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Topic: Wars of Scottish Independence

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Scottish Parliament

Donald Mormaer, 8th Earl of Mar

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Edward III of England

William Wallace

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Robert I of Scotland

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Edward Balliol

	Wars of Scottish Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
		The war began in earnest with Edward I's sacking of Berwick in March 1296, followed by the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Dunbar and the abdication of John Balliol in July.
		In 1320, the Declaration of Arbroath was sent by a group of Scottish nobles to the Pope affirming Scottish independence from England.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence (3739 words)

	William Wallace article - William Wallace 1270 1305 Scottish English Norman Edward of England Wars Scottish - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		1270 - 1305) was a Scottish patriot who led his country against the English (Norman) occupation of Scotland and King Edward I of England during parts of the Wars of Scottish Independence.
		Instead of coming as an independent arbitrator, he arrived at the Anglo-Scottish border with a large army and announced that he had come as an overlord to solve a dispute in a vassal state, forcing each potential king to pay homage to him.
		Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish forces led by Andrew de Moray (a more prominent noble, being a first son) and with Wallace as their captain, routed the English army.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/William_Wallace (1483 words)

	Wikipedia: Scottish Borders
		Scottish Borders is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland.
		The administrative region was formed from four counties Peeblesshire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire and Berwickshire but historically, the term Borders has a wider meaning, referring to all of the counties adjoining the English border, also including Dumfriesshire and Kirkcudbrightshire - as well as Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland in England.
		Roxburghshire and Berwickshire historically bore the brunt of the conflicts with England, both during declared wars such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, and armed raids which took place in the times of the Border Reivers.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/s/sc/scottish_borders.html (263 words)

	Scottish independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Scottish independence is the name given to a political movement of Scottish people seeking the creation of an independent sovereign state of Scotland, separate from the United Kingdom, leaving only Wales, England, and Northern Ireland, in the union.
		The Scottish and English Parliaments signed the Act of Union of 1707, both the English and the Scottish Parliaments were dissolved, and all their powers were transferred to a new Parliament in London which then became the United Kingdom Parliament.
		Further progress of the independence movement was stalled when the Scottish National Party supported a vote of no confidence and forced a General Election in 1979 which gave victory to the noted Unionist, Margaret Thatcher, as prime minister of the United Kingdom at the head of a Conservative government.
	scottish-independence.ask.dyndns.dk (1829 words)

	Encyclopedia: Wars of Scottish Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The House of Moray was a dynasty of Scottish kings that ruled Scotland from 1040 to 1058.
		Scottish colonization of the Americas consisted of a number of failed or abandoned settlements in North America, a colony at Darien, Panama and a number of wholly or largely Scottish settlements made as part of Great Britain.
		The term ''independence'' is used in contrast to ''subjugation,'' which refers to a region as a "territory" —subject to the political and military control of an external government.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Wars-of-Scottish-Independence (1329 words)

	Learn more about Scotland in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1603 the Scottish King James VI inherited the throne of England, and became James I of England.
		The English and the Scottish Parliaments were dissolved and all their powers transferred to a new Parliament in London which then became the British Parliament.
		Although the Bank of England is the nationalised bank for the UK Government there are three Scottish corporate banks which still issue their own banknotes (the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank of Scotland and the Clydesdale Bank).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/sc/scotland.html (2465 words)

	History of Scotland: encyclopedia article from Wikipedia
		The country's lengthy struggle with England, its more powerful neighbour to the south, was the cause of the Wars of Scottish Independence, forcing Scotland to rely on trade, cultural and often strategic ties with a number of European powers.
		This series of civil wars that engulfed Britain in the 1640s and 50s is known to modern historians as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
		His romantic portrayals of Scottish life in centuries past still continue to have a disproportionate effect on the public perception of "authentic Scottish culture," and the pageantry he organised for the Visit of King George IV to Scotland made tartan and kilts into national symbols.
	www.scottishlaw.org.uk /scotlaw/usehistoryscotland.html (7917 words)

	Wikinfo \| Scottish independence
		Scottish independence refers to the idea that Scotland should be an independent sovereign state separate from the British state.
		Until the 1707 Act of Union Scotland was an independent country (see: Wars of Scottish Independence).
		Scottish independence is supported by the Scottish Independence Party, Scottish National Party, Scottish Socialist Party,and the Scottish Green Party, as well as by a number of independent members of the Scottish Parliament.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Scottish_independence (142 words)

	Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		She has said that in monarchs will follow the international ordinal tradition where a monarch reigns in a number non-independent territories (or independent territories that agree share a monarch) that each have a number of previous monarchs of the same the highest ordinal used in any of territories is the one used across all.
		During the Wars of Scottish Independence (approximately 1290 - 1363) the Scottish rose up against English rule firstly under leadership of Sir William Wallace and later under that of Robert the Bruce.
		Also a Scottish university's honours degree takes four years of study as to three in the rest of the The university systems in several Commonwealth countries show marked affinities with the rather than the English system.
	www.freeglossary.com /Scotland (2809 words)

	Wars of Scottish Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The First War (1296-1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
		The Second War (1332-1357) began with the English supported invasion of Edward Balliol and the Disinherited in 1332, and ended around 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick.
		Main article: The First War of Scottish Independence: (1314-1328) In 1320 the Declaration of Arbroath was sent by a group of Scottish nobles to the Pope affirming Scottish independence from England.
	wars-of-scottish-independence.ask.dyndns.dk (3536 words)

	BBC - History - Scottish History
		For the Scots, William Wallace was an exemplar of unbending commitment to Scotland’s independence who died a martyr to the cause.
		Wallace was the younger son of a Scottish knight and minor landowner.
		Letters were dispatched to Europe proclaiming Scotland’s renewed independence and he managed to obtain from the Papacy the appointment of the patriotic Bishop Lamberton to the vacant Bishopric of St Andrews.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/scottishhistory/independence/features_independence_wallace.shtml (540 words)

	Significant Scots - Sir Thomas Dick Lauder
		In 1839, he was appointed secretary to the Board of Scottish Manufactures, which was soon afterwards united by the Lords of the Treasury to the Board of White Herring Fishery; and as secretary of both, his labours were sufficiently diversified, as well as widely distinguished from each other.
		He therefore endeavoured to restore it to full efficiency, by adapting it to the progress of modern improvement; and for this purpose he proposed that its surplus funds should be employed in the extension of schools for teaching pattern drawing.
		Independently of the offices we have mentioned, Sir Thomas held that of Deputy-Lieutenant of the county of Haddington; he was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/other/lauder_thomas1.htm (1553 words)

	The Battle of Bannockburn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Battle of Bannockburn (June 23-June 24, 1314) was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
		Stirling Castle was besieged by the Scots in the spring of 1314.
		The Scottish victory was complete and, although full English recognition of Scottish independence was not achieved until more than ten years later, Robert Bruce was able to re-establish Scotland as a sovereign state mainly because of the events at Bannockburn.
	home.comcast.net /~desilva22/bannockburn.htm (675 words)

	Battle of Bannockburn, 24 June 1314
		Edward II's defeat at Bannockburn confirmed Robert the Bruce's victory in the wars of Scottish independence.
		They were met by Bruce on the approach to Stirling, and despite outnumbering the Scots 2 to 1, a combination of bad morale, bad leadership and a very poor position led to an overwhelming victory for the Bruce and a defeat for Edward II from which his reputation could not recover.
		The defeat at Bannockburn left the north of England exposed to Scottish raids and allowed Edward Bruce, Robert's brother, to invade and devastate large parts of Ireland.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_bannockburn.html (106 words)

	This Month in History, July
		War of 1812 — One of several attempts of U.S. forces to invade Canada during 1812 fails at Windsor, Ontario.
		Spanish-American War: The U.S. Navy defeated a Spanish fleet in the harbor at Santiago, Cuba.
		Vietnam War: Viet Cong forces attack the capital of Dinh Tuong Province, Cai Be, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).
	www.laughtergenealogy.com /bin/header/month07.html (5478 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Scottish Borders
		Scottish Borders (Na Crìochan na h-Alba in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland.
		The administrative region was formed from four traditional counties Peeblesshire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire and Berwickshire but historically, the term Borders has a wider meaning, referring to all of the counties adjoining the English border, also including Dumfriesshire and Kirkcudbrightshire - as well as Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland in England.
		A bill is before the Scottish Parliament to build the Waverley Line, a commuter service south from Edinburgh to Melrose and perhaps Hawick.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Scottish_Borders (512 words)

	May 1 Definition / May 1 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		1328 Events May 1 - Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton - England recognises Scotland as an independent nation after the Wars of Scottish Independence May 12 - Nicholas V is consecrated at St Peter's Basilica in Rome by the bishop of Venice.
		The First Wars (1296-1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
		At the end of both wars, Scotland still retained her status as a free and independent na...
	www.elresearch.com /May_1 (3606 words)

	William Wallace Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, it was deemed necessary for an independent arbitrator to be invited to Scotland, so that no accusations of bias would be levelled at the arbitrator.
		Despite being vastly outnumbered, the Scottish forces led by Andrew de Moray (a more prominent noble, being a first son) and with Wallace as their captain, routed the English army.
		It is not clear whether the infantry throwing bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen was the deciding factor, or a cavalry attack from the rear.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Wallace_William.html (1251 words)

	THE SCOTTISH WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
		It was, in fact the Wars of Independence which turned Scotland into a nation.
		During the Wars of Independence it is interesting to detect signs of barons acting for the good of the country in the absence of the king and not just acting out of feudal loyalty.
		Phase one of the War - the Baron’s feudal War.
	www.madras.fife.sch.uk /history/warsofI.html (4808 words)

	GO BRITANNIA! Scotland: A Brief History - An Independent Scotland
		Under the terms, Scotland was to remain a separate and independent kingdom, though Edward wished to keep English garrisons in a number of Scottish castles.
		For those brought up to revere Robert Bruce as one of the great Scottish heroes, it was something of a mystery to watch his portrayal in the Hollywood movie "Braveheart" which gave all the heroics to his compatriot William Wallace.
		He also demanded judicial authority over the Scottish king in any disputes brought against him by his own subjects and defrayment of costs for the defense of England as well as active support in the war against France.
	britannia.com /celtic/scotland/scot4.html (1142 words)

	1314 Definition / 1314 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce beat Edward II of England.
		ScottishScotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country or nation and former independent kingdom of northwest Europe, and one of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom.
		Scotland has a land boundary with England in the island of Great Britain and is otherwise bounded by seas and oceans.
	www.elresearch.com /1314 (319 words)

	Scotland - Gurupedia
		Scotland, or in Gaelic, Alba, is a country (formerly an independent kingdom) of northwest Europe, occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
		During the Wars of Scottish Independence (approximately 1290 - 1363) the Scottish people rose up against English rule, firstly, under the leadership of Sir William Wallace, and later, under that of Robert the Bruce.
		However, although Scottish banks proved unwelcome in England at the time, their business model became widely copied, firstly in England and later in the rest of the world.
	www.gurupedia.com /s/sc/scotland.htm (2493 words)

	Family History
		This is one of the lesser-known wars in our country's history, but upon closer study there were many interesting events during the war that occurred right in our area of the country (Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan).
		During the War of 1812, this fort was established by Harrison and garrisoned mainly with soldiers from Kentucky and southern Ohio.
		In our time we might no longer be surprised by the atrocities of war, but at that time this was considered to be a serious "war crime." I never thought to ask him what happened to the other Americans who had been at the outpost, or why he had not been awakened and warned.
	www.wdgordon.com /history/gordon40.htm (3763 words)

	Scotland
		It was one of several that developed from the Anglian spoken in the Northumbrian kingdom of Bernicia which in the 6th century conquered the British kingdom of Gododdin and renamed its capital of Dunedin to Edinburgh.
		In 1603 the Scottish King VI of Scotland">James VI inherited the throne of England, and became VI of Scotland">James I of England.
		Though whereas the old Scottish parliament was a national parliament of a sovereign state, the new parliament is a devolved parliament, in effect a sub-parliament under the United Kingdom parliament which both created and in theory can abolish a devolved parliament by a simple Act.
	www.findword.org /sc/scotland.html (1165 words)

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