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	Watchung Mountains: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...van Kull channel and into the Watchung Mountains west of the group of suburbs...this province, notably the Watchung Mountains, have successfully resisted...short route seaward through the Watchung Mountains at Summit, was blocked by...
		Schley Mountain, a rise in the Watchung Mountains of central New Jersey, remained undeveloped until the 1960s.
		WATCHUNG MOUNTAINS two long low ridges of volcanic origin, from 400 to 500 ft (122...60 km) between Paterson and Somerville.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/watchung-mountains.jsp?l=W&p=1 (575 words)

	Great Falls of the Passaic River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geologically, the falls were formed at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
		Formerly the Passaic had followed a shorter course through the Watchung Mountains near present-day Summit.
		As the ice receded, the river found a new circuitous route around the north end of the Watchungs, carving the spectacular falls through the underlying basalt, which was formed approximately 200 million years ago.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Falls_of_the_Passaic_River (713 words)

	History - Geology
		The first series of lava flows, estimated to have an aggregate thickness of approximately 650 feet, forming the present-day First Watchung Mountain, were subsequently buried by sand and mud of the Brunswick formation.
		That is to say, the eruptions were followed by a period of volcanic quiescence during which time sedimentation continued as before and buried the preceding lava flows with about 600 feet of sandstone and shale.
		With the Watchung Mountains along the eastern and southern flanks and the Ramapo Mountains along the northwestern border, Lake Passaic filled the natural basin south of the terminal moraine in the vicinity of Summit and Morristown....
	www.greenbrooknj.com /main6_1.htm (1230 words)

	Warren Township Historical Society
		The Chimney Rock or Washington Valley reservoir (the names were used interchangeably) scheme took advantage of the area's distinctive geography and geology - a long, narrow valley that could be plugged by dams at low points nestled between watertight basaltic mountains.
		Congressman Eaton's pleas "on behalf of the corpse," as he put it, clearly expressed the sense of futility and inevitability felt by the rural residents of Washington Valley in the face of the demands of New Jersey's largest city for a more dependable water supply.
		His thinking, according to the newspaper, was that "land which would be flooded by Chimney Rock reservoir is nestled between the first and second Watchung Mountains and is mostly undeveloped.
	www.warrennj.org /wths/pages/resevor3.htm (2276 words)

	A RE-INTERPRETATION OF WATCHUNG MOUNTAIN WIND AND WATER GAPS, NORTHERN NEW JERSEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Watchung basalt ridges of northern New Jersey resemble, in miniature, the Appalachian Ridge and Valley system to the west.
		In the Watchungs, as in the Appalachians, dry wind gaps and under-fit water gaps punctuate resistant ridges.
		The Watchung ridges were at some points completely over-run by glaciers, and acted to dam the Passaic and Rahway rivers to form glacial Lake Passaic.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001NE/finalprogram/abstract_2764.htm (465 words)

	HIKING WATCHUNG RESERVATION
		This fault was doubtless begun during the Appalachian mountain revolution and form the western edge of a large arid or sem-arid valley which, through erosion from the mountains to the east and west, filled with sand during the Triassic.
		In the Watchung area, out of the total of 1,355 species and varieties recorded, 1,105 (or 81 percent) are native -- the remaining 259 (or 19 per cent) are introduced.
		Nine kinds of Ranunculus, 6 of Rosa, 5 of Lespedeza, 4 of Xanthoxalis, 8 of Asclepias, 4 of Cuscuta, 4 of Scutellaria, 5 of Physalis, 5 of Veronica, 7 of Galium, 6 of Viburnum, 7 of Eupatorium, 5 of Senecio, 15 of Solidago, and 7 of Scirpus occur in the neighborhood of Watchung.
	nynjctbotany.org /njnbtofc/watchung.html (4052 words)

	Watchungs
		One more ridge to ride, the Watchungs were formed in a second volcanic extrusion and are younger than the Palisades.
		With a deforested view to New York Harbor, troop movements were easily monitored and gave forewarning of a pincer movement of British and Hessians, the gap 500 feet below a natural path to the rebel encampment at Morristown.
		I want to find Surprise Lake there to see if it still is. Finding a way through mazes of roads around rte 22 and the interstate isn't easy, but then finally a left in the woods off Glenside Avenue and yes.
	www.paulericjohnson.com /brnj/brnj2d.html (516 words)

	GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT
		Most of the Watchung Mountains throughout central New Jersey are examples of extrusive igneous rocks, displaying characteristic columnar jointing and stacked lava flows.
		The mafic volcanic material erupted beneath the surface of a lake or inland sea flooding the basin area.
		The ridges of resistant volcanic rock of the Palisades and the Watchung Mountains display steep escarpments on their eastern flanks and gentle slopes on their western flanks.
	www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu /bight/newark.html (1153 words)

	Re: west orange, nj hounding by Don Peck on 7/09/2001
		Here in NJ, they include the Watchungs and valleys between and in front of them and the Great Swamp basin.
		The Palisades along the Hudson River are the same age, but are a diabase sill.
		Eagle Rock Quarry in West Orange is one well known site, however almost any quarry in the Watchungs is a source for zeolites and associated minerals.
	www.rockhounds.com /rocknet/archive/messages/10702.shtml (206 words)

	Watchung Mountains - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Watchung Mountains two long low ridges of volcanic origin, from 400 to 500 ft (122-152 m) high, N central N.J. They curve c.40 mi (60 km) between Paterson and Somerville.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Watchung Mountains" at HighBeam.
		Timing and magnitude of Broad-winged Hawk Migration at Montclair Hawk lookout, New Jersey, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania.(Author Abstract)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-watchung.html (231 words)

	History of Plainfield
		Those living in the Plainfield area were the Watchungs, part of the Lenni-Lenape tribe (commonly call Delaware).
		The Watchung Mountains to the north rise to 550 feet.
		The city's population grew from 215 in 1800 to 46,567 in 1990.
	www.westfieldnj.com /whs/history/Counties/UnionCounty/plainfield.htm (918 words)

	New Jersey - Topography
		To the east and south is the highlands region, an area of many natural lakes and steep ridges, including the Ramapo Mountains, part of the Appalachian chain.
		East of the highlands is a flat area broken by the high ridges of the Watchungs and Sourlands and—most spectacularly—by the Palisades, a column of traprock rising some 500 ft (150 m) above the Hudson River.
		Some 550 to 600 million years ago, New Jersey's topography was the opposite of what it is now, with mountains to the east and a shallow sea to the west.
	www.city-data.com /states/New-Jersey-Topography.html (313 words)

	NJAS: History of the Montclair Hawk Watch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Today, a crushed stone-filled platform sits atop a rock cliff on a basalt ridge of the First Watchung Mountain and commands a panorama of nearly 360 degrees, offering views of landmarks up to fifty miles away.
		Some twenty years earlier, the Raritan and Passaic Valleys Ornithological Club (later renamed the Urner Ornithological Club) had made regular observations of raptor migrations in the Watchungs for seven seasons.
		But it wasn't until the Montclair Hawk Watch was formally organized in 1957 by three members of the Montclair Bird Club -- Ruth Edwards, Suzanne Haupt, and Ruth Breck -- that "Operation Hawk-Watch" began.
	www.njaudubon.org /Sightings/monthist.html (813 words)

	Philip Roth, excerpt from 'The Plot Against America' -- Beliefnet.com
		The Weequahic neighborhood had been built on farm lots at the undeveloped southwest edge of Newark just after World War One, some half dozen of the streets named, imperially, for victorious naval commanders in the Spanish-American War and the local movie house called, after FDR's fifth cousin-and the country's twenty-sixth president- the Roosevelt.
		Looking west from our bedroom's rear window we could sometimes see inland as far as the dark treeline of the Watchungs, a low-lying mountain range fringed by great estates and affluent, sparsely populated suburbs, the extreme edge of the known world--and about eight miles from our house.
		A block to the south was the working-class town of Hillside, whose population was predominantly Gentile.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/157/story_15777_1.html (682 words)

	About the Chimney Rock Hawk Watch
		The Watchung Mountains, on which Chimney Rock is located, are made up of three roughly parallel ridges that stretch from northern to central New Jersey.
		At Martinsville, the Watchungs curve back North, passing Bridgewater and ending near Pluckemin.
		Chimney Rock is located on the southernmost ridge - First Watchung Ridge - at the southernmost point in the Watchungs, where Northeast- and Northwest-trending portions meet.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~magarell/chimney_rock/about_cr.html (241 words)

	communities and habitat types
		These ridges, including the three Watchung Ridges in New Jersey and the Palisades Ridge along the Hudson River in New Jersey and New York, rise above the otherwise level landscape of the more readily erodible sedimentary sandstones and shales in the Piedmont Lowlands section of the Piedmont Physiographic Province (Figure 14).
		Development of land around the parks in the Palisades and Watchungs is fragmenting the forest and may result in loss of rare communities and plants.
		Existing protected open space on the Palisades and Watchungs should be managed to preserve and enhance rare traprock communities and species.
	training.fws.gov /library/pubs5/web_link/text/intr_com.htm (8297 words)

	NJ.com: Special Projects
		Reacting to a British army offensive in the Hudson Valley, Washington and 10,500 men marched from Somerset County today, ending a six-month encampment made easy by a mild winter, warmed by a series of parties and military reviews, but chilled by news of the Indian raids and an attempt to capture the governor.
		With the arrival of the fifth spring of the war, Washington is leaving the protective cloak of the Watchung Mountains and Middlebrook, his army's main camp perched on the southside of the ridge above Bound Brook.
		The Americans first used the Watchungs for protection from the British army during the winter encampment of 1776-77.
	www.nj.com /specialprojects/index.ssf?/specialprojects/revwar/rev14.html (817 words)

	New Jersey Motorcycle Events
		There were times when you could see back for more than a mile and there were bikes as far as you can see.
		After finishing the ride around the swamp, we ventured down to the first of the Watchung Hills where you can see the Atlantic Highlands on a clear day.
		After trekking for a few miles across the top edge of the Watchungs, we worked our way back down and inland a little before headed for the next surprise.
	www.njmce.com /rtbtmc.html (475 words)

	AllRefer.com - Watchung Mountains, United States (U.S. Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Watchung Mountains, United States (U.S. Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > U.S. Physical Geography > Watchung Mountains
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Watchung Mountains
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/W/Watchung.html (149 words)

	Westfield Real Estate Union County NJ Homes For Sale New Jersey Frank Isoldi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Passaic Valley was first settled around the time of the third distribution of lots to the Elizabethtown Associates in 1738.
		With the Associates came settlers from Long Island and the United Kingdom across the Watchungs to establish farms in the New Providence area.
		According to local tradition, the name of the region was changed from “Turkey” to “New Providence” when the balcony of a small church collapsed without loss of life.
	www.arsdata.com /isoldi/np.htm (206 words)

	Essays.cc - Urban Dwellers In Plainsfield, Pennsylvania
		The new settlement was named Milltown, a reference to the gristmill, which was built in 1760 on the Green Brook, near what is now Watchung Avenue.
		In 1788, the Quakers moved their Friends Meeting House from the original site near what is today the Plainfield Country Club, to the corner of Watchung Avenue and East Third Street where it remains as one of the historical landmarks of the city.
		Although the Plainfield area was mostly open farmland with a population of only about 50, it was considered of sufficient military importance during the Revolutionary period to warrant a large militia post.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/d3/avw92.shtml (633 words)

	Bound Brook History
		Instead of capturing an expected 1000 prisoners and inflicting a major blow to Washington’s Army, the British had just a handful of prisoners and an impressive but rather useless triumph.
		Most of the American soldiers and their General had escaped to defenses atop the mountain and still blocked the strategic passes across the Watchungs.
		Six weeks later Washington’s entire army was strong enough to move from Morristown to the Watchung Mountains just north of Bound Brook.
	www.11thpa.org /b-brook-hist.html (1068 words)

	GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK BIGHT
		As erosion proceeded the land slowly rose, either via isostatic adjustment due to the loss of overburden, or other deep crustal forces that remain a mystery.
		Prior to glaciation, the Hudson River flowed southward through the Newark Basin region (west of the Palisades) carving water gaps through the Watchung Mountains before turning eastward into the outer Raritan Bay region (interpretations by Schuberth, 1968, and others).
		Staten Island, a monadnock of Paleozoic serpentine, must have been a small, rocky island far offshore.) Transgressions (inundations on the land as sea level rose) and regressions (as sea level fell or as sediments accumulated along the shore) are recorded in the geologic record as numerous sedimentary rock formations of the coastal plain.
	www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu /bight/raritan.html (3302 words)

	MarkBooks.com: Books > A Guide to New Jersey's...
		The lay of the Watchungs gave him vantage points to the South and East (where the British were entrenched), escape routes from to the North and West, and access to food and other provisions from the West Jersey farmlands, and most importantly, protection from quick strikes.
		If you understand Washington in the Watchungs, you begin to appreciate his genius not only as a military strategist, but as a surveyor as well.
		The British plan was to shoot through the Watchung Mountain gap at Summit and Short Hills to attack Gen. George Washington at Morristown.
	www.markbooks.com /books_revintro.asp (4524 words)

	Reprinted courtesy of
		Introduction: On June 23rd, 1780, the climactic battle of the final invasion of NJ was fought in Springfield.
		The “Final Invasion” of NJ: Part I – The Battle of Connecticut Farms: June 6, 1780, Gen. Knyphausen looking for an easy war ending victory launches an attack from Staten Island to seize the strategic Hobart Gap in the Watchung Mtns, the last defensible position between NYC and Morristown.
		Simcoe, they fight their way back to Short Hills in the Hobart Gaps where they are reinforced by Stark’s Brigade.
	www.springfieldbattle.com /Text/Watts.html (1366 words)

	[No title]
		The Watchung Mountains of northern New Jersey are two very long ridges of volcanic origin.
		The highest area in the Watchung Mountains is in Wayne and it is over 1000ft.
		What you can do in the Watchungs are hiking, camping, fishing, and snowboarding and skiing if you want to break your bones.
	www.iearn.org /circles/2006session1/projects/newJerseyBrochure1.doc (1349 words)

	The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey - Nature Conservancy Staff Member Named to Invasive Species Council
		The Conservancy’s Johnsonburg Swamp Preserve with its limestone-rich forest, and Muckshaw Ponds Preserve,with its sinkhole ponds, are both excellent examples of this landscape.
		Several ridge formations are also evident—from the Kittatinny Ridge to the Watchungs and Palisades.
		Variable terrain and soil drainage are also indicative of this region.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/northamerica/states/newjersey/press/press1675.html (484 words)

	NYC Regional Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There is still debate as to the significance of this surface.
		Most of the ridge crests throughout the Appalachian region correspond to this elevated erosional surface, including the tops of the Watchungs and the most of the Highlands region in New Jersey.
		The surface may represent the remnant of an ancient landscape that was eroded down to base level (perhaps close to sea level).
	3dparks.wr.usgs.gov /nyc/parks/loc8.htm (1279 words)

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