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	The Washingtonian Movement - Organization and Procedure
		As has been indicated, the Washingtonian movement took organized form in the thousands of local total abstinence societies which, almost without exception, had a mixed membership of former teetotalers and moderate drinkers as well as inebriates of various degrees.
		Wherever Washingtonian workers conducted campaigns, it was necessary either to form a new society officered by reform men, or to convert the old group into a Washingtonian abstinence society.
		Before the Washingtonian Reform, not only the poor drunkard, but many of nearly every other class in society supposed to be in the way of the [temperance] cause, were denounced as enemies - held up to public indignation and reprobation, threatened with the withdrawal of votes, pecuniary support, or public countenance;...
	www.silkworth.net /washingtonians/washingtonian_movement_organization_procedure.html (2810 words)

	The Washingtonian Movement - Duration of The Movement
		The Washingtonian Movement - Duration of The Movement
		Most significant as an index of general interest are the references to the Washingtonian movement in the annual Reports of the executive committee of the American Temperance Union, published in May of each year.
		In 1858 the Home for the Fallen, using Washingtonian principles in the rehabilitation of alcoholics, was in existence in Boston.4 But in other parts of the country, by 1858, there were to be found references to "the early days" when Washingtonianism swept the country.
	www.silkworth.net /washingtonians/washingtonian_movement_duration_movement.html (750 words)

	The Washingtonian Movement - Introduction
		Certain similarities between the Washingtonian movement of the nineteenth century and the present day fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous have been commented upon by a number of observers.
		The phenomenal rise and spread of the Washingtonian movement throughout the land in the early 1840's was the occasion of much discussion, exciting a deep interest.
		Since the Washingtonian movement is so intimately linked to the larger temperance movement, it may be well to recall the developments which preceded 1840.
	silkworth.net /washingtonians/washingtonian_movement.html (564 words)

	The Washingtonian Movement
		The following, rather long, extract describes the Washingtonians and one of their star speakers as they were seen from the perspective of the latter part of the 19th century--years after their decline to little more than a fond memory in the minds of temperance advocates.
		The Washingtonian movement had its origin in a tippling house, in the city of Baltimore, in the year 1840, with a company of half a dozen hard drinkers who had formed themselves into a club, and who used to meet for drinking bouts at Chase's tavern.
		Still more manifest were the signs of progress after the Washingtonian movement fairly got under way, and the reformed men had commenced their tour of the principal cities, relating their experience to assembled multitudes, and gathering in the people by thousands to the new society.
	members.tripod.com /aainsa/history/wash.html (3032 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America: References & ...
		It is my opinion that this process, described under the heading of the malignant habit of addiction, deserves to be classified as a disease in the first place.
		That is, people came to identify themselves as alcohol addicts, as drunkards who had lost the ability to control their drinking, because of the ideological and organizational efforts of the Temperance Movement, just as today alcoholics regularly learn in A.A. groups that they are individuals who cannot drink moderately.
		The Temperance Movement developed first and most completely in the United States, but its arguments, literature and organizational forms were picked up by Europeans, especially the British and Scandinavians (85, 86).
	www.drugpolicy.org /library/discoveryref_library.cfm (3064 words)

	Alcoholism Treatment Before 1940 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Where they were strong, temperance movements often were allied with the major "progressive" movements of the 19th century: movements for prison reform, for the abolition of slavery, for women's rights, for national self-determination, and for the rights of workers.
		One form was the movement in the latter part of the 19th century towards alcohol control measures, in particular government monopolization of the distribution of alcohol.
		Originally, the temperance movement was not committed to the principle of total abstinence (it was, rather, an anti-spirits movement), nor was it sympathetic to the plight of the drunkard.
	www.bks.no /bauroom.htm (15963 words)

	Washingtonian movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Washingtonian movement ( Washingtonians or Martha Washington movement) was a 19th century fellowship founded in 1838 by four suffering alcoholics in a bar in Baltimore, Maryland.
		The Washingtonians differed from the temperance movement in that they focused on the individual alcoholic rather than on society's greater relationship with liquor.
		In the mid-1800s a temperance movement was in full sway across the United States and temperance workers advanced their anti-alcohol prejudices on every front.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Washington_movement (480 words)

	Washingtonian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Washingtonians were a temperance group from early in the history of the United States.
		The Washingtonians were a jazz band in the US in the 1920s.
		Washingtonian is used to refer to people from Washington State, and Washington, DC, in the US.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Washingtonian (128 words)

	Temperance
		As a movement temperance began as voluntary associations either of reformed drinkers or of non-drinkers.
		Washingtonians were reformed drinkers who had themselves taken "the pledge" to foreswear alcohol and who worked to persuade others to do the same.
		Its success was, in effect, an abandonment of the Washingtonian approach and a return, with a vengeance, to the sort of temperance campaigning that Lincoln had criticized.
	www.assumption.edu /ahc/temperance.html (554 words)

	Morehead State University - Focus Magazine Online
		His recent research tracked the development of the Washingtonian Society, a men's temperance group that gained prominence in the City of Brotherly Love during the 1840s.
		The confessional style used by members in the Washingtonian meetings was a forerunner of Alcoholics Anonymous.
		His research has led him to believe that the temperance movement was more of a response to the drinking culture than the effects of industrialization.
	www.morehead-st.edu /focus/caric.html (721 words)

	Historical Journal of Massachusetts: Springfield's Washingtonians: The triumph of legal sanctions to save the soul of ...
		Also, the issues of deference associated with the orthodox religious establishment and the evangelical style of the Washingtonians; conflict of moral suasion versus legal sanctions which became the focus of the temperance movement; even the question of gender roles within the temperance movement and their application within the Washingtonian movement have been examined.
		The Washingtonians were temperance crusaders from the very beginning and their experience meetings always concluded with a call to sign the pledge of abstinence.
		The early temperance movement was dominated by efforts to promote moral suasion, to recruit to the ranks of temperance the respectable elements within the community and thereby providing examples to youth of the benefits of temperance.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3837/is_199807/ai_n8783403 (1205 words)

	Whitman and Temperance: Introduction
		The temperance movement was the largest reform movement of the antebellum period, in part because there was an increasing recognition that Americans had a real drinking problem: the national per capita consumption of distilled spirits jumped from under two gallons in 1800 to just over five gallons in 1830 and was continuing on the rise.
		Founded in 1840 in a Baltimore barroom, the Washingtonian Temperance Society placed a special emphasis on temperance meetings and testimonials--gatherings of working-class men at local taverns where individuals would tell their tales of falls into alcoholism to one another and subsequently take a public pledge of abstinence.
		The Washingtonians claimed to have secured over a half million temperance pledges by the mid- 1840s, and they became well known for their gatherings, parades, and increasing political clout.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /fdw/volume1/levine2/intro.html (1003 words)

	An 1878 View of The Washingtonians
		The following, rather long, extract describes the Washingtonians and one of their star speakers as they were seen from the perspective of the latter part of the 19th century--years after their decline to little more than a fond memory in the minds of temperance advocates.
		The Washingtonian movement had its origin in a tippling house, in the city of Baltimore, in the year 1840, with a company of half a dozen hard drinkers who had formed themselves into a club, and who used to meet for drinking bouts at Chase's tavern.
		Still more manifest were the signs of progress after the Washingtonian movement fairly got under way, and the reformed men had commenced their tour of the principal cities, relating their experience to assembled multitudes, and gathering in the people by thousands to the new society.
	home.earthlink.net /~insure/washingtonians.html (2939 words)

	Jon Miller \| The Social History of Alcohol Review \| Review of John Crowley, Drunkard's Progress (1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Though Arthur thoroughly commends the advent of Washingtonianism, his narrators keep their social distance from the "reformed drunkards," giving his "Washingtonian" literature a kind of respectable, mercantile haughtiness at odds with the gruff earthiness of Charles Woodman.
		On the other hand, this is a piece of Washingtonian literature insofar as it describes a Washingtonian meeting and documents the attention that antebellum readers lavished on working-class temperance activity during the early 1840s.
		This is probably another ventriloquism since the Washingtonians were not often known for their polish, their want of humor, their influence among wine-drinkers, or their religiosity.
	www.athg.org /reviews/millerwashingtonians.html (2131 words)

	Journal of Social History: Ten Hours' Labor: Religion, Reform, and Gender in Early New England. - book reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Washingtonian temperance movement of the 1840s allowed men to create a more masculine "religion" where they could reassert their moral authority within the family.
		All the Washingtonian leaders were reformed drunkards, and the movement was focused on rehabilitating male household heads.
		The labor movement of the 1840s was more inclusive than it had been during the 1830s, linking men and women together in a petitioning campaign for a ten-hour day.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n4_v27/ai_16108128 (1126 words)

	The Black Commentator - Think Piece: Booker T. vs. DuBois
		In the remainder of Part I of this article, I delineated the developmental trajectory of the competing Washingtonian/DuBoisian leadership paradigms from the launching of the 1905 Niagara Movement into the 1920s and 1930s.
		The conservative sector in White American society that favored the Booker T. Washington leadership methodology among African-Americans, was unwilling to use the instruments of American federal government and public policy in the manner that the Democratic Kennedy and Johnson administrations did, to give Blacks equal voting rights and to end legal public segregation.
		Washingtonian conservatism as a kind of magic-wand solution to the crises surrounding the weak working-class and poverty-stricken 35% sector of African-American households.
	www.blackcommentator.com /173/173_think_kilson_washington_duboisian_2.html (2108 words)

	Washingtonian Waterfront - Great Public Spaces \| Project for Public Spaces (PPS)
		Though often cited as an early example of a lifestyle center, the Washingtonian district is actually a lot more.
		Suburbanites flock to Washingtonian in droves because unlike their subdivisions, Washingtonian has a sense of place.
		Washingtonian Waterfront is a great project in the making.
	www.pps.org /great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=787&type_id=14 (535 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Temperance Movements
		Clergymen were then the principal leaders of the movement, and the pledge was its highest attainment.
		A recent Presbyterian movement, inaugurated in 1909 in the North of Ireland by the Rev. R.
		The want of permanence that marked this movement is no doubt greatly due to the catastrophe of the famine, but also in no slight degree to the fact that it won scant support amongst the upper and middle classes and even from the clergy themselves.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14482a.htm (11146 words)

	Kristina Danielle Bobo
		She may have seen them as potentially destructive to the movement socially and intellectually as her depiction of Helga’s move to the rural South was.
		Hemenway writes that her most lasting role in the movement was to "remind the Renaissance — especially its more bourgeois members — of the richness in the racial heritage" (Hemenway, 195) and to celebrate the culture of the common folk over its detractors.
		Regrettably, the movement’s participants did not recognize that this complexity could have been just the thing to prove to white America that they were as capable of creating great art and as worthy of study as any other people.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/english/mwollaeger/KBobo3.html (4800 words)

	Animal Rightists Way Off Base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A tenet of the animal rights movement has been that animals should not be subjected to interference with their lives by humans.
		Since veterinarians are dedicated to caring for animals used for food, entertainment and companionship, there is a conflict between the goals of the veterinary profession and those of animal rightists.
		The animal rights movement claims to be moral, motivated only by ethical principles.
	www.responsiblewildlifemanagement.org /animal_rightists_way_off_base.htm (663 words)

	Tradition Ten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Washingtonian Society, a movement among alcoholics which started in Baltimore a century ago, almost discovered the answer to alcoholism.
		Instead, the Washingtonians permitted politicians and reformers, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic, to use the society for their own purposes.
		When the Washingtonians became temperance crusaders, within a very few years they had completely lost their effectiveness in helping alcoholics.
	members.shaw.ca /recoveryreading/Tradition10pg.178.htm (244 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The great majority of Washingtonian speakers and)Tj 0 -13.2 Td 0.000 Tc(authors were reformed drunkards who told their own stories.)Tj 0 -26.4 Td 0.108 Tc(Charles T. Woodman\222s story is a characteristic account of degradation followed by reform.
		Pride seems to be the great obstacle to aiding)Tj 0 -13.2 Td 0.249 Tc(in the reform, with a certain portion of the community; and by not lending their countenance in a)Tj -0 -13.2 Td 0.245 Tc(direct manner, they clog the wheels of the locomotive car of intemperance.
		There is a class who though they acknowledge themselves to be temperance men,)Tj 0 -13.2 Td 0.068 Tc(look with a different eye on the Washingtonian movement than an eye of faith; they consider it as an)Tj -0 -13.2 Td 0.095 Tc(insect of a day that flutters by excitement, soon to die and be forgotten.
	www.osv.org /cgi-bin/CreatePDF.php?/learning/DocumentViewer.php?DocID=2000&PDF=Y (1155 words)

	[No title]
		A typical Washingtonian ad stresses character traits, while a typical Advocate ad stresses size of body parts, adeptness at certain sexual acts, and such erotica as sadomasochism and fetishes.
		As the flagship publication of the homosexual rights movement, The Advocate has unmasked the true agenda of homosexual activists, who have been very careful to hide their actual behaviors by persuading the media to focus only on abstract arguments about civil rights.
		The object is to use the media and government power to force us to declare homosexuality as normal and healthy and to live as if traditional moral tenets are now somehow inapplicable or even criminal in their public expression.
	www.qrd.org /qrd/religion/anti/FRC/FRC_on_Advocate.TXT (968 words)

	Animal Protection Institute - Animal Rights and the Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the late 1800s, leaders of the early American humane movement learned that public indifference and scorn could be fought by influencing opinion makers and the media.
		When the environmental movement arose in the late 1960s and early 1970s, wildlife and marine mammal issues such as whaling and the clubbing of baby seals became popular with the American media.
		However, a change in the trend was signaled in August 1986 by the publication in the Washingtonian of a highly critical and one-sided expose on the impact of animal rights activism on biomedical research.
	www.api4animals.org /740print.htm (2852 words)

	pressconnects.com \| Union \| SPECIAL REPORT \|
		Washingtonian Hall on River Road in Endwell was built in 1799.
		Washingtonian Hall in Endwell is one of the oldest homes in Broome County.
		The name Washingtonian Hall was affixed to the house when the Temperance Movement reached the Town of Union.
	www.pressconnects.com /special/union/stories/011404-60014.shtml (383 words)

	The Washingtonian Movement - The Baltimore Origins
		The first such meeting, held on November 19, 1840, in the Masonic Hall on St. Paul Street, was a decided success.
		Not only did it bring in additional members but it also called the movement to the interested attention of the people of Baltimore.
		It was decided to repeat these public meetings about once a month in addition to the regular weekly meetings of the society.
	silkworth.net /washingtonians/washingtonian_movement_baltimore_origins.html (1258 words)

	Some Background on the Temperance Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The most influential Washingtonian was John Gough of Boylston, Massachusetts, a farming town just outside of Worcester.
		Yet the Washingtonian approach, often called "moral suasion," soon lost ground to the very approach Lincoln had criticized.
		The pivot of the change was the passage in 1850 of the so-called Maine Law, the first prohibition measure.
	www.assumption.edu /ahc/Temperancesidebar.html (371 words)

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