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	Aquaporins
		Water crosses cell membranes by two routes: by diffusion through the lipid bilayer and through water channels called aquaporins.
		Functional characterization of the first aquaporin was reported in 1992, but water channels were suspected to exist well before that time, because the osmotic permeability of some types of epithelial cells was much too large to be accounted for by simple diffusion through the plasma membrane.
		Considering the importance of water transport in a myriad of physiologic processes, it is to be expected that lesions in aquaporin genes or acquired dysfunction in aquaporins may cause or contribute to several disease states.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/molecules/aquaporins.html (814 words)

	Water channels - Aquaporin proteins
		Having determined both its peptide sequence and the corresponding DNA sequence, he speculated that this might be the protein of the so-called cellular water channel.
		When the cells were placed in a water solution, those that had the protein in their membranes absorbed water by osmosis and swelled up while those that lacked the protein were not affected at all.
		Water molecules worm their way through the narrow channel by orienting themselves in the local electrical field formed by the atoms of the channel wall.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~cmallery/150/memb/water.channels.htm (921 words)

	2002-2003 Highlights: Biosciences and Health: Watergate: Water Channels in Cell Membrane Revealed
		Body temperature, digestion, reproduction, fluid pressure in the eye, and water conservation in the kidney are only a few of the many processes in human beings that depend on the proper functioning of these cellular water channels.
		One of the basic members of the family of cell-membrane water channels is a protein called aquaporin 1 (AQP1).
		Molecules attempting to enter the channel are chemically bound to water molecules, which are stripped away as the pore narrows; charged species are therefore left with net electrical charge.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Research-Review/Highlights/2002/stories/biosciences/watergate.html (759 words)

	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003 - Information for the Public
		It was suspected that the oxygen atoms in the protein played an important role as “substitutes” for the water molecules with which the potassium ion surrounds itself in the water solution and from which it must free itself during entry to the channel.
		The ability of the channel to strip the potassium ion of its water and allow it to pass at no cost in energy is a kind of selective catalysed ion transport.
		Outside the cell membrane the ions are bound to water molecules with certain distances to the oxygen atoms of the water.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/public.html (2378 words)

	Chapter 2 - Soil and water management techniques
		Glacial water in cold deserts of Himachal Pradesh which forms the prime source of sustaining life in the region is brought to the field by making Kuhls (Water Channels).
		In dry temperate zone, kuhls (wooden water channels) are generally made by making notches at the natural water sources and the water is diverted to the fields for irrigation to different terraces, using the natural gravitational flow of water (Fig.
		The practice of using pitcher water as a source of irrigation on new fruit plantation in sandy loam/loamy sand soils, in areas of canty rainfall is prevalent in temperate districts of Himachal Pradesh.
	www.fao.org /docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm (6508 words)

	Structure, Dynamics, and Function of Aquaporins
		Water molecules passing the channel are forced, by the protein's electrostatic forces, to flip at the center of the channel (see the animation), thereby breaking the alternative donor-acceptor arrangement that is necessary for proton translocation (read the complete story in our Science paper).
		Analysis of hydrogen bond interactions of the substrate with the interior of the channel also explained for the first time why these channels incorporate in their architecture two characteristic loops, including energetically unfavorable secondary structure elements, which are conserved in the whole aquaporin family (Jensen et al., Structure, 2001).
		In order to directly compare the results of MD simulations with biochemical measurements of the conductivity of membrane water channels, in which osmotic pressure gradients are used to induce the flow of water across the membrane, we developed a new methodology for MD simulations.
	www.ks.uiuc.edu /Research/aquaporins (1783 words)

	Water Harvesting Systems : Traditional Systems
		The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert and convey water to the plot site where it is distributed without leakage into branches, again made and laid out with different forms of bamboo pipes.
		The last channel section enables the water to be dropped near the roots of the plant.
		Water is allowed to flow from one field to another until all the field are irrigated.
	www.rainwaterharvesting.org /Rural/Traditional3.htm (2464 words)

	Space Today Onlne - What We Know About Mars - Water
		The Water Channels of Mars In the year 2000, NASA displayed new photographs that suggested there may be present-day sources of liquid water on Mars.
		Water channels suggest a time in Mars history when the atmosphere was much thicker.
		There is evidence the water which carved the channels is locked in polar ice caps buried under the two large carbon dioxide frost caps.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Mars/MarsThePlanet/MarsWater.html (1089 words)

	Mars Channels and Valleys
		Note that the outflow channels occur mainly in the young surfaces in the northern lowlands (from the Amazonian period of martian history), while the valley networks occur throughout the older heavily-cratered terrains of the Noachian and Hesperian periods.
		For example, the Channeled Scabland of Washington State was formed by the breakout of water from the Pleistocene Lake Missoula, and this area resembles the martian outflow channels in many respects.
		Whether that water was present early in the history of Mars and was lost to space over eons, or is still present in great underground deposits of ice and groundwater, is a question whose answer must be left for the future exploration of Mars.
	www.msss.com /http/ps/channels/channels.html (1247 words)

	American Scientist Online - Watching Water Channels
		Water molecules are shown always using a stick representation (representing the only two chemical bonds in their structure) in light blue.
		In the membrane region, sandwiched between the two water layers, we see two major components: in the middle an array of four identical proteins (a tetramer) and on the left and right lipid molecules forming the so-called lipid bilayer structure embedding our protein.
		Inside the channel, however, water molecules are forced to form a single file.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/37229;_2WZQL2_Buw (653 words)

	Tether for Water Channels Found: May Impact Research on Brain Swelling
		Without Syntrophin, the water channels are everywhere on the brain cells except where they are supposed to be, the scientists found.
		Normally located in specialized brain cells called astrocytes, the water channel is clearly involved with starting down the slippery slope toward brain swelling, says Agre.
		Co-authors on the report are Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam and Ole Petter Ottersen of the University of Oslo; and Stanley Froehner and Marvin Adams of the University of Washington, Seattle.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /press/2001/NOVEMBER/011119A.htm (789 words)

	Passing water: about aquaporin
		Virtually all of the outfits flogging wonky wellness waters purporting to be "clustered", "unclustered", or otherwise altered in structure claim that one benefit of their product is to promote "cellular hydration" by allowing water to more easily pass through cell walls.
		Water transport across cell walls is mediated by "water channels" through which plain, ordinary water molecules pass in single file (that is, un clustered) at a rate of around a billion per second.
		Peter Agre of Johns Hopkins University was a co-winnter of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his 1991 discovery of the aquaporin water channel.
	www.chem1.com /CQ/aquaporin.html (336 words)

	Implementation: Benchmarks: Water on Mars - Water Channels
		Most of this evidence is in the form of dry channels in the ground that were formed by running water.
		Water existed on the surface of Mars several billion years ago, when the atmosphere of the planet was thicker and the temperature was warmer
		The melting water cascaded to lower elevations in huge flash floods, carving outflow channels as it went.
	www.edb.utexas.edu /missiontomars/bench/wc.html (248 words)

	Landscape Network \| Landscape Design Ideas - Water Features: Ponds, Fountains & Waterfalls
		Water features can be small, off-the-shelf elements, or custom-engineered designs that wind throughout an entire yard.
		Water features bring sound and movement into your landscape spaces, letting you escape to a more tranquil and cooler feeling environment.
		Water lilies and other aquatic plants should be planted as soon as your pond is filled.
	www.landscapenetwork.com /topics/water.shtml (1851 words)

	Structure and function of aquaporin water channels -- Verkman and Mitra 278 (1): 13 -- AJP - Renal Physiology
		of the single-channel water permeability and the aquaporin membrane
		Reconstitution of water channel function of aquaporins 1 and 2 by expression in yeast secretory vesicles.
		Water channels encoded by mutant aquaporin-2 genes in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are impaired in their cellular routing.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/1/F13 (6968 words)

	- Water from all over the World
		Water is the most important liquid in the world.
		Without water, there would be no life, at least not the way we know it.
		Only about 1% is soft water from lakes, rives and underground sources, but even from that tiny amount an increasing part is unsafe for human consumption.
	www.mineralwaters.org (333 words)

	Water - Use It Wisely \| Technologies
		Irrigation system that reduces wasted water from evaporation, overspray and water run-off by watering turf from the surface in a bottom-up model rather than the typical sprinkler/top-down model.
		Outdoor water tools like hose nozzles and water sprays with meters attached directly to the tool so you know exactly how much water your spraying on your rose bush or on your car for its weekly washing.
		Waterless urinals that use liquid sealant, lighter than water and uses gravity to wash urine over the trap and down the drain rather than gallons of water.
	www.wateruseitwisely.com /newTech (678 words)

	water channels
		During the 1970s it was shown that the ion channels were able to admit only certain ions because they were equipped with some kind of ”ion filter”.
		The ability of the channel to strip the potassium ion of its water and allow it to pass at no cost in energy is a kind of selective catalyzed ion transport.
		OUTSIDE THE ION FILTER (A) Outside the cell membrane the ions are bound to water molecules with certain distances to the oxygen atoms of the water.
	sps.k12.ar.us /massengale/water_channels.htm (2369 words)

	Aquaporin water channels - from atomic structure to clinical medicine -- Agre et al. 542 (1): 3 -- The Journal of ...
		The water permeability of biological membranes has been a longstanding problem in physiology, but the proteins responsible for this remained unknown until discovery of the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) water channel protein.
		Aquaporin water channels are found in a subset of epithelia with a 10- to 100-fold higher capacity for water permeation.
		Real-time molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that rotation of water occurs during passage past the juxtaposed Asn-76 and Asn-192 of the NPA motifs (de Groot and Grubmuller, 2001).
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/542/1/3 (8955 words)

	The importance of aquaporin water channel protein structures -- Engel et al. 19 (5): 800 -- The EMBO Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Surface topographies of water channel proteins are distinctly different, reflecting the differences in their sequences that are found mainly in the helix-connecting loops.
		Heymann, J. and Engel, A. Aquaporins: phylogeny, structure and physiology of water channels.
		Absence of aquaporin-4 water channels from kidneys of the desert rodent Dipodomys merriami merriami
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/19/5/800 (4850 words)

	Bus Company Storm Water Info
		The aim of this program is to control storm water runoff discharges from MTA Bus Company facilities to the waters of the United States in accordance with the requirements of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Phase II storm water regulations under the Clean Water Act.
		The aim of the Clean Water Act, the federal Phase II storm water regulations and the program proposed in the MTA Bus Company's SWMP is to reduce to the "maximum extent practicable" pollutants in storm water discharges.
		The USEPA's 1996 National Water Quality Inventory reported that urban runoff was a leading cause of water quality problems in the country, causing impairment in 469 of the nations estuaries; 21 percent of the lakes, ponds and reservoirs; and 13 percent of the rivers and streams.
	mta.info /busco/stormwater.htm (795 words)

	MTA B&T Water Advisory
		The aim of this program is to control storm water runoff discharges from a number of facilities to the waters of the United States in accordance with the requirements of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Phase II storm water regulations promulgated under the federal Clean Water Act.
		The aim of the Clean Water Act, the federal Phase II storm water regulations and the program proposed in the MTA Bridges and Tunnels’ SWMP is to reduce to the “maximum extent practicable” pollutants in storm water discharges.
		The EPA’s 1996 National Water Quality Inventory reported that urban runoff was a leading cause of water quality problems in the country, causing impairment in 469 of the nations estuaries; 21 percent of the lakes, ponds and reservoirs; and 13 percent of the rivers and streams.
	mta.info /bandt/traffic/water.htm (834 words)

	Permeability and Channel-Mediated Transport of Boric Acid across Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Squash Roots -- Dordas ...
		Nakhoul NL, Davis BA, Romero MF, Boron WF (1998) Effect of expressing the water channel aquaporin-1 on the CO permeability of Xenopus oocytes.
		Niemietz CM, Tyeman SD (1997) Characterization of water channels in wheat rust membrane vesicles.
		Verkman AS, Dix JA, Seifter JL (1985) Water and urea transport in renal microvillus membrane vesicles.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/124/3/1349 (7035 words)

	Localization of MIWC and GLIP water channel homologs in neuromuscular, epithelial and glandular tissues -- Frigeri et ...
		Localization of MIWC and GLIP water channel homologs in neuromuscular, epithelial and glandular tissues -- Frigeri et al.
		Water permeability of aquaporin-4 is decreased by protein kinase C and dopamine
		Water and Glycerol Permeabilities of Aquaporins 1-5 and MIP Determined Quantitatively by Expression of Epitope-tagged Constructs in Xenopus Oocytes
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/108/9/2993 (2076 words)

	Aquaporin Water Channels in Kidney -- AGRE 11 (4): 764 -- Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
		The problems of water and salt excretion appear to be extremely complex, and especially liable to this danger.
		water permeability in diverse tissues and organisms ( 8, 15).
		Nagelhus EA, Veruki ML, Torp R: Aquaporin-4 water channel protein in the rat retina and optic nerve: Polarized expression in Muller cells and fibrous astrocytes.
	www.jasn.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/764 (7465 words)

	Inhibition of Water Channels by HgCl2 in Intact Wheat Root Cells -- Zhang and Tyerman 120 (3): 849 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		unity is an indication of the involvement of water channels in
		Hertel A, Steudle E (1997) The function of water channels in Chara : the temperature dependence of water and solute flows provides evidence for composite membrane transport and for a slippage of small organic solutes across water channels.
		Niemietz C, Tyerman SD (1997) Characterization of water channels in wheat root membrane vesicles.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/120/3/849 (4321 words)

	Water Online: Digital Marketplace for the water, wastewater, and stormwater industries
		Water Online is the leading industry online sourcing service and bi-weekly e-newsletter, focused on the industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, drinking water purification, stormwater management, valve, pipe and flow control markets.
		The Schneider Electric Water Wastewater Competency Center can be relied on to deliver comprehensive electrical distribution, automation and control solutions that make a real difference in your operation.
		From municipal water treatment plants to industrial cooling ponds, corrosion is at work — weakening steel in clarifiers, damaging distribution piping, and causing leaks in potable water storage tanks.
	www.wateronline.com (1142 words)

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