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| | Chapter 19: A History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 2 |
 | | The War of Independence was in the long run a struggle of attrition in which the French were ground down by constant harassment and, from 1812, by the commitment of Napoleon's main strength to eastern and central Europe. |
 | | The seat of Spanish government during the greater part of the War of Independence was Cádiz, the country's leading Atlantic port, separated from the mainland by a narrow peninsula easily defended from French assault, protected and provisioned by the British and Spanish fleets. |
 | | That the civil war lasted nearly seven years was due in large measure to the disarray of the nascent liberal regime, unable to generate the considerable resources of money, manpower, and material needed to fight campaigns of attrition against regional forces. |
| libro.uca.edu /payne2/payne19.htm (15693 words) |
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