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	Warren Sturgis McCulloch
		Warren McCulloch (November 16, 1899 - 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician.
		Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey and studied at Yale (philosophy and psychology) and Columbia (psychology).
		His team examined the visual system of the frog in consideration of McCulloch's 1947 paper, discovering that the eye provides the brain with information that is already, to a degree, organized and interpreted, instead of simply transmitting an image.
	ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/wa/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch.html (225 words)

	Number and Logos by Gotthard Guenther, part 1
		He intends to show a side of Warren McCulloch which is not very well - if it all - known and which hardly becomes visible in the publications of this very great man and first rate scientist: we refer to his importance and profundity as a philosopher.
		McCulloch remained silent for a few moments and then asked the author to rephrase the question, which the latter did by simply inquiring whether he thought that the term 'dialectics' merely referred to a quirk or weakness of the human mind or whether it indicated an intrinsic property of Reality.
		McCulloch was talking about Hermeneutics and about the possibility that, if numbers were subject to hermeneutic procedures in the sense of Dilthey's 'Verstehen' in the Geisteswissenschaften, this would definitely close for the scientist the gap between Nature and Geist.
	www.vordenker.de /numlog/numlog1.htm (2832 words)

	Warren S. McCulloch Papers, American Philosophical Society
		McCulloch (1898-1969) was a major figure in establishing the theoretical ground for modern computers and in "biological computer" studies during the 1960s.
		The McCulloch Papers is comprised of 41.5 linear feet of the professional correspondence of the cyberneticist, psychologist, and philosopher, Warren Sturgis McCulloch.
		The collection is particularly strong for documenting McCulloch's role in the American Society of Cybernetics, conferences he attended (including the Macy conferences), and his pioneering research in computation and biological computers, as well as basic research in neural structure and function, biological psychiatry, chemical warfare, space biology, and research he conducted for the U.S. Army.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/m/mcculloc.htm (893 words)

	Introduction to Embodiments of Mind by Warren S. McCulloch
		When McCulloch's essays are hard to understand, the trouble lies less often in the internal logic of the individual arguments than in the perception of a unifying theme that runs, sometimes with exuberant clarity, sometimes in a tantalizingly elusive way, through the whole work.
		Thus McCulloch is not historically isolated in his plea for a theoretical epistemology, as opposed to the set of analytical and critical techniques to which the influential modern schools of philosophy restrict the theory of knowledge.
		The other, by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, described a logical calculus and the principles of construction for a class of computing machines that would permit the embodiment of any theory of mind or behavior provided only that it satisfied some very general principles of finitude and causality.
	www.papert.org /articles/embodiments.html (2299 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Warren Sturgis McCulloch
		Warren Sturgis McCulloch (November 16, 1899 – September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician.
		Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey and studied at Yale (philosophy and psychology, A.B. degree in 1921) and Columbia (psychology, M.A. degree in 1923).
		Receiving his MD in 1927 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York he undertook an internship at Bellevue Hospital, New York before returning to academia in 1934.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch (368 words)

	ACM: Ubiquity - TALKING NETS: An Oral History of Neural Networks
		What McCulloch had done was to handcraft small networks, making little Venn diagrams and then showing how, as the threshold shifted, if you designed the network right, you could have reasonable insensitivity to the change in threshold and still get the network to perform pretty much as advertised.
		Warren had been influenced by the idea that the reticular formation is involved in switching the overall organism between sleep and wakefulness.
		Carnap knew that Warren McCulloch, who was then in Chicago, was interested in making a logical theory of the brain and brought the two together, and that's what led to the classic McCulloch and Pitts partnership.
	www.acm.org /ubiquity/book/j_anderson_1.html (3381 words)

	MITECS: Pitts, Walter
		In 1941, Warren MCCULLOCH came to the University of Illinois from Yale and Gerhardt von Bonin introduced Pitts and Lettvin to him.
		Pitts was homeless, Lettvin wanted to escape his family, and so McCulloch, together with his remarkable wife Rook, in spite of having four children already, brought the pair into their household.
		By 1943 McCulloch and Pitts published their famous paper, "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity." In 1947 they added the work "How We Know Universals." It was an attempt to interpret the structure of cortex as providing the sort of net that could abstract form independent of scale.
	rm-f.net /~pennywis/MITECS/Articles/lettvin1.html (1015 words)

	History of Cybernetics and Systems Science
		One man working with Rosenblueth in getting these seminars under way was the neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch, who was to play a considerable role in the new field of cybernetics.
		Above all, the period was marked by the profound influence of Warren McCulloch, director of the Neuropsychiatric Institute at the University of Illinois.
		Walter Pitts became one of Wiener's disciples and contributed to the exchange of ideas between Wiener and McCulloch; it was he who succeeded in convincing McCulloch to install himself at MIT in 1952 with his entire team of physiologists.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /CYBSHIST.html (1542 words)

	[No title]
		McCulloch’s daughter, Taffy Holland, has now agreed that it is better to have the story told than to leave it open to speculation, and Wiener’s daughter Barbara has agreed.
		Several pictures show Walter Pitts, and one is of Warren and Rook McCulloch, and another shows Jerry Lettvin with a fine fl beard that he later removed to comply with MIT rules (from which Warren McCulloch was excused as an eminent figure).
		Alex M. Andrew APPENDIX Notes on Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts Something that is not widely known is that Warren McCulloch hoped to found an international centre for brain research well before the time at which cybernetics emerged by name.
	www.cybsoc.org /DarkHeroK.doc (2905 words)

	Warren McCulloch: ZoomInfo Business People Information
		The term 'biomimesis' was introduced in 1961 at the second symposium on bionics by Warren S. McCulloch, a neuroscientist member of the Research Laboratory of Electronic at MIT, as a generic concept.
		McCulloch was clearly concerned to sort out the "nuts and bolts" in his work on neurophysiology and neuroanatomy, and both he and his colleagues made major contributions.
		(Warren McCulloch made important contributions to neuroanatomy in tracing connections in the primate brain by the technique of strychnine neuronography.
	www.zoominfo.com /people/mcculloch_warren_4679711.aspx (666 words)

	Technomanifestos: A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity
		McCulloch and Pitts examined the behavior of neurons.
		McCulloch and Pitts described how the most complex and magical processes—ideas—arise from the accumulation, the calculus, of the simplest possible particles of logic.
		McCulloch and Pitts were guided by this reasoning even before anyone had successfully built a digital computer.
	www.technomanifestos.net /index.pl?A_Logical_Calculus_of_the_Ideas_Immanent_in_Nervous_Activity (421 words)

	Warren McCulloch - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		Warren Sturgis McCulloch (Noviembre 16 de 1899; Septiembre 24 de 1969) era un neurólogo y cibernético estadounidense.
		McCulloch también propuso el concepto de que las formaciones reticulares de "fichas de póker" son análogas a la forma en que el cerebro lidia con información contradictoria en una red neuronal somatotópica democrática.
		Warren McCulloch poseía una gama notable de intereses y talentos.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Warren_McCulloch (369 words)

	Metaphysics of an Experimental Epistemologist
		McCulloch never wanted to cut the umbillical cord that connects him with the intellectual matrix of the pre- and post-Socratic philosophers.
		Warren met him in Richmond, Virginia, in the early sixties, a fugitive from Hitler's Germany, lost for a while in South Africa, and then living on a tiny grant for work on non-Aristotelian logic in Richmond.
		When Rook McCulloch chose the papers that should go into the Collected Works by Warren S. McCulloch (15), she placed his vision of the Twilight of the Gods, the Norse Ragnar Rokr, at the end of the collection.
	www.vordenker.de /metaphysics/metaphysics.htm (2822 words)

	References - Warren Sturgis Mcculloch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Warren McCulloch (November 16, 1899 - September 241969) was an United States neurophysiologist and cybernetics.
		Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey, New Jersey and studied at Yale University (philosophy and psychology, A.B. degree in 1921) and Columbia University (psychology, M.A. degree in 1923).
		In addition to his scientific contributions he wrote poetry (sonets), and he designed and engineered buildings and a dam at his farm in Old Lyme, Conn. Hie died 1969 in Cambridge.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Acacia1327/warren-sturgis-mcculloch-references.html (280 words)

	Warren Sturgis McCulloch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He met Alan Turing once, but Turing dismissed him as a 'charlatan'.
		Warren McCulloch had a remarkable range of interests and talents.
		McCulloch, Warren S. Embodiments of Mind, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Warren_McCulloch (353 words)

	Warren Sturgis McCulloch: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Most of a hog's sweat glands are in its snout.
		...Warren Sturgis McCulloch Warren Sturgis McCulloch Warren McCulloch (November...cybernetician.
		Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey and studied at Yale...to recognize visual inputs despite changes in orientation or size.
	www.encyclopedian.com /wa/Warren-McCulloch.html (344 words)

	American Pain Society – March/April 1999 - Travels in the East: A Livingston Story
		Among the researchers he visited were Donald Hebb and Herbert Jasper at McGill, Warren McCulloch at MIT, Henry Beecher and Mary Brazier at Massachusetts General Hospital, Paul McLean and Jose Delgado at Yale, Dave Rioch at Walter Reed Army Hospital, and John Lilly at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
		The day after he had his second meeting with the young Ronald Melzack in Montreal, McCulloch introduced him to "a Dr. Wahl." Livingston kept careful notes of his visits, which he later typed and filed in one of the large fl binders he was using to compile research for his next book.
		Warren McCulloch explained his method of making "very searching explorations of the cord areas": depression of spontaneous activity with nembutal, severance of cord from brain, and cooling, then sending in a series of volleys and recording output.
	www.ampainsoc.org /pub/bulletin/mar99/history.htm (873 words)

	CJO - Abstract
		Viewing the project as a spiritual and poetic quest for the transcendental logos, as well as a culturally situated epistemology, the paper focuses on McCulloch’s and Pitts’ efforts of logical modeling of the mind and on the social conditions that shaped that mission.
		Thus this paper also situates McCulloch’s work within a larger historical trend, when cybernetics, information theory, systems theories, and electronic computers were coalescing into a new science of communication and control with enormous potential for industrial automation and military power in the Cold War era.
		McCulloch’s modeling the mind as a system of command and control contributed to the actualization of this potential.
	journals.cambridge.org /action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=111011# (342 words)

	ASC: Foundations: History of Cybernetics
		It was originally planned to include scholars from the fields closest to the topics being addressed by McCulloch and his colleague Walter Pitts (biology, neural physiology, and mathematics).
		Although provision was made for the presentation of papers, the conferences mainly revolved around conversations and debates, many of which occurred outside the context of a particular presentation.
		Warren McCulloch began compiling and distributing summary reports on conference events after the third conference.
	www.asc-cybernetics.org /foundations/history2.htm (2525 words)

	Achieve Soaring Success--Where winners succeed---Don Wolfe, noted Success Mentor
		Warren M. Brodey, M. Canadian born, Warren Brodey received his Medical Degree from the University of Toronto and then moved to the Eastern United States to study psychiatry.
		After several years, in the mid-1960’s, Warren gave up private practice to expand his understanding of other ways the brain worked, and how brain function and the evolving computer paralleled one another.
		This lead him to Boston to study with the Father of Cybernetic Medicine, Warren McCulloch, M.D. Warren Brodey, M.D. is the only physician who ever trained under Warren McCulloch, M.D. During those years Warren B. became proficient in medical cybernetics, medical environmental ecology, and the correlation of computer strategies to the brain function.
	www.achievesoaringsuccess.com /warren.html (416 words)

	SFU Institutional Repository: Item 1892/1817 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is then proposed that a comprehensive theory of human behavior is what is required to deal with the predicament.
		McCulloch with the theory of "Inquiry" of John Dewey.
		Basically McCulloch's equation of sense data with information and his acceptance of negative feedback as explanatory of purposeful behavior is attacked.
	ir.lib.sfu.ca /handle/1892/1817 (213 words)

	Warren McCulloch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		McCulloch studierte Philosophie und Psychologie in Yale und an der Columbia University.
		Zusammen mit Pitts entwickelte McCulloch die McCulloch-Pitts-Zellen und konnte zeigen, dass Turing berechenbare Programme durch ein endliches Netzwerk solcher Neurone berechnet werden können.
		McCulloch war Gründungsmitglied der American Society for Cybernetics und wurde deren erster Präsident von 1967-1968.
	www.jenskleemann.de /wissen.php4?p=w/wa/warren_mcculloch.html (216 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From an historical point of view it should be remembered that Maturana, and reformulated by Jane, was essentially responding to an article by Warren McCulloch 'Why the Mind is in the Head'.
		McCulloch essentially argued that the shorter distance between neurons within the head decreased the possibility of 'information corruption' that would be more likely with neurons that are unevenly distributed spatially -- and thus would give rise to more assynchrony and more 'corruption'.
		McCulloch's argument for cerebral information localization is consistent with our biological knowledge.
	www.kjf.ca /25-C3EAR.htm (435 words)

	Embodiments of Mind - The MIT Press
		Warren S. McCulloch was an original thinker, in many respects far ahead of his time.
		In his preface to this timely reissue of McCulloch's work, Jerome Lettvin notes in particular that among the papers are two classics coauthored with Walter Pitts.
		One applies Boolean algebra to neurons considered as gates; another shows the kind of nervous circuitry that could be used in perceiving universals.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6496 (147 words)

	BATESON, CYBERNETICS, AND THE SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
		Taking his lead particularly from Warren McCulloch (Lettvin, 1959: 1940-52; McCulloch, 1965), Bateson's work led him to the conclusion that epistemology is, in fact, a normative branch of natural history.
		For Bateson, McCulloch's work had "pulled epistemology down out of the realms of abstract philosophy into the much more simple realm of natural history," and established that, "to understand human beings, even at a very elementary level, you had to know the limitations of their sensory input" (Bateson 1991, p.
		Following Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch, W. Ross Ashby, and Gregory Bateson, we may safely assert that cybernetics discloses a new paradigm of science; a paradigm which, as Bateson often insisted, initiates at least four fundamental advancements that should radically reframe theoretical reflection in the social/behavioral sciences (Bateson, 1977, pp.
	www.narberthpa.com /Bale/lsbale_dop/cybernet.htm (9399 words)

	neurodudes » Blog Archive » McCulloch-Pitts-Wiener neurons?
		The surprising revelation is that Wiener (who received a PhD from Harvard in mathematical psychology at the age of 18) was “tricked” by his wife into stopping his collaboration with McCulloch, shortly before McCulloch went on to propose the perceptron with Walter Pitts.
		Instead, her husband had surrounded himself with a number of imaginative young students and protégés, as intent as he was on figuring out how the brain talks to itself and how machines could be made to perform similar feats.
		He was Warren McCulloch, a neurophysiologist and free-wheeling bohemian with a thirst for alcohol and an inventive mind.
	neurodudes.com /2005/03/07/mcculloch-pitts-wiener-neurons (302 words)

	About ASC: Awards
		The Warren McCulloch Award has been another American Society for Cybernetics citation issued in some years.
		Up until 2005, the McCulloch Award was a plaque, typically given to recognize significant applications of cybernetics.
		Effective with late 2005, the McCulloch Award has been redefined to recognize achievements and contributions from younger scholars and researchers working in cybernetics or with applications of cybernetics.
	www.asc-cybernetics.org /organization/awards.htm (198 words)

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