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	Wars Of The Roses - LoveToKnow 1911
		WARS OF THE ROSES, a name given to a series of civil wars in England during the reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV.
		It is from the Wars of the Roses that there originated the deep-rooted dislike of the professional soldier which was for nearly four centuries a conspicuous feature of the English social and governmental system, and it is therefore in their results rather than their incidents that they have affected the evolution of war.
		This was the first battle of the war which was characterized by the massacre of the common folk and beheading of the captive gentlemen - invariable accompaniments of Edward's victories, and conspicuously absent in Warwick's.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Wars_Of_The_Roses (1592 words)

	Wars of the Roses - Encyclopedia.com
		Wars of the Roses traditional name given to the intermittent struggle (1455-85) for the throne of England between the noble houses of York (whose badge was a white rose) and Lancaster (later associated with the red rose).
		The Wars of the Roses at the West Yorkshire Playhouse was...
		The "Wars of the Roses" marathon, the centerpiece of the...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Roses-Wa.html (1842 words)

	Wars of the Roses and the Princes in the Tower
		The interminable conflict of the Wars of the Roses dragged on for decades.
		The Wars of the Roses and the Princes in the Tower
		The struggle to rule on behalf of an unfit king was one of the surface reasons for the outbreak of thirty years of warfare that we now call the Wars of the Roses, fought between the Houses of York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose).
	www.britainexpress.com /History/Wars_of_the_Roses.htm (749 words)

	Hicks, Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485
		This multi-faceted approach to military history is ambitious and especially so for this volume given Professor Hicks’s assertion that the Wars of the Roses were not ‘a significant stage in the development of the English monarchy, constitution, society or military science’ (p.8).
		Instead the Wars are portrayed as a series of short, violent episodes in which the various noble factions vying for the English throne settled their disputes on the battlefield, searching for a decisive victory which would eliminate their opponents politically and militarily.
		To begin the Wars, as Professor Hicks does, in 1459 is to ignore the significance of the fact that open, armed resistance to the crown predated the battle of Blore Heath in September 1459 by over four years.
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/hicks_warrose.htm (718 words)

	Wars of the Roses: Sources
		Jon Gillingham, The Wars Of The Roses, (Louisiana, 1981).
		J.R. Lander, The Wars Of The Roses, (London, 1965).
		A.J. Pollard, The Wars Of The Roses, (London, 1988).
	www.warsoftheroses.com /sources.cfm (234 words)

	Wars of the Roses . Enpsychlopedia
		The Wars were fought largely by the landed aristocracy and armies of feudal retainers; supporters of each house largely depended upon dynastic marriages with the nobility, feudal titles and tenures.
		The Wars of the Roses, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, ushered in a period of great social upheaval in feudal England and led to the fall of the Plantagenet dynasty itself.
		The war was disastrous for England's already declining influence in France, and by the end of the struggle few of the gains made over the course of the Hundred Years' War remained, apart from Calais which eventually fell during the reign of Queen Mary.
	enpsychlopedia.org /psypsych/Wars_of_the_Roses (5706 words)

	Wars of the Roses - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Wars were fought largely by the landed aristocracy and armies of feudal retainers; supporters of each house largely depended upon dynastic marriages with the nobility, feudal titles and tenures.
		The Wars of the Roses, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, ushered in a period of great social upheaval in feudal England and led to the fall of the Plantagenet dynasty itself.
		Others argue that the Wars of the Roses concluded only with the Battle of Stoke in 1487, which arose from the appearance of a pretender to the throne, a boy named Lambert Simnel who bore a close physical resemblance to the young Earl of Warwick, the best surviving male claimant of the House of York.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses (4800 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Wars of the Roses (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) is the name generally given to the intermittent civil war fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
		The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) is the name generally given to the intermittent civil war fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
		The Wars of the Roses, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, were a major factor in the weakening of the feudal power of the nobles, leading to the growth of a strong, centralised monarchy under the Tudors.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Wars-of-the-Roses (1870 words)

	Wars of the roses (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Wars of the Roses, series of dynastic civil wars in England fought by the rival houses of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.
		In 1385 the title of Duke of York was given to John of Gaunt's younger brother Edmund of Langley, whose descendants established the rival royal House of York the latter fought the House of Lancaster in the Wars of the Roses and then superseded it.
		Their dynastic rivalry developed into the Wars of the Roses, so named because the Yorkist emblem was the white rose and the Lancastrian emblem the red rose.
	freespace.virgin.net /john.mcdermott1/page3.html (641 words)

	The Wars of the Roses - The Rose - Icons of England
		To associate anything as beautiful as a rose with something as bloody as war, particularly civil war, seems to be a fundamental mistake; however, the series of conflicts in England between 1455 and 1485 has come to be known as the Wars of the Roses.
		The emblem of the Tudor rose is not a real rose at all but a symbolic fusion of the red rose of Lancaster with the white rose of York, used on official documents and in paintings to legitimise the Tudor dynasty.
		Nowadays the expression “wars / battles of the roses” has come to be used in sport whenever the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire (who have since adopted the white and red roses as their emblems respectively) find themselves playing against each other – hopefully rather less bloody battles than in the Middle Ages.
	www.icons.org.uk /theicons/collection/the-rose/features/wars-of-the-roses-finished (967 words)

	Amazon.ca: Reviews for The Wars of the Roses: 1455-1485: Books: Michael Hicks
		Instead, the Wars of the Roses were a series of extremely brief campaigns, fought by less than 1% of the population and affecting primarily the noble classes.
		Militarily, the Wars of the Roses stands out since at a time when methodical siege warfare was popular, the warring English factions consistently sought to settle their political differences with short maneuver campaigns leading to a decisive battle.
		However the armies in the Wars of the Roses were second-rate by continental standards, poorly armed and virtually untrained, and the author notes that these wars held no lessons for military theory or practice.
	www.amazon.ca /gp/product/customer-reviews/1841764914/ref=dp_nav_0/702-3766757-1084061?ie=UTF8&n=916520&s=books (609 words)

	Books on the Wars of the Roses - English History
		An exciting portrait of England during the War of the Roses, The Black Arrow is a breathless adventure of battle, intrigue, deception, kidnapping, spies, rogues, heroes,and villains.
		The Wars of the Roses are undoubtedly one of the most turbulent periods of English history, and the Battle of Towton reputedly the most bloody battle of any fought on English soil.
		Richard III has come to be the most famous figure to emerge from Britain's War of the Roses, largely due to the play by William Shakespeare, but this 30-year conflict (1455-1485) had a large cast of heroes and villains, and saw the biggest and fiercest battles ever fought on English soil.
	www.dropbears.com /b/broughsbooks/military/wars_roses.htm (1028 words)

	Wars of the Roses - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library
		Roses, Wars of The - traditional name given to the intermittent struggle (1455–85) for the throne of England between the noble houses of York (whose badge was a white rose) and Lancaster (later associated with the red rose).
		Richard, duke of York, came to the fore as leader of the opposition to the faction (William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk; Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset; and the queen, Margaret of Anjou) that controlled the weak Lancastrian king Henry VI.
		...Daily Life during the Wars of the Roses W W NORTON COMPANY...surprised to notice that the Wars of the Roses are not dealt with until the...coming to England during the...
	www.questia.com /library/history/european-history/wars-of-the-roses.jsp (1472 words)

	Soldiers and Warfare during the Wars of the Roses
		Medieval armour reached it’s peak in quality, during the Wars of the Roses, to the extent that men in full harness no longer needed shields and were free to wield two-handed swords, battle axes and the many pole arms on offer.
		The longest and bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses was Towton, where the fighting started at 9 o’clock in the morning and went on seven or eight hours with the rout only ending the next day.
		Overall the population of England suffered very little during the wars, yet these same wars were the greatest calamity to hit the nobility since first formed under the Conqueror.
	www.wars-of-the-roses.com /content/soldiers_and_warfare_during_the_wars_of_the_roses.htm (1481 words)

	WARS OF THE ROSES - Online Information article about WARS OF THE ROSES
		French wars, and pillaged the countryside, with accompaniments of See also:
		Roses that there originated the deep-rooted dislike of the professional soldier which was for nearly four centuries a conspicuous feature of the English social and governmental See also:
		But the Wars of the Roses were not yet at an end.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /RON_SAC/ROSES_WARS_OF_THE.html (2086 words)

	Excite UK - Recreation - Living History - By Historical Region - Europe - Medieval - Wars of the Roses
		Wars of the Roses reenactment group, based in the English Midlands, portrays Fifteenth century military camp life; combat demonstrations, mummers, Period entertainment.
		Reenactment group, based in the south east of England, recreates campaign life and battles from the 15th century Wars of the Roses with longbowmen, field cannon, and combat demonstrations.
		A Maryland-based reenactment group for the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) with events throughout the northeastern United States.
	www.excite.co.uk /directory/Recreation/Living_History/By_Historical_Region/Europe/Medieval/Wars_of_the_Roses (465 words)

	WarsOfTheRoses.com - Wars of the Roses
		The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1487 between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
		The name Wars of the Roses is based on the badges used by the two sides, the red rose for the Lancastrians and the white rose for the Yorkists.
		For more information on the Wars of the Roses and Medieval History please visit eHistory.com.
	www.warsoftheroses.com (166 words)

	Origins of the Wars of the Roses
		The Duke of Somerset was personally responsible for the surrender of the strategic town of Rouen which subsequently led to the fall of Normandy to Charles VII of France.
		Thus, England was plunged into a series of minor wars between the land's most powerful lords to which the Duke of York, as protector was able to use his authority to the advantage of his family and supporters.
		With this the battle lines for the 'Wars of the Roses' were drawn.
	www.warsoftheroses.com /origins.cfm (900 words)

	Wars of the Roses — Infoplease.com
		War of the Roses - War of the Roses (See Roses.) Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894...
		The Wars of the Roses, and the Lives of Five Men and Women in the Fifteenth Century.
		War on the radio: Tokyo Rose, Axis Sally, and Hanoi Hannah broadcast propaganda aimed at turning the hearts of lonely U.S. soldiers.......
	www.infoplease.com /id/A0842431 (914 words)

	The Wars of the Roses
		The Wars of the Roses were a series of battles that were fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster (Lancastrians) and the supporters of the House of York (Yorkists).
		The wars were called the Wars of the Roses because the Yorkists were represented by a white rose and the Lancastrians by a red rose.
		Henry VII was crowned king and married Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York a move that was to end the Wars of the Roses.
	www.historyonthenet.com /Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm (919 words)

	The Wars of the Roses
		This article is a historical telling of the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) were civil wars arising out of dynastic struggles between the royal houses of Lancaster and York.
		The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) is the name commonly applied to a series of civil wars that arose out of a dynastic struggle between two main branches of the English royal house, the House of York and the House of Lancaster.
		The first military action of the Wars of the Roses was the Battle of Saint Alban’s (22 May 1455), which resulted in a decisive victory for the Duke of York.
	ri.essortment.com /warsroses_rbbx.htm (1396 words)

	Roses, Wars of the. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		traditional name given to the intermittent struggle (1455–85) for the throne of England between the noble houses of York (whose badge was a white rose) and Lancaster (later associated with the red rose).
		Richard, duke of York, came to the fore as leader of the opposition to the faction (William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk; Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset; and the queen, Margaret of Anjou) that controlled the weak Lancastrian king Henry VI.
		It is generally said that with them ended the era of feudalism in England, since the nobles who participated suffered heavy loss of life and property and were too weak, as a class, to contest the strong monarchy of the Tudors.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ro/Roses-Wa.html (752 words)

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