from November 1857 to February 1858; the retaking of the city by the British, in March 1858.
		The first sign of the uprising was on 2 May 1857 when the 7th Awadh Irregular Force, one of the new regiments, stationed in the British cantonment at Lucknow, refused to use greased cartridges.
	www.india-forum.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=334&view=findpost&p=51602 (9422 words)

	Indian rebellion of 1857 Summary
		This was not the view taken by the British themselves after 1857: instead they scaled down their programme of reform, and also sought to appease the gentry and princely families, who had been major instigators of the 1857 revolt.
		After 1857, Zamindari (regional feudal officials) became more oppressive, the Caste System became more pronounced, and the communal divide between Hindus and Muslims became marked and visible, which some historians argue was due in great part to British efforts to keep Indian society divided.
		In September and October 1857, the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi from the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of Datia and Orchha.
	www.bookrags.com /Indian_rebellion_of_1857 (7640 words)

	1857 - India's Struggle for Freedom - NANA SAHEB
		The Doctrine of Lapse, issue of cartridges greased with animal fat to Indian soldiers, introduction of British system of education and a number of social reforms had infuriated a very wide section of the Indian people, who rose in revolt at a number of places all over India.
		Of the very large number of freedom fighters, who led the struggle, four are being commemorated through the present series, which is a part of the larger series on India's Struggle for Freedom.
		When the First War of Independence broke out, he assumed leadership of the mutineers in Kanpur.
	oudh.tripod.com /1857/nana.htm (316 words)

	Melaleuca Freedom Celebration - The Declaration of Independence
		I have said that the Declaration of Independence is the ring-bolt to the chain of your nation's destiny; so, indeed, I regard it.
		As the last line of The Declaration of Independence affirms, signing your name to the document meant that you literally pledged your life, your fortune, and your sacred honor to the cause of freedom.
		Thus was foreshadowed the central debate of the American Civil War, which Abraham Lincoln saw as a test to determine whether a nation "conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal" could long endure.
	www.freedomcelebration.com /declaration_independence.html (2047 words)

	War for independence, depeche mode mp3 - HSS Course Models: Grade 5 Unit 6: The War for Independence
		Turkey :: Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish War of Independence, 1919
		INDIA: Celebrations for War of Independence anniversary In India, year-long celebrations are underway to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the 1857
		The American War of Independence began in 1775 and ended with the peace treaty of 1783.
	depeche-mode-mp3.easylookfor.com /elf/depeche-mode-mp3-war-for-independence.htm (307 words)

	YouTube - 1857 The First War of Independence of India
		the first independence war was led by shaheed sardar sham singh attari,after the british took over by treachoury the punjab region,thank you
		But, i had made the video specifically on '1857', and Tipu Sultan had got his martyrdom in 1799, thats why i haven't mentioned his name.
		This video is prepared by me to mark the 150th anniversary of The First War of Independence of India in 1857.
	www.youtube.com /watch?v=wIVsG8VKTVU (542 words)

	War of Independence
		In 1857, starting with an uprising in Meerut, soldiers in the British Army in Bengal launched a full-scale mutiny against the British.
		After the War of Independence in 1857, the British government assumed sovereignty over the lands of the British East India Company.
		The British attributed the war of 1857 to the Muslims alone.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /articletext.asp?artid=A023 (635 words)

	Mutiny 1857 India Tour,Tour India Mutiny,Indian Mutiny 1857,Travel Mutiny Tour India,Mutiny Battlefield Tour India
		During the 1857 uprising this church was the scene of heavy fighting between the rebels and the British forces.
		Upon arrival in Agra, visit Agra Fort the scene of panic in 1857, the self inflected incarceration of 6000 British residents and the battle of Agra.
		The annexation was one of the sparks that ignited the Indian Uprising of 1857.
	www.excursionsindia.theindiancenter.com /india-mutiny-tour.html (1368 words)

	Rally to commemorate 150th year of 1857 war begins
		Yesterday, Aiyar had called upon the youths to uphold the ideals of national integration, secularism and unity in diversity to carry forward the message of martyrs of the war.
		The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a prolonged period of armed uprisings in different parts of the country against British occupation.
		This war brought about the end of the British East India Company's rule in India, and led to direct rule by the British Government of much of the Indian subcontinent for the next 90 years.
	www.andhranews.net /India/2007/May/7-Rally-commemorate-550.asp (419 words)

	premendra agrawal's Blog : 1857 First War of Indian Independence Vs Gandhigiri, premendra agrawal blogs on sulekha, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The striking feature of the War of 1857 was that both Hindu and Muslims assiduously organized the front against the foreign rule.
		The mela also figured during the 1857 war when one of the promiminent figures of the 1857 Freedom War, Nana Saheb came here to motivate the locals to raise arms against the British.
		When the British regained control, in order to assuage the feelings of the natives, they put up posters of Nana Saheb and his warriors at the Nauchandi mela which used to be held for a few days only during that period.
	premendra.sulekha.com /blog/post/2007/01/1857-first-war-of-indian-independence-vs-gandhigiri.htm (1619 words)

	Nagpuronline: Nagpur during the Revolt of 1857 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		What happpened in 1857 in India has been variously described by h9storians as the Revolt of 1857, the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857, and the War of Independence.
		The last view that it was a War of independence is borne by the fact that it was an attempt to overthrow the Government of the East India Company which was well-estblished in India.
		There was certainly favourable background for an uprising in Nagpur as the memories of annexation of the Raj of the Bhosles, confiscation of their jewellery and public auctioning of their palace property were yet fresh in the public mind.
	www.nagpuronline.com /History/1857.html (420 words)

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