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Topic: Washoe (chimpanzee)

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	Washoe (chimpanzee) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Washoe is a chimpanzee, currently living at the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute (CHCI) at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington.
		Like the chimpanzees in previous studies, Washoe was raised in a language-rich environment (in her case, a sign language-rich environment) that was designed to mimic that of a human child in many ways.
		However the Washoe project will remain a milestone in the study of animal cognition, as the first publicly accepted success in teaching language to an animal of another species, and thus the stimulus for virtually all the projects that have followed it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee) (870 words)

	Friends of Washoe: Chimpanzee Enrichment
		Chimpanzees are very social and intelligent; they have the ability to solve problems in their environment and have a complex social structure.
		Chimpanzees in their natural environment are also exposed to many different challenges and situations during the day and have to be able to solve problems in order to survive.
		These four chimpanzees did not choose to live in captivity, and it is the responsibility of all the staff, volunteers, and student interns to enrich their lives and give them the highest possible quality of life.
	www.friendsofwashoe.org /chimpanzee_enrichment.shtml (544 words)

	Washoe County Property (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Washoe language Note that in the second and third reference, the alternative spelling Washo appears to be equally valid.
		Prior to contact, the territory of the Washoe people was roughly bounded by the southern shore of Honey Lake in the north, the west fork of the Walker River in the south, the Sierra Nevada crest in the west, and the first range east of the Sierra Nevada in the east.
		Washo is unique when compared to the Native American languages that border it, and is not related to any of them.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/200/washoe-county-property.html (801 words)

	Friends of Washoe
		Washoe was born in Africa and is estimated to be 40 years old.
		Washoe and her family live in the CHCI Sanctuary at Central Washington University.
		Washoe is the first non-human animal to acquire a human language and her adopted son Loulis is the first to acquire a human language from another chimpanzee.
	www.friendsofwashoe.org (311 words)

	Talking With Chimps
		The idea was to immerse Washoe in the world of the deaf and ASL and to carry on spontaneous conversations between her and her trainers.
		Terrace concluded that Washoe, on the whole, was merely mimicking her trainer and therefore really did not comprehend the human language or its grammatical rules (Terrace et all, 1979).
		The chimpanzee that they used was a six year old female named Sarah who was brought to live in a cage at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and was treated strictly as a laboratory animal.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/Vines/4451/TalkWithChimps.html (3880 words)

	Chimpanzee Communication
		A chimpanzee may have a deep understanding of the world and the brain power to model both physical and social relationships, but that knowledge stays locked away in the gray background of the memory banks until roused by events actually happening in the chimp's presence.
		Chimpanzees have shown the ability to communicate using ASL to human observers and other chimpanzees about the normal course of surrounding events.
		If we view the chimpanzee not as if he were our contemporary, but as if he were some ancestor of ours, the value of studying chimpanzee communication and use of language may be more fully seen.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/language/chimpanzee.html (1901 words)

	Chimpanzees’ Use of Sign Language, by Roger S. Fouts & Deborah H. Fouts
		Washoe's reaction was interesting because this was a new chimp, one whom she hardly knew, but who was obviously in danger.
		When Washoe acquired her signs, some critics were quick to point out that her sign language was taught to her by humans and that she would not have acquired it without human intervention.
		Washoe uses the dirty sign to refer to faeces, soiled items or to humans or chimpanzees that she is displeased with.
	www.animal-rights-library.com /texts-m/fouts01.htm (5594 words)

	All in the Family
		Fouts's view of chimpanzee deception is that it is purely to the good: that their lies are innocent, amusing and, more than that, part of the evidence of shared intellect.
		Fouts began his chimpanzee work in 1967, as a graduate student assigned to work with Washoe, then the young star of a sign language experiment run by R. Allen and Beatrix Gardner at the University of Nevada in Reno.
		The Gardners shipped Washoe off to the University of Oklahoma when the experiment ended; Fouts accompanied her, unwilling to be separated from her.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/97/10/12/reviews/971012.12blumst.html (1524 words)

	Journal of Religion and Society
		In fact, it was a philosopher of science who, in driving by Washoe's enclosure, discovered her sitting in a tree leafing through a magazine and signing to herself as she identified objects in photographs (Fouts: 71).
		Washoe then climbed her tree and waited for Fouts to become absorbed by his writing, at which point, Washoe moved so quickly toward the trailer that Fouts thought that she had fallen.
		This whole episode amazed me. Washoe must have noticed that the cupboard was unlocked during breakfast, suppressed her natural impulse to raid it when my back was turned, and instead devised this plan for distracting me long enough to gain access to the trailer by herself and give herself the opportunity to drink the soda.
	moses.creighton.edu /JRS/2001/2001-4.html (4827 words)

	Human Relationship with Chimpanzees
		Similarly, there are many who remain unconvinced that chimpanzees capable of feeling pain and distress or suffering the emotional and mental debilitation resulting from scientific imprisonment should not be cruelly confined and used at the whim of their human captors.
		The captive chimpanzees involved in research in the U.S. deserve to see a permanent end to their suffering and should not endure the remainder of their existence deteriorating in their laboratory cells.
		She notes that [c]himpanzees are capable of empathy and altruistic behavior." Surely it is time that their human counterparts exhibit these same characteristics and treat chimpanzees and other great apes with the compassion and respect they deserve.
	www.awionline.org /wildlife/ag-chimp.htm (1241 words)

	Animal intelligence: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chimpanzee, often abbreviated to chimp, is the common name for two species in the genus pan....
		Daniel J. Povinelli is skeptical and believes that the chimpanzees and orangutans tested for self-awareness weren't necessarily seeing themselves; they were just applying the concept that the image in the mirror was significantly similar to them.
		Washoe is a chimpanzee, as of 2003currently living at the chimpanzee and human communication institute (chci) at central washington university in ellensburg,...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/animal_intelligence.htm (2845 words)

	HistoryLink Essay:Washoe and family move into the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute at Central Washington ...
		Washoe is the first chimpanzee to communicate using American Sign Language and the first to pass the ability to sign on to another chimpanzee, her adopted son Loulis.
		Attracting Fouts and Washoe was a coup for Central. Fouts described Washoe's unique role in the history of chimpanzee-human relations by saying "She's broken down the species barrier" ("Chimps Have Their Say"). Fouts chose Central over prestigious institutions like Yale because at Central he would not be required to use the chimpanzees for biomedical research.
		When the facility was ready the chimpanzees were prepared for their move by viewing a video of Roger and Deborah Fouts giving them a special signed tour of the new facility.
	www.historylink.org /essays/printer_friendly/index.cfm?file_id=7622 (793 words)

	Psychology History
		Then in 1970 Washoe along with Fouts was sent to the Institute of Primate Studies in Oklahoma under Dr. The Gardner hoped to be able to replicate the study with four other chimps as a set of cross-fostered siblings.
		One study deals with the chimpanzees use of tools, two deal with the gestural dialect used by chimpanzees, one deals with conversation use, and the other study deals with improving the lives of chimps in captivity.
		Chimpanzee language research has also been helpful in studying non-speaking human children such as deaf children, children with cerebral palsy, and autistic children.
	www.muskingum.edu /~psych/psycweb/history/fouts.htm (1180 words)

	The ABC's of Chimpanzee Behavior
		Washoe is an approximately 36-year-old female chimpanzee who has been taught to communicate using American Sign Language (ASL).
		Washoe is the first non-human to acquire a human language, and her adopted chimp son, Loulis, is the first to acquire a human language from another chimpanzee.
		Washoe uses ASL to communicate with the human researchers and caretakers as well as with the four other chimpanzees involved in the project.
	www.lessonsforhope.org /abc/show_description.asp?abc_id=42 (200 words)

	Amazon.com: Next of Kin: What Chimpanzees Have Taught Me About Who We Are: Books: Roger Fouts,Stephen Tukel Mills,Jane ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While reporting these successes, Fouts also notes that chimpanzees are regularly abused in laboratory settings and that in the wild their number has fallen from 5,000,000 to fewer than 175,000 in the last century.
		Because Washoe and her companions have the ability to express themselves, this is at times a heartbreaking tale as Fouts and the reader discover how closely related chimps and humans truly are.
		The story of Washoe and the other chimps in her extended family are the most engaging aspects of the book, but Fouts' career and personal development alongside them is interesting as well.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/068814862X?v=glance (2017 words)

	ASL - American Sign Language
		This showed the researchers that Washoe had learned enough of the ASL concept to make up a sign for an object even when she had not been taught that sign.
		After Washoe had been with the Gardners for about 5 years, she was moved to the Institute for Primate Studies in Oklahoma and Roger Fouts continued with his research with Washoe there.
		It is interesting to note that Washoe taught signs to the younger chimp in the same manner she was taught.
	www.lifeprint.com /asl101/topics/animalsandsigning.htm (746 words)

	Prolegomena Summer 2003
		Chimpanzees have a natural fear of water—they sink like stones because they don’t have enough body fat to swim—so an island is the perfect way to contain them without using bars or cages[4].
		In the case of the chimpanzee, Washoe, it is clear that she is risking her life in attempting to rescue Penny out of the water; were she to fall in, she would be physiologically barred from saving herself.
		Now, clearly Washoe did not act in promotion and maintenance of human flourishing, but it is not at all difficult to see her actions as sustaining the preservation and development of her own species.
	www.philosophy.ubc.ca /prolegom/backissues/papers/Wernikiewicz.htm (4019 words)

	CHCI
		CHCI is a sanctuary for a unique family of chimpanzees who have acquired the signs of American Sign Language (ASL) and use those signs in conversations with each other and their human companions.
		The chimpanzees' accomplishments are a scientific first and have resulted in a better understanding of ourselves, as well as our place and role in nature.
		This was achieved by accepting the chimpanzees on their terms, as much as possible, and thus giving special consideration to the chimpanzees' needs.
	www.cwu.edu /~cwuchci (223 words)

	CSULB Online 49er: v10n52: Chimpanzees can learn sign language
		Washoe is the first nonhuman candidate to acquire a human language.
		“Washoe signed that she wanted an Oreo cookie and we all agreed that she was asking for an Oreo cookie,” Fouts said.
		He also said that at the turn of the century 5 million chimpanzees were living in the wild and today their total population is 175,000.
	www.csulb.edu /~d49er/archives/2002/fall/news/v10n52-chi.shtml (753 words)

	savethechimps.org
		The Foutses care for a unique family of five chimpanzees who have acquired the signs of American Sign Language (ASL) and use those signs in conversations with each other and their human companions.
		At the sanctuary the chimpanzees will live in a complex and enriching environment geared toward their intelligence and natural curiosity.
		Our mission is to provide chimpanzees with a more natural state of living and the retirement they so richly deserve.
	www.savethechimps.org /news/news_sign_language.asp (261 words)

	Cool Green World - Working for animal rights, animal welfare and habitat protection
		It took a willful chimpanzee to let me know that, granted I'm unique and humans are unique, but guess what, so are chimpanzees and so are dogs and so are cats and so are the rest of them.
		They can legally put fully adult chimpanzees in a 5 foot by 5 foot by 7 foot cage, feed them, water them, put a ball in to meet their "enrichment" requirements and leave them there for their entire life--and a chimp can live to be over 60.
		Washoe ran out and checked it out and then she gathered up these four adult members of her family and she herded them into the little cave we have in the outdoor area.
	www.coolgreenworld.net /interviews/rogerfouts.shtml (3542 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Next of Kin: Conversatio (Living Planet Book): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chimpanzees who have successfully been taught ASL are used as case studies in order to try to explain language development.
		Hence in October 1970, Washoe moved to a research lab at the Institute for Primate Studies in Oklahoma, Roger Fouts went with her as her primary guardian.
		It is too late to return captive chimpanzees to their natural habitats, they wound not survive, but hopefully more will be done in the future to ensure that they are kept in humane conditions and are given the respect they deserve.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0380728222 (1729 words)

	savethechimps.org
		But it is a chimpanzee named Washoe who has most effectively and poignantly altered our perception of her species.
		Able to converse in American Sign Language, Washoe was the first chimpanzee to announce to the world that chimpanzees have a sense of self.
		She also shares their origin - Washoe was also captured in Africa and brought to the Holloman Air Force Base as part of the original chimpanzee colony.
	www.savethechimps.org /chimps_facts_story.asp (277 words)

	Facts about washoe chimpanzee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Washoe is a chimpanzee, now (2003) living at the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute (CHCI) at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington.
		The Gardners based their approach on the intuition that previous projects had failed because observations chimpanzees' vocal apparatus is somewhat limited, not because they are inherently unable to learn language.
		However the Washoe project will remain important as the first publicly accepted success in teaching language to an animal of another species, and thus the stimulus for virtually all the projects that have followed it.
	www.supercrawler.com /Facts/washoe__chimpanzee_.html (511 words)

	cyberteens - book club
		Washoe was taken from her home in the African jungle to the US to be part of the American space program.
		They arranged for Washoe to be moved to the Institute for Primate Studies in Oklahoma and instructed Roger to go with her.
		Washoe excitedly began signing "BABY, MY BABY, BABY, BABY!" However when she saw that Roger had brought her a different baby, not her own, her excitement was gone.
	www.cyberteens.com /ne/bc/html/nextofkin.html (1684 words)

	Washoe - TheBestLinks.com - Washoe County, Nevada, Washoe (chimpanzee), Disambig, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Washoe - TheBestLinks.com - Washoe County, Nevada, Washoe (chimpanzee), Disambig,...
		Washo, Washoe, Washoe County, Nevada, Washoe (chimpanzee), Disambig, Washoe...
		This is a disambiguation page, i.e., a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Washo.html (116 words)

	Humans, Nonhumans and Personhood, by Robert W. Mitchell
		a chimpanzee imitated friendly facial expressions and gestures to lure another chimp near enough to be able to attack her easily, and another chimpanzee imitated play to distract others from aggressive acts toward himself.
		Mirror self-recognition is present in many humans, chimpanzees and orang-utans, and in a few gorillas, and is commonly taken to be a sign of pre-existing self-consciousness.
		The fact that criticism of the behaviour of chimpanzees and other apes on moral grounds is impossible has serious consequences, in that apes cannot be held accountable for their actions.
	www.animal-rights-library.com /texts-m/mitchell01.htm (3975 words)

	ACP - Apes > Apes and Human Language
		The famous chimpanzee researcher Jane Goodall traces her fascination with chimpanzees to a toy chimp named Jubilee, which she kept for decades.
		Sarah, a chimpanzee, learned to manipulate arbitrary plastic symbols standing for words, and another chimpanzee, named Lana, used an early computer keyboard, with arbitrary symbols the researchers called lexigrams.
		Terrace describes the film: “Washoe is with her teacher Susan Nichols, who has a cup and a doll.
	acp.eugraph.com /apes (2279 words)

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