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	War Reparations & Iraq: Questions & Answers \| Voices for Creative Nonviolence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		War reparations payments are funded solely by the revenue from the sale of Iraqi oil and are a requirement of various U.N. Security Council Resolution.
		War reparations are the booty of the victorious in a war and are dispensed without considering the positions of the parties involved.
		The continued imposition of war reparations claims against Iraq repeats the tragic and costly miscalculation of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I. Harsh war reparations were imposed against Germany following World War I, exacerbating the devastation of the German economy, and contributing to the seeds which became World War II.
	vcnv.org /war-reparations-iraq-questions-answers (1880 words)

	War reparations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition.
		These reparations payments exacerbated German economic problems, and the resulting hyperinflation ruined the chances of the Weimar Republic with the public, and allowed the rise of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler.
		Others point to the fact, that post-World War II reparations were calculated on basis of the damages caused by Germans during World War I. After French-Prussian war, reparations amount was set to fixed value.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/War_reparations (893 words)

	World War II - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		On which date the war began is also debated, cited as either the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, the Japanese invasion of China on 7 July 1937 (the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War), or earlier yet the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
		As a result of the First World War's concluding Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost its colonies to the Allies, had much territory transfered to France or Poland, was responsible for paying war reparations, and had its military restricted to being a small defensive force.
		War began in Europe on 1 September, 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /world_war_ii.htm (5048 words)

	World War I reparations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In many ways, the Versailles reparations was a reply to the reparations placed upon France by Germany in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War, in which France took huge loans in order to pay the reparations by 1873, because the German Army would occupy France until they were payed.
		A major historical fallacy is that the reparations were the source of the economic condition in Germany from 1919 to 1939.
		Germany payed very little of the reparations and the hyper-inflation of the early 1920s was because of the political and economic instability of post-Kaiserreich Germany.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/World_War_I_reparations (282 words)

	Reparation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		War reparations: Payments from one country to another, possibly as compensation for starting a war under a peace treaty (for example those made to Germany by France under the Treaty of Versailles), but can also more controversially include payments demanded in exchange for peace or lack of invasion (regardless of the source of initial aggression).
		Reparation is also an alternate English-language title for the Leo Tolstoy play, The Living Corpse.
		Tissue reparation means, that the necrotic tissue or tissue, removed in injury, is replaced not with new parenchymatous tissue of the same kind, but with a fibrous scar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reparation (176 words)

	Learn more about World War II in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		World War II World War II also known as The Great Patriotic War (in Russia and other parts of the former USSR for the war after June 1941) and The War Against Aggression (before the involvement of the United States and Japan) was fought chiefly between the Allies and the Axis Powers.
		However, Japan had invaded China already in 1937 the (Second Sino-Japanese War), which sometimes is considered the start of the Second World War (Withdrawal of the Japanese after their defeat also catalysed the Chinese Communist Revolution.) Nazi Germany surrendered on May 7, 23:50 PM 1945, ending the war in Europe.
		After the war, many high-ranking Nazis were prosecuted for war crimes, as well as the mass murder of the Holocaust committed mainly on the area of General Government, in the Nuremberg trials.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /w/wo/world_war_ii.html (2358 words)

	Poles Vote to Seek War Reparations \| Germany \| Deutsche Welle \|
		Should Germany be forced to pay reparations, the cost could exceed €525 billion ($640 billion), according to the latest estimates.
		The attack caused the outbreak of World War II -- the single biggest catastrophe of the 20th century.
		Germans driven out of Poland at the end of World War II said Tuesday they would file a lawsuit this year to reclaim their assets, aggravating an already bitter debate between the wartime foes.
	www.dw-world.de /english/0,1594,1432_A_1324630_1_A,00.html (516 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Why is war-torn Iraq giving $190,000 to Toys R Us?
		If that seems backwards, it's because it is. Iraqis have never been awarded reparations for any of the crimes they suffered under Saddam, or the brutal sanctions regime that claimed the lives of at least half a million people, or the US-led invasion, which the UN secretary general, Kofi Annan, recently called "illegal".
		Reparations are owed to the victims of Saddam Hussein, the group argues - both in Iraq and in Kuwait.
		Instead, reparations should be the responsibility of the governments that loaned billions to Saddam, knowing the money was being spent on weapons so he could wage war on his neighbours and his own people.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Iraq/Story/0,2763,1328887,00.html (1140 words)

	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Facts and Figures
		Romania was an ally of the Entente and theU.S.in World War I and was granted substantial territories with Romanian populations notably Transylvania Bessarabia and Bukovina after the war.Most of Romania's pre-World War II governments maintained the forms but not the substance of a liberal constitutional monarchy.
		The quasi-mystical fascist Iron Guard movement exploiting nationalism fear of communism and resentment of alleged foreign and Jewish domination of the economy was a key factor in the creation of a dictatorship in 1938 In 1940-41 the authoritarian General Antonescu took control.
		The treaty required massive war reparations by Romania to the Soviet Union whose occupying forces left in 1958.
	www.bosnia-herzegovina-facts.com (411 words)

	[No title]
		According to conditions of Treaty of Frankfurt (May 10, 1871), France was obliged to pay a war indemnity of 2000 million francs in 5 years.
		In the end, war victims in many countries were compensated by the property of Germans, that were expelled after WW2.
		Bad experience of the post-WW1 reparations lead to post-WW2 solution, where winning powers were supposed to take reparations in machines and movable goods from Germany, as opposed to money.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/War_reparation (684 words)

	CHINWEIZU AND THE REPARATIONS DEBATE
		War is the best time to take advantage of your transgressor, whoever he may be.
		Others were the social cost of war, as represented by the burden from loss of life, social disorder, and institutional disorder; and the economic cost of war, as represented by the capital destroyed and the value of civilian goods and services foregone to make war goods.
		Reparations were paid by West Germany to Israel for crimes against Jews in territories controlled by Hitler’s Germany, and to individuals to indemnify them for persecution.
	www.nbufront.org /html/BushTelegraph/WorrillsWorld/05_02_24_ChinweizuWarReparations.html (1037 words)

	FT June/July 2002: Reparations Then and Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In 1921, reparations were based on the damages inflicted by outright war, not social or political wrongs, and they were imposed by the winners on the losers.
		What made Forman’s demand possible in 1969 was an important redefinition of the idea of reparations that grew out of the experience of World War II and the discovery of the extermination of six million of Europe’s Jews by the Nazis.
		Those for whom this way of paying reparations was not justice enough, or else the wrong kind of justice, would have to argue in a higher court than Lincoln had ever practiced in.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0206/articles/guelzo.html (2978 words)

	The Legal Claim for German Reparations to the Herero Nation
		The petition was a demand for reparations resulting from the near extermination of the Herero by the Germans during the Herero War of 1904-07.
		The war, although not well known in a world of far more deadly wars, was among the twentieth century's bloodiest colonial wars, killing at least sixty thousand of the eighty-thousand Herero and resulting in the German seizure of all Herero lands and cattle.
		The concept of reparations is rooted in natural law, the common law, and international law; it is an equitable principle that the beneficiary of an ill-gotten gain should make restitution, both as an act of contrition and good will, but also simply to restore the victim to some part of their previous life.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/06hrights/GeoRegions/Africa/Nambia01.htm (3664 words)

	Why We Should Pay War Reparations To Iraq
		Reparations are clearly appropriate in an invasion that was justified on false advertising of the Bush administration, which purposely dismissed solid evidence against its dubious claim that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.
		War reparations for Iraq have in fact been widely endorsed in the peace movement, but with the focus on getting out, there is very little political push for reparations.
		Withdrawal coupled with reparations would also deprive terrorists of their most attractive recruiting tool, hatred of a nation that is perceived to be on a pathological crusade against Islam.
	www.commondreams.org /views05/1106-24.htm (865 words)

	The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery
		Since the Civil War this form of symbolic action has served as a moral substitute for armed warfare, and we have managed to restrain ourselves to a debate which we carry on in the not always justified faith that the outcome will serve the larger interests of democracy.
		Unfortunately, this doesn't always work out, and when it doesn't, the winners of a given contention are likely to concern themselves with only the fruits of victory, while leaving it to the losers to grapple with the issues that are left unresolved.
		Reparations for slavery and its claims for accounting of past injustice, for apologies and truth commissions, for a reconciliation of decades-old debts and forward-looking relief, and for group-based relief represents yet another front on what has been called the culture wars of the 1990s and the present.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/02rights/repara29.htm (698 words)

	About IVAW \| Iraq Veterans Against the War
		Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW) was founded by Iraq war veterans in July 2004 at the annual convention of Veterans for Peace (VFP) in Boston to give a voice to the large number of active duty service people and veterans who are against this war, but are under various pressures to remain silent.
		Reparations for the destruction and corporate pillaging of Iraq so that Iraqi people can control their own lives and future; and
		IVAW members educate the public about the realities of the Iraq war by speaking in communities and to the media about their experiences.
	www.ivaw.org /about (242 words)

	rc3.org: The issue of war reparations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		One thing is for sure, when it comes to war, winning means never having to say you're sorry.
		Certainly throughout the history (all the way up to the first Gulf War), the losing side has been made to pay restitution as part of the terms of surrender, but I guess when you're the most powerful country in the world, that's not necessary.
		The old "war is hell" excuse seems pretty thin when you're talking about bombing innocent people who had no choice in the matter and no soldiers (or even unlawful combatants) amongst them.
	rc3.org /cgi-bin/less.pl?arg=5168 (135 words)

	US POWs sue Japanese Firms for War Crime Reparations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Historians have long noted that Washington's Cold War worries over assuring that Japan remained a cooperative ally were an incentive to downplaying or keeping secret what was known about Japanese atrocities, from its invasion of China in 1937 to Tokyo's defeat in 1945.
		Thousands of former Japanese prisoners of war are in line for extra compensation after Tony Blair gave his strongest hint yet that the Government would agree to a new pay-out.
		The Japanese held all prisoners of war in complete contempt, and the Canadians became convinced that they would all be executed sooner or later.
	www.newnation.org /NNN-US-POWs-sue-japs.html (2164 words)

	H-Net Review: Jing Zhao on Chunichi Senso Baisho Mondai--Chogoku kokuminseifu no senji/sengo ...
		Today, concerning the Sino-Japanese war reparations in general, the Japanese seem to consider that the ROC government took a generous (kandai) policy toward Japan and Chiang Kaishek (Jiang Jieshi) renounced the right for war reparations from the beginning.
		In December 1951, during the Korean War period, J. Dulles went to Tokyo to press Yoshida to negotiate the peace treaty with the ROC regime, not with the PRC government ("The unilateral peace treaty: ROC's Japan policy and the Yoshida letter," p.
		By the author's introduction, there are two meanings of the reparation: first, the "war reparations" with states as recipients; and second, the "loss compensation" in which states as well as communities and individuals may be recipients (p.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=2385874357020 (2083 words)

	AsianWeek: News: JLA War Reparations Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Art Shibayama was just 13 when he and other family members were forced from their home in Peru in 1944 and put on a ship for a three-week voyage to the United States—and an internment camp in Texas.
		They were rounded up and placed in camps either out of fear they might assist Japan in the war effort or, in other cases, to be used as part of prisoner exchanges.
		The families were kept in one of several federal camps that, along with 10 relocation camps, held people of Japanese ancestry during the war years.
	www.asianweek.com /2000_04_27/news_jlaplan.html (547 words)

	Iraq Veterans Against the War
		By 1967, the war in Vietnam had been escalating for several years with U.S. and Vietnamese casualties growing when six Vietnam veterans marched together in a New York City peace demonstration and laid the groundwork for Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW).
		The founding of VVAW was echoed 37 years later by the formation of Iraq Veterans Against the War by 8 Iraq veterans in the summer of 2004.
		Iraq Veterans Against the War stands firm in the belief that funding the war is killing the troops – and delaying further any prospects for real diplomacy, reconciliation and peace.
	www.ivaw.org (570 words)

	UK's Clare Short: Iraq's war reparations to Iran need restructuring
		Britain's International Development Secretary Clare Short has suggested that one of the reforms to carry out in post-Saddam Iraq will be the country's reparations owed to Iran for its eight-year war in the 1980s, IRNA reported from London on Tuesday.
		Iran has tabled reparations claims against Iraq of up to Dlrs 100 billion for the 1980-88 war, which was approved in principle by the then UN Secretary General, Javier Perez de Cuellar, in 1990, but reports have previously suggested it may never be paid.
		She also reported that plans were for a phased reconstruction of Iraq that would include economic reform and re-organising the country's state oil industry after a fresh UN resolution was secured.
	www.payvand.com /news/03/mar/1127.html (412 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Kuwait: No Iraq war reparations deal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Kuwait will discuss cutting Iraqi debt but billions of dollars in reparations dating from Iraq's 1990-91 occupation of its neighbour are not negotiable.
		"War reparations are an international decision and not up for discussions at all.
		Iraq is estimated to owe Gulf states $45 billion, mostly dating from its 1980-1988 war with Iran.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/506DB80D-958D-43A2-9E05-216005B77A55.htm (508 words)

	Hereros won't give up on war reparations demand: Rukoro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		He warned that it would be a "huge mistake" on the part of the former colonial power if it took comfort in Government's attitude because it would not deter the Ovaherero from their "justified demand".
		Rukoro contended that a justifiable case for reparation could be premised on a number of factors, such as the wholesale expropriation of the Ovaherero's land and livestock without compensation.
		The Ovaherero are planning to use a series of year-long commemorative activities to intensify their push for reparation through a US$4 billion lawsuit filed in the US federal court against the German government and some German companies.
	www.namibian.com.na /2004/July/national/0451C5DD89.html (531 words)

	Re: War Reparations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		However, he paid taxes to the CSA and when the war was over and the US had captured all assets of the CSA (including his 4 years of Property Taxes) the USA demanded he pay 4 years of back taxes.
		Also, the USA should reimburse all of my families here in Ark for the war crimes committed against them for burning property which was of no value to the US govt.
		The Discuss Indiana in the Civil War is maintained with WebBBS 2.24.
	civilwarindiana.com /cgi-bin/swapmeet.pl?read=1201 (253 words)

	Serbia Info News / German pacifists urge war reparations for Yugoslavia
		BERLIN, December 18 (Tanjug) - German pacifists, legal experts, have still not given up hope of enforcing the implementation of current international legal regulations under which Yugoslavia is entitled to war reparations after NATO's aggression, a Berlin-based publication of the moderate left reported on Monday.
		In a report on a project of several legal experts from Berlin, titled "Victims of NATO air attacks demand war reparations," Neues Deutchland reported that the experts are relying on the 1907 Fourth Hague Accord, as well as additional protocols signed in 1977.
		According to Bernhard Graefrath and Ulrich Dost, the documents have been signed by both the German and Yugoslav Governments.
	www.serbia-info.com /news/2000-12/18/21589.html (183 words)

	Scotsman.com News - International - Iraq 'may pay Iran war reparations' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		THE head of Iraq’s Interim Governing Council says Iran could be paid reparations for the war that Saddam Hussein waged against it in the 1980s.
		Iran claims $100 billion (£566bn) in reparations for the brutal eight-year war that claimed about one million lives.
		The ensuing war claimed the lives of at least one million people and during the conflict, Iraq used nerve gas against the Iranians.
	news.scotsman.com /international.cfm?id=1388222003 (461 words)

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