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Topic: Water (molecule)

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	1011 - Kanarev - The Foundations of Physchemistry of Microworld
		Diagram of the water molecule model: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 are the numbers of the electrons of the oxygen atom, N is the nucleus of the oxygen atom, P is the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms (the protons);
		65, the water molecule structure is shown, which originates from the structures of the atomic nuclei of oxygen and hydrogen.
		Due to it, when water is frozen, the connections between the molecules in the clusters become longer, and frozen water molecule becomes longer and increases the volume of the clusters.
	www.guns.connect.fi /innoplaza/energy/story/Kanarev/book/1011.html (877 words)

	Water (molecule)
		Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the steam turbine and heat exchanger, in addition to its use as a chemical solvent.
		Hence, in ocean water because of the salt content, the downward convection of colder water is not blocked by an expansion of water as it becomes colder near the freezing point; thus the oceans' cold water near the freezing point continues to sink.
		Nonpolar molecules stay together in water because it is energetically more favorable for the water molecules to hydrogen bond to each other than to engage in van der Waals interactions with nonpolar molecules.
	www.abcworld.net /Water_%28molecule%29.html (3018 words)

	Water Molecule
		The water molecule is formed from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
		Water is a very unusual compound; it is very common and is found in all three conditional states, solid (as ice), liquid (as water) and gas (as water vapor).
		If we compare the freezing and boiling points of water with what one would predict from extrapolating the molecular weights of other molecules, we see that it would be predicted to freeze at -90 degrees C and boil at -68 degrees C.
	www.aquadyntech.com /watermolecule.html (715 words)

	Molecule - MSN Encarta
		Water is made of molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
		In a water molecule, the central oxygen atom bonds to two surrounding hydrogen atoms and is left with one nonbonding pair in its valence shell.
		Instead of forming a straight line, the water molecule follows the pattern for a molecule with four atoms, with a central atom in the middle of a triangle formed by the surrounding atoms.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563983/Molecule.html (2849 words)

	Water Magic - The Drinking Water Specialists - Polarity of Water Molecules
		This means that although the water molecule as a whole is stable, the greater mass of the oxygen nucleus tends to draw in all the electrons in the molecule including the shared hydrogen electrons giving the oxygen portion of the molecule a slight electronegative charge.
		This means water molecules have a tendency to form weak bonds with water molecules because the oxygen end of the molecule is negative and the hydrogen ends are positive.
		After salt is placed in water, the attraction of the electronegative oxygen of the water molecule for the positively charged sodium ions, and the similar attraction of the electropositive hydrogen ends of the water molecule for the negatively charged chloride ions, are greater than the mutual attraction between the out numbered Na+ and Cl‑ ions.
	www.watermagic.com.au /content/view/59/7 (513 words)

	atoms in a water molecule -- atoms in a water molecule (Site not responding. Last check: )
		atoms in a water molecule -- atoms in a water molecule
		of water are identical and have the characteristics of water.
		Water molecule hydrogen atoms (white cylinders) are shared by the oxygen atoms and are positioned between pairs of nearby oxygen...
	www.aratom.com /atomsinawatermolecule (3580 words)

	Site Map of The Watershed Wellness Center (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Water is a universal, superb solvent due to the marked polarity of the water molecule and its tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.
		After salt is placed in water, the attraction of the electronegative oxygen of the water molecule for the positively charged sodium ions, and the similar attraction of the electropositive hydrogen ends of the water molecule for the negatively charged chloride ions, are greater than the mutual attraction between the outnumbered Na+ and Cl- ions.
		Water treated by electrolysis to increase its reduction potential is the best solution to the problem of providing a safe source of free electrons to block the oxidation of normal tissue by free oxygen radicals.
	www.watershed.net /ionizedwater-article.htm (4068 words)

	Water molecule structure
		Simplified models for the water molecule have been developed to agree with particular physical properties (for example, agreement with the critical parameters) but they are not robust and resultant data are often very sensitive to the precise model parameters [206].
		Water molecules each possess a strongly nucleophilic oxygen atom that enables many of life‘s reactions, as well as ionizing to produce reactive hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
		The differences in the properties of these two forms of water are expected to be greater in an electric field [1186], which may be imposed externally, from surfaces or from water clustering itself.
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /water/molecule.html (1773 words)

	Whats Water Made Of
		Water is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances, which is why it is called the universal solvent.
		After you draw the first water molecule on the board with the correct charges, have the students one at a time draw several other water molecules on the board.
		Have the hydrogen atoms of the water molecules break their polar attraction from the negative force of the oxygen and adhere to the negative force of the chloride.
	www.nps.gov /wica/Hydrology_Introduction_Whats_Water_Made_Of.htm (1274 words)

	Chemical Properties of Water
		The surface tension of water is due to the hydrogen bonding in the associated groups of water molecules.
		The cohesive nature of water, through the hydrogen bonding and the small size of the molecule, allowing the molecules to pack together, is responsible for many of its unusual properties, such as high surface tension, specific heat, and heat of vaporization.
		Water molecules are not attracted to such molecules as much as they are to other water molecules and so have little tendency to surround them and carry them into solution.
	www.ozh2o.com /h2chem.html (1879 words)

	About Water -- Water as a Solvent
		The charge differences cause water molecules to be attracted to each other (the relatively positive areas being attracted to the relatively negative areas) and to other polar molecules.
		Water chilled at the surface becomes denser and sinks, forming convection currents that cool the whole water body, but when the temperature of the lake water reaches 4°C, water on the surface, as it chills further, becomes less dense, and stays as a surface layer which eventually forms ice.
		The water dipoles hydrogen bond to the dipolar regions of the sugar molecule and allow it to be carried away into solution.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /solvents/water.htm (1961 words)

	The Joy of Water : Peter Akins
		Water-be it the rolling Pacific Ocean or a droplet of morning mist, a craggy glacier of a snowflake, a gas pulsing through the blades of a steam turbine or hanging in the air as a major contribution to the global turmoil we call the weather-is composed of water molecules.
		For a water molecule is so light that if it were not for the hydrogen bonds that can form between its molecules, then water would be a gas, and instead of puddles, lakes, and oceans of precious liquid, there would be a humid sky full of gaseous water and barren ground beneath.
		Water's considerable heat capacity (its ability to store energy supplied as heat) is another consequence of these bonds, and this characteristic is put to use in domestic central heating systems, where a little water can be used to pump a great deal of energy around a house.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/water.html (1657 words)

	Water Lab
		Water is a polar covalent compound with characteristics that make it a perfect molecule to support life processes.
		These partial charges result in the ability of water to exhibit what is called in chemistry as an intermolecular force, specifically a Hydrogen bond, a weak yet important attraction between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen of a neighbor water molecule.
		What actually happens is that the H-bonds between water molecules break allowing the water molecules to detach from each other as they change from a liquid to a gas.
	www.flvs.net /_students/showcase_flvs/science/apbio/Module1/LesMod1/1_Water_Lab.htm (904 words)

	Water (molecule) - guideofcasinos.com
		Water is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and solid states at standard temperature and pressure.
		There is a great similarity between water and silica in their anomalous behaviour, even though one (water) has a hydrogen bonding network while the other (silica) has a network made of ionic bonds with a partial covalent character.
		The experiment shows that when neutrons and protons collide with water, they scatter in a way that indicates that they only are effected by a ratio of 1.5:1 of hydrogen to oxygen respectively.
	www.guideofcasinos.com /Water_(molecule).html (2960 words)

	Water and its structure
		Chemists refer to these as the "anomalous" properties of water, but they are by no means mysterious; all are entirely predictable consequences of the way the size and nuclear charge of the oxygen atom conspire to distort the electronic charge clouds of the atoms of other elements when these are chemically bonded to the oxygen.
		Water clusters are of considerable interest as models for the study of water and water surfaces, and many articles on them are published every year.
		The consensus among chemists is that any temporary disruption of the water structure by a dissolved agent would disappear within a fraction of a second after its removal by dilution, owing to the vigorous thermal motions of the water molecules.
	www.chem1.com /acad/sci/aboutwater.html (4029 words)

	8(a) Physical Properties of Water
		Frozen water molecules arrange themselves in a particular highly organized rigid geometric pattern that causes the mass of water to expand and to decrease in density.
		Water molecules in the form of a gas are highly charged with energy.
		Water's high surface tension allows for the formation of water droplets and waves, allows plants to move water (and dissolved nutrients) from their roots to their leaves, and the movement of blood through tiny vessels in the bodies of some animals.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/8a.html (965 words)

	Water Buckyballs
		Although the oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules are second-nearest neighbors, modest oxygen-oxygen "p-pi"-orbital interactions are shown to play a key role, along with hydrogen bonding, in the electronic structures of these dodecahedral water clusters.
		Considering the laboratory stability of water buckyballs at the magic numbers 20 and 21 and their anticipated stability in the cold of interstellar space, they are likely candidates for sources of unexplained DIB spectra.
		The observation that neighboring water molecule H s-orbitals are in a bonding phase relationship with the O ppi orbitals (Fig.
	www.watercluster.com (2602 words)

	NASA - Water: The Molecule of Life An Interview with Philip Ball
		One of NASA's guiding policies in the search for alien life is to "follow the water." Water is fairly common in the universe, found everywhere from vast interstellar dust clouds to the orange-red fields of Mars, but most of this water is in the form of ice.
		We also have more and more examples of water bound to proteins playing an important functional role -- for example, chains of water molecules inside protein pore-like channels acting as "proton wires." All of this makes it clear that water plays a subtle and dynamic role in molecular biology, and is itself a biomolecule.
		Water plays an active role in the life of the cell, to the extent that we can consider water itself to be a kind of biomolecule.
	www.nasa.gov /lb/vision/universe/solarsystem/Water:_Molecule_of_Life.html (2068 words)

	Water (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Here water having ends is a consequence of the hydrogen atoms in water being arranged about the oxygen atom in a modified tetrahedron such that the hydrogen atoms are closer to each other than they otherwise would be.
		Particularly, water molecules form a hydrogen bonded layer, called a hydration shell, that surrounds hydrophilic substances/A. This shell adheres so powerfully that it is actually more energetically favorable for many polar substances to exist as individual molecules surrounded by hydration shells than to remain within a homogeneous solid material.
		However, because those water molecules of its hydration shell do not readily hydrogen bond to the hydrophobic molecule, the presence of a hydration shell is energetically unfavorable.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1015.htm (2123 words)

	Water (molecule)
		The answer to the apparent difference between water and other hydrogen bonding liquids lies in the fact that apart from water none of the hydrogen bonding molecules can form four hydrogen bonds either due to inability to donate/accept hydrogens or steric effect due to bulky residue.
		In water local tetrahedral order arising due to the four hydrogen bonds gives rise to open structure and 3-dimensional network in contrast to close packed structure of simple liquids.
		There is a great similarity between water and silica in their anomalous behaviour although one has hydrogen bonding network and the other has a network made of ionic bonds with partial covalent character.
	www.guideofpills.com /Water_%28molecule%29.html (3004 words)

	WATER MOLECULE
		the water molecules are widely separated while in the liquid form they are closer together although less tightly bound, therefore ice is bulkier and less dense and floats on water.
		The diel temperature change of the surface waters of the oceans(or lakes, or a swimming pool) is small compared to the diel temperature change of the overlying air.
		It is the tendency of water molecules to attract to each other or cohere to each other at the surface of any water.
	www-ocean.tamu.edu /~wormuth/watermolecule.html (590 words)

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