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Topic: Water abstraction

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	News Letter V2#3Water Abstraction in the UK
		Abstracted water is used for a large number of purposes: as a domestic water supply for both consumption and for household use, for agriculture, for industry, and for many other purposes.
		Water is also lost via leakage in the overall distribution systems; the estimated quantities lost, and thus their percentage of the total being distributed, varies from one water company to another.
		The estimated values of water loss by the major regional water companies for 1994 to 1997/98 as a percentage of that put into distribution (which does not give an indication of the quantities lost) are shown in Figure 4.
	www.waterbank.com /Newsletters/nws17.html (878 words)

	waterexchange: abstraction licences
		An abstraction licence gives the holder a right to take water from the stated source every year, until the licence expires or until the holder wishes to give up that right by cancelling the licence.
		To acquire an abstraction licence, the applicant must be the occupier or prospective occupier of the land on which the abstraction point is located.
		In addition, most licence holders pay an annual charge based on the amount of water licenced for extraction, the source of the water, the time of the year the water is used and the purpose the water is used for.
	www.waterexchangeuk.com /tr_abstraction.htm (1099 words)

	Environment Agency decision making for abstraction licences
		Abstraction licences are issued by the Environment Agency under the provisions of the Water Resources Acts 1963 and 1991 and provide authorisation for the impoundment and/or abstraction of water from inland waters.
		All abstractions greater than 20 cubic metres require a licence, with the exception of the removal of water for land drainage, mining, quarrying and related activities and for such uses as fire fighting.
		Abstractions from above mean low water in estuaries do require licences but no charge is made for the water and few limits on the amount of water abstracted will be applied.
	www.ukmarinesac.org.uk /activities/water-quality/wq2_1_2.htm (538 words)

	Water consumption per capita (incl. ground water abstraction) RD-1
		Water consumption depicts the use of fresh surface water and fresh ground water for the production of drinking water, process water and cooling water for industry and the use of irrigation water for agriculture.
		There are linkages with the indicators depicting the abstraction of fresh water for specific purposes, RD-8: Surface water abstraction (for drinking water, agriculture, industry) and RD-10: Ground water abstraction for agricultural/industrial purposes.
		Water abstracted from surface water to be used as cooling water is returned and does not contribute to the depletion.
	esl.jrc.it /envind/meth_sht/ms_we056.htm (617 words)

	Precious Water
		Water is a vital, but scarce resource, distributed unevenly in time (frequent droughts alternate with periods of good rainfall) and space (the eastern half of the country is markedly wetter than the western half).
		The largest operational scheme is the Orange-Fish River scheme where water gravitates from the Orange River at the Gariep Dam, and is piped through tunnels and canals to the Sundays and then the Fish Rivers in the eastern Cape.
		Water at night and mulch the soil around plants to reduce evaporation of water.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /Envfacts/facts/water.htm (1171 words)

	Glossary
		The cycle by which water evaporates from soils, vegetation, oceans and other bodies of water; accumulates as water vapor in clouds; returns to the Earth, oceans and other bodies of water as rain and snow; and runs off as river flow, through the soil or an aquifer.
		The appearance of a salt layer on or within the soil due to exposure to salt water, or resulting from the evaporation of soil water that is high in salts.
		Areas of marsh, fen, peat land, or water that include permanent or temporary areas with static or flowing water that is fresh, brackish, or marine.
	www.aaas.org /international/ehn/waterpop/gloss.htm (707 words)

	Integrated Framework for the Ramsar Convention's water-related guidance
		This means that the water requirements of wetlands, whether these requirements are to be met from surface runoff or groundwater, must be taken into account in any plan for abstraction of water from a river basin or discharge of water or waste into a river basin.
		Water in aquatic, marine and subterranean ecosystems appears in its liquid form, where it is usually termed "blue water" - this includes water held in aquifers, or in the saturated zone of the soil horizon.
		Water as ice tends to be common to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and when held in glaciers and ice sheets forms a kind of bridge between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
	www.ramsar.org /key_guide_framework_water_e.htm (6081 words)

	Guidelines on groundwater management
		Water resources (both surface water and groundwater) and wetlands must thus be managed in an integrated manner to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem and the water it provides.
		Upward flow of water from the aquifer to the wetland is termed groundwater discharge and downward from the wetland to the aquifer is called groundwater recharge (Figure 4).
		Sufficient water should be allocated for surface or subterranean wetlands which are dependent on the aquifer, in order to maintain desired ecological character, although this may require a trade-off with abstraction being permitted for industrial, domestic or agricultural purposes.
	www.ramsar.org /key_guide_groundwater_e.htm (10624 words)

	ILAM - response to Managing Water Abstraction – Towards a Shared Strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Water is an important part of the natural resources that provides many opportunities for leisure and cultural experiences.
		The development of new facilities to store water cannot always address many of the issues surrounding the provision of water but should be contemplated as part of longer-term solutions to avoid excessive abstraction.
		This concerns ILAM particularly in the case of canals where a complicated relationship exists with water supply for navigation, involving storage reservoirs, and river abstraction and where canals and rivers interlink across catchments the relationship again is complicated.
	www.ilam.co.uk /pol-00-14.asp (1166 words)

	Defra, UK - Environmental Protection - Water - Water Resources
		Within the abstractions context, such rebates may relate to the return of water to the river system or, indeed to a river system which is under greater stress than the original source.
		Although this may be the optimal outcome in terms of maximising the economic value of water use, it may not be a desirable outcome in terms of the subsequent impacts on particular groups within society or at a regional level.
		Water trading on the Orange River, South Africa, is an example of water moving from areas where irrigation would produce, at best, low value crops to farms producing high value table grapes.
	www.defra.gov.uk /environment/water/resources/econinst/03.htm (13524 words)

	EUROPA - Environment - Environment DG - Water quality in the EU - Water Framework Directive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Early European water legislation began, in a "first wave", with standards for those of our rivers and lakes used for drinking water abstraction in 1975, and culminated in 1980 in setting binding quality targets for our drinking water.
		In contrast, ecological protection should apply to all waters: the central requirement of the Treaty is that the environment be protected to a high level in its entirety.
		Key examples are the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and the Nitrates Directive, which together tackle the problem of eutrophication (as well as health effects such as microbial pollution in bathing water areas and nitrates in drinking water); and the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, which deals with chemical pollution.
	ec.europa.eu /environment/water/water-framework/overview.html (2885 words)

	WB+AD Morgan \| Water abstraction licence
		As of April 2005, abstractions of less than 20m3/day do not require licensing by the Environment Agency, and furthermore there is no requirement to register a supply of less than 20m3/day with the Agency; this is entirely voluntary.
		Water for drinking, ability to drill, finding water in remote locations, well creation, prospecting and maintenance, borehole drilling, located in Powys, UK, for all your bore hole needs, such as private water supply.
		Water drilling services for commercial and industry; spring and mineral water bottling; agricultural; and domestic residential - our construction methods meet the highest standards of environmental care.
	www.wbadmorgan.co.uk /info_waterabs.htm (861 words)

	National Farmers' Union - Time limiting arrangements for water abstraction licensing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The NFU places water management at the forefront of an environmental agenda for agriculture and horticulture that is growing in both scope and importance.
		For example, during periods of reduced water, the allocation of resources must remain equitable; agricultural abstractors must not be disadvantaged for the purposes of maintaining the supply of water for environmental protection or water company requirements.
		Capital value awarded to water rights has long been incorporated into both land values and the infrastructure of the farm; time limited licences are worth nothing on their expiry date.
	www.nfuonline.com /x3440.xml (2061 words)

	AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Currently, groundwater abstraction from private farms corresponds to 47 percent of the total abstraction and is the main sector of water use, but it almost completely lacks a water resources monitoring system.
		Important water abstraction, either for local agricultural projects or for water transport to the coast, will cause a significant water level decline in the aquifer, due to the non-renewable character of the water sources.
		The planned use of transport water for irrigation along the coast of Sirt where brackish aquifers exist at a shallow depth may also result in waterlogging and salinity problems if appropriate irrigation and drainage techniques are not applied.
	www.fao.org /ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/countries/libya/index.stm (3267 words)

	South Staffordshire Water - Environmental Improvements
		However, because of the way in which water levels in aquifers react the full benefit of this reduction may not be seem until 2017.
		Unfortunately, over recent years, water levels in the brook have receded, prompting investigative research by the Environment Agency under the National Environment Programme: a list of sites requiring remedial action to be taken by water companies to mitigate the impacts of their operations.
		It is dependant on a constant water supply from the brook to maintain the wet soil conditions that range from permanently moist to usually waterlogged.
	www.south-staffs-water.co.uk /environment/conservation.asp (1653 words)

	Water Abstraction & Use - Removal or Diversion of Water from any Source
		Water abstraction is the removal or diversion of water from any sources, either permanently or temporarily, including groundwater (e.g.
		Abstractions may be a one-off, intermittent, seasonal or continuous.
		Under the Environmental Impact Assessment (Water Management) (Scotland) Regulations 2003, water abstraction, drainage and other agricultural water management projects likely to have significant environmental effects are considered to be “development” and therefore come under planning control.
	www.morclean.co.uk /content.php?categoryId=684 (1474 words)

	The UN World Water Development Report \| Facts and Figures \| Protecting ecosystems
		Increases water abstraction and acquisition of cultivated land through wetland drainage.
		Pollution of water bodies alters chemistry and ecology of rivers, lakes and wetlands.
		40% of water bodies assessed in 1998 in the United States were not deemed fit for World distribution of hydropower recreational use due to nutrient, metal and agricultural pollution.
	www.unesco.org /water/wwap/facts_figures/protecting_ecosystems.shtml (559 words)

	Water Abstraction, Purification, Dams, Reservoirs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Design and construction supervision of a raw water pump station with capacity of 175 l/s at manometric pressure of 550 kPa.
		Rural water supply project sourced from boreholes comprising, borehole equipping, bulk distribution, storage reservoirs and rudimentary reticulation at various localities.
		The Ximba Water Supply Scheme supplies water drawn from Umgeni Water's bulk supply system to some 30 000 people living in the Valley of a Thousand Hills in typically scattered rural settlement pattern.
	www.evn.co.za /bulk_water_1.htm (569 words)

	Water Abstraction Talks Continue - NFUS
		NFU Scotland’s campaign to bring common sense to the proposed charges for water abstraction stepped up a gear this week with separate meetings involving officials from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and MSPs.
		The EU Directive behind all this was primarily designed to tackle the problems associated with large water use in areas where water is not in plentiful supply.
		But we can do that with a risk assessment based charging system that recognises that there is no real water supply problem in most of the country and it would be in no-one’s interest to see a reduction in the production of potatoes and vegetables.
	www.tumpline.com /stackyard/news/2005/12/NFUS/07_water_abstraction.html (490 words)

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