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Topic: Washington Naval Treaty

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Second London Naval Treaty

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	Washington Naval Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Washington Naval Treaty limited the naval armaments of its five signatories: the United States, the British Empire, the Empire of Japan, the French Third Republic, and Italy.
		The terms of the treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.
		The Treaty, coupled with the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, was a major cause of the United States Navy's conversion from a battleship fleet to a carrier-based force.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty (1884 words)

	London Naval Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The London Naval Treaty was an agreement between the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy and the United States, signed on April 22, 1930, which to regulate submarine warfare and limited military shipbuilding.
		It was an extension of the conditions agreed in the Washington Naval Treaty and is officially termed the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament.
		It was a revival of the Geneva Naval Conference of 1927 which had been unable to reach agreement because of bad feeling between the British Government and that of the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/London_Naval_Treaty (316 words)

	Washington Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Treaty of Washington (1805), between the Federal government and the Creek National Council
		Treaty of Washington (1826), between the Federal government and the Creek National Council led by Opothleyahola.
		Treaty of Washington of 1858, between the U.S. and Dakota
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Washington_Treaty (229 words)

	Treaty Cruisers USS Tuscaloosa CA-37 - USS Wichita CA-45
		There were various escape and escalation clauses in the treaties, and, of course, eventually all limitations imposed by the treaties became irrelevant.
		Both the Tuscaloosa and the Wichita were built under the provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty, and are sometimes referred to as treaty cruisers.
		The ability to review the treaty cruisers of other countries and the number of navy yards permitted, and sometimes dictated, a variety of modifications between and among the classes of treaty cruisers.
	home.earthlink.net /~keylimepie/treaty.htm (477 words)

	TREATY BATTLESHIPS
		The 1922 Treaty was replaced by the subsequent London Naval Treaties of 1930 and 1936.
		The Washington Naval Arms Limitation Treaty of 1922 was the result of political pressures to prevent a massive naval arms race between the victorious nations, as they jockeyed for dominance after the end of the First World War.
		All of the treaty battleships were heavily compromised to a greater or lessor extent by the need to at least nominally conform to the limitations of the various international naval arms limitation treaties.
	www.chuckhawks.com /treaty_battleships.htm (11483 words)

	39
		The treaties thus far concluded have involved no invasion of the sovereign rights of the participating governments, and they have provided, with all proper respect for such sovereign rights, that the armaments of the participating nations be established by voluntary undertaking on a proportionate basis.
		Notice of intention to terminate the Washington Naval Treaty does not mean that that treaty ceases to be in effect as of the date of notification: the provisions of that treaty remain in force until the end of 1936.
		The question presented when the Washington treaties were negotiated, and which prompted each delegation to the signing and each country to the ratifying of those treaties, was that of promoting peace through disarmament and cooperative effort along certain defined lines.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/paw/039.html (416 words)

	The Avalon Project : Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1922 Vol. I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This Treaty shall remain in force for ten years from the time it shall take effect, and after the expiration of said period it shall continue to be in force subject to the right of any of the High Contracting Parties to terminate it upon twelve months' notice.
		This Treaty shall be ratified as soon as possible in accordance with the constitutional methods of the High Contracting Parties and shall take effect on the deposit of ratifications, which shall take place at Washington, and thereupon the agreement between Great Britain and Japan, which was concluded at London on July 13, 1911, shall terminate.
		The present Treaty, in French and in English, shall remain deposited in the Archives of the Government of the United States, and duly certified copies thereof will be transmitted by that Government Waco of the Signatory Powers.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/forrel/1922v1/tr1921.htm (743 words)

	Naval planners prepare for war between the United States and Japan
		With the intention of avoiding a naval arms race with the Japanese, and reducing the potential for naval conflict in the Pacific, the Americans convened the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22.
		Despite these considerations, the lower naval tonnage allocated to Japan by the Washington Treaty was deeply resented by militarists in Japan who viewed it as a humiliation imposed on Japan by the United States and Britain.
		The terms of the Washington Treaty were extended to 1936 by the London Naval Treaty of 1930.
	www.users.bigpond.com /pacificwar/pearlharbor/pearloverview1.html (1475 words)

	Battlefleets and Diplomacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Washington Treaty had, seemingly, made it impossible for the Japanese to menace the United States in the Pacific without the need for the United States to construct a huge fleet to protect her possessions.
		Whereas the Washington Treaty had been negotiated in the glare of publicity, the talks at Geneva, centering about limitations in the numbers and tonnage of cruisers, destroyers, and submarines, were carried on in strict secrecy.
		The Washington Treaty was due to terminate late in 1936, and preliminary talks began as early as 1934 in an attempt to extend the agreement.
	www.navweaps.com /index_inro/INRO_Battlefleet.htm (7816 words)

	London Naval Treaty: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was an extension of the conditions agreed in the Washington Naval Treaty (Washington Naval Treaty: the washington naval treaty limited the naval armaments of its five signatories....
		Second London Naval Treaty (Second London Naval Treaty: the second london naval disarmament conference opened in england on december 9, 1935...
		Treaty of London (Treaty of London: more facts about this subject) - List of treaties signed in London.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/london_naval_treaty (390 words)

	Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army -- Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms: A National ...
		In the Washington Naval Treaty of 1912, the United States agreed not to fortify the Aleutians.
		When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the naval air station at Dutch Harbor and the adjacent army post, Fort Mears, were the only defenses the United States possessed in the entire Aleutian Chain.
		Naval facilities expanded, new missions were added, and the Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base was commissioned January 1, 1943 to include the air station, submarine base, ship repair facility, and facilities for provisioning the fleet.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/aviation/dut.htm (989 words)

	Versailles, Mussolini, Geneva Naval, Washington Naval, Treaty, London Naval, Weimar, Hitler, League of Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		- Washington Naval Treaty - Britain, United States, Japan, France and Italy agree to limit the displacement and main armament of capital ships, aircraft carriers and cruisers, and total tonnage and age of the first two categories.
		December -The 1922 and 1930 Naval Treaties are allowed to lapse and the major powers move towards rearmament.
		Germany draws up the major naval rearmament programme, the 'Z' plan, to bring the Navy closer to equality to Britain by the mid-1940s.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignPreWar.htm (609 words)

	CONFERENCE ON THE LIMITATION OF ARMAMENT, 1922.
		The word "ton" in the present Treaty, except in the expression "metric tons", shall be understood to mean the ton of 2240 pounds (1016 kilos).
		The present Treaty shall be ratified by the Contracting Powers in accordance with their respective constitutional methods and shall take effect on the date of the deposit of all the ratifications, which shall take place at Washington as soon as possible.
		The present Treaty, of which the French and English texts are both authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States, and duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the other Contracting Powers.
	www.microworks.net /pacific/road_to_war/washington_treaty.htm (2662 words)

	The Battleship Kongo
		Although Britain had restarted its naval race with German by the innovation of the Dreadnought, the kind of thing that the Royal Navy had always tried to avoid, in 1909 it was on the verge of falling behind.
		Deep in the Washington Naval Treaty was the hidden seed of the future.
		When Japan repudiated the naval treaties, the 6 inch guns were replaced with 8 inch, turning the "light" cruisers into "heavy." The United States and Britain retained the type, scaling back the size of the battery.
	www.friesian.com /kongo.htm (6746 words)

	WW2Ships.com: Documents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This landmark treaty was one of two which defined the naval forces that each side would have at their disposal at the outbreak of World War Two.
		The 1930 London Naval Treaty was an extension of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, addressing issues such as aircraft carriers, submarines, cruisers and destroyers.
		This treaty was an attempt to Britain, France and the USA to secure an extension to the lapsing naval treaties, signed in Washington in 1922 and London in 1930.
	www.ww2ships.com /documents/index.shtml (391 words)

	Trafford Publishing: The Treaty Navy: The Story of the US Naval Service Between the World Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is amply exemplified in The Treaty Navy.
		The legal end of The Treaty Navy can probably be set at Mar. 31, 1938, when SecState Cordell Hull notified the remaining parties to the Washington Treaty and two later London treaties that the U.S. was invoking the "escalator clause" because of Japan's non-adherence.
		That is the story I bring to the reader - The Treaty Navy with its yarns, anecdotes, and sea stories, the tale with the tragedies and personal triumphs, with the opponents and the heroes, but most of all with the ordinary guys and their long-suffering families.
	www.trafford.com /robots/01-0278.html (4328 words)

	World War Two Ships: 1930 London Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 1930 London Naval Treaty was an extension of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty.
		Article XI Subject to the provisions of Article 2 of the present Treaty, the rules for disposal contained in Annex II to this Part II shall be applied to all vessels of war to be disposed of under the said Treaty, and to aircraft carriers as defined in Article 3.
		The present Treaty shall be ratified by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional methods and the ratifications shall be deposited at London as soon as possible.
	www.ww2ships.com /documents/doc0005-london1930.shtml (5418 words)

	KBismarck.com - Bismarck Design
		The Treaty of Versailles of 1919, stated in its Article 181 that the German naval forces in commission could not exceed six battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers and twelve torpedo boats, while Article 190 limited the displacement of capital ships to 10,000 tons.
		Under the terms of this treaty, the five major naval powers agreed to limit the standard displacement of their capital ships to 35,000 tons (35,560 metric tons), and the calibre of their heavy guns to 16 inches (40.6cm).
		The London Naval Conference of January-April 1930 was intended to review the Washington Naval Treaty, but France and Italy refused to ratify it because of the low battleship tonnage ratios they were assigned.
	www.kbismarck.com /design.html (933 words)

	The Center for Security Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(Washington, D.C.): In the aftermath of Soviet Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev's testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee on 8 May, in which he revealed Moscow's latest demands for naval arms control negotiations, the Center for Security Policy released an analysis laying out the many reasons why such negotiations are fundamentally incompatible with U.S. security interests.
		Naval Arms Control: An Idea Whose Time Must Never Come, "There are few areas of military activity more vital to American interests and more essential to U.S. alliance relations than maritime power.
		When it comes to naval arms control, the United States has no real choice: It must call the Soviets' bluff, eschew such negotiations and preserve the most effective naval forces possible.
	www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org /index.jsp?section=papers&code=90-P_44 (391 words)

	The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: In Arms Control's Worst Tradition
		Yet by the early 1980s, when it became clear that the ABM Treaty had opened a window of vulnerability that was considered destabilizing and dangerous, the United States failed to withdraw from the treaty.
		The 1922 Five Power Naval Treaty of Washington, for example, both capped and established a specific ratio for the number of ships (primarily battleships) that the major naval powers of the day could possess.
		By 1934, the Japanese formally renounced the Washington Naval Treaty.
	www.heritage.org /Research/MissileDefense/BG1332.cfm (3431 words)

	DISARMAMENT DISCUSSIONS 1932-1934
		At the Washington Conference of 1922 the principle of limitation had been established by treaty for capital ships of the United States, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan; at the London Naval Conference of 1930 this principle was extended to other types of warships of the United States, Great Britain, and Japan.
		The Secretary said that the purpose of the United States was the promotion of general disarmament; that the theory of this Government was that we should "wage a steady contest for the disarmament of the heavily armed nations rather than become parties to a plan for others to proceed to rearm".
		In a statement made on December 29, 1934 Secretary Hull said that this notice was a source of genuine regret, as he believed that the existing treaties had safeguarded the rights and promoted the collective interests of all the signatories.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/WorldWar2/disarm.htm (840 words)

	U.S.S. South Dakota Class Histories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although she was to be the name ship of a new class of six 43,200-ton battleships, her construction was suspended on 8 February 192 yn accordance with the provisions of the Washington Treaty limiting naval construction.
		However, work was halted 8 February 1922 under terms of the Washington Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armaments, and the battleship's uncompleted hull sold for scrapping 25 October 1923.
		In accordance with provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty, which was signed by the United States 6 February 1922, construction was suspended 8 February 1922; and the contract was canceled 17 August 1923.
	www.warships1.com /US/USbb49-history.htm (382 words)

	USN Ships--Washington (BB-47) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Washington, a 32,600-ton Colorado class battleship, was under construction at Camden, New Jersey, when the Washington naval limitations treaty was signed in February 1922.
		Since the treaty prohibited her completion, Washington was subsequently used for tests of weapons effects and warship protection.
		Her construction had been suspended some two months previously, under the terms of the Washington naval limitations treaty.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/sh-usn/usnsh-w/bb47.htm (185 words)

	H.M.S. Magnificent
		During the 1936 London Naval Treaty discussions, Britain insisted upon fourteen-inch guns as the maximum sized armament for battleships, but the Japanese delegation balked and succeeded in having the 16-inch clause retained (historically true, but in "Grand Fleet", even while scheming to build the 18-in gunned Kii!).
		Three such turrets, a superfiring pair in front and a single in the stern, were initially envisioned, but stability concerns, magazine protection, and weight limits relegated the forward superfiring turret to a twin instead of a quadruple.
		Once the original Treaty had expired it seemed that the world was not impressed by Britain's self-restraint in size and caliber, and if Britain were not to fall behind, something would have to change.
	www.combinedfleet.com /furashita/magnif_f.htm (498 words)

	Heroes of the Pacific : History
		Even though Japan had fought alongside the U.K. in WWI, these treaties still placed what she considered were unfair restrictions on the size and composition of her military forces.
		The Treaty of Versailles forbade the German Navy from building ships larger than 10,000 tons and also banned her from having any submarines.
		The US was already at the limit for capital ships when the treaty was signed, but was well under on the carrier tonnages, so two newly constructed battlecruisers were converted to carriers.
	www.heroesofthepacific.com /history.php (281 words)

	Washington Naval Limitation Treaty of 1922 - AU/Mozambique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Note: Italy expressly reserves the right of employing the capital-ship tonnage allotment as she may consider advisable, subject solely to the limitations that the displacement of individual ships should not surpass 35,000 tons, and that the total capital-ship tonnage should keep within the limits imposed by the present Treaty.
		Such notice shall be communicated in writing to the Government of the Untied States, which shall immediately transmit a certified copy of the notification to the other Powers and inform them of the date on which it was received.
		The instruments of ratification produced, having been found upon examination to be in due form, are entrusted to the Government of the United States of America to be deposited in the archives of the Department of State.
	www.swamphen.net /misc/whatif/moz-wt.htm (3495 words)

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