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Topic: Water column

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	Learn more about Water in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Water chilled at the surface becomes denser and sinks, forming convection currents that cool the whole water body, but when the temperature of the lake water reaches 4°C, water on the surface, as it chills further, becomes less dense, and stays as a surface layer which eventually forms ice.
		In areas where the water is "hard", (containing disolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ion, resulting in some (but not all) of the dissolved calcium being precipitated in the form of calcium carbonate.
		Water is one of the four classical elements along with fire, earth and air, and was regarded as the ylem, or basic stuff of the universe.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /w/wa/water.html (1976 words)

	Capillary action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Surface tension pulls the liquid column up until there is a sufficient weight of liquid for gravitational forces to overcome the intermolecular forces.
		The weight of the liquid column is proportional to the square of the tube's diameter, but the contact area between the liquid and the tube is proportional only to the diameter of the tube, so a narrow tube will draw a liquid column higher than a wide tube.
		A plant makes use of capillary action to draw liquid water into its system, although larger plants require transpiration to move a sufficient quantity of water to where it is required.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capillary_action (345 words)

	In-Situ Measurements of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Water Column off the Palos Verdes Peninsula, California \| ...
		Repeated sampling of water column particles and dissolved organics was conducted once in the winter period (Station 6C at the 1-m depth) and twice in the summer period (Stations 0C and 6C at the 1-m depth).
		The water column concentrations obtained from the present study exceed these limits at all of the sampling locations (the difference in PCB congener-specific measurement and Aroclor-based quantitation methods is not significant enough to reverse this conclusion).
		Our present investigation indicates that the water column DDT and PCB concentrations at the 1-m depth from the sea floor exhibited a similar pattern, i.e., the highest concentration was centered around Stations 6C and 7C (Tables 1 and 2).
	www.sccwrp.org /pubs/annrpt/97/ar04.htm (5251 words)

	Determination of water vapour column using IRS-P3 MOS data
		Atmospheric water vapour is given in centimeter precipitable water which is the height of the liquid water column that would emerge when condensing all water vapour in the zenith direction on to one unit area.
		The water vapour path is the amount of the gas, which is penetrated by the radiation on its sun surface-sensor path.
		Due to the very low reflectance of water in the spectral region of MOS bands 11 (868 nm), 12 (942 nm) and 13 (1011 nm), the signal received over water surfaces mainly consists of path radiance; therefore the estimate of water vapour column cannot be made.
	www.iisc.ernet.in /~currsci/oct25/articles12.htm (1638 words)

	Temperature Variations in the Water Column of Point Loma
		When the water column is density stratified, as it is throughout most of the year, similar vertical motions occur below the sea surface where surfaces of constant density (isopycnal) or constant temperature (isothermal) rise and fall.
		The density gradient of the water column bounds the frequencies of oscillation (Brunt-Väisälä frequency) of internal waves at the high frequency end of the spectrum (periods as short as minutes in strong stratification), and the inverse of the inertial period (ca.
		Water depth was 68.3 m; the lowermost thermistor was at 66.8 m and the uppermost thermistor was at 18.3 m.
	www.sccwrp.org /pubs/annrpt/92-93/ar-06.htm (3660 words)

	Understanding Diversions:The Water Column
		A water column illustrates a top-to-bottom cross section of a body of water, plus its sediment particles - something like a rock core sample for water.
		In a sediment diversion, sediment and water are both diverted from lower parts of the water column.
		This area of the water column is typically free of larger sediment particles.
	www.lacoast.gov /watermarks/1998c-fall/3understanding (421 words)

	MacKenzie & Adamson-Water column stratification in Tasman Bay
		Water column stratification and the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton biomass in Tasman Bay, New Zealand: implications for aquaculture
		The water column throughout the bay was usually strongly stratified.
		This is a common feature of the structure of the water column of Tasman Bay that coincides with the depth range within which scallop growth and survival is highest and mussel nutrition and spat catching is probably optimal.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjmfr/2004/059.php (447 words)

	How trees hoist water
		The hollow, short, thin cells are stacked intricately to form an incredibly tall column, extending from the roots through the branches and stems to the leaves.
		The cells are dead wood that function as pipes with pitted openings along the sides of the pipe for water to pass between adjacent cells.
		A water molecule evaporates from a leaf and pulls on the molecules around it as it departs.
	www.wonderquest.com /Redwood.htm (515 words)

	IN THE WATER COLUMN
		As the water runs through red cedar, spruce and hemlock remains, toxic chemical compounds – known as wood waste leachate – seep from the wood debris and move into the water flow.
		Runoff is generated when a large volume of water is applied to a surface – whether rainfall or for dust control – and sweeps across the surface, collecting anything solid or soluble along the way.
		I could see suspended particles in the sample water, though the tests were showing dissolved material.” van Poppelen explains that the wood debris particles carry a negative charge, keeping a distance from each other, and they always remain suspended in the water column.
	www.spruceroots.org /Feb.02/Water.html (2554 words)

	VACETS Technical Column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The height of the water column is proportional to the difference of the atmospheric pressure (1 ATM) and the pressure that you create.
		So if your water pump can create a pressure of 10 ATM then the difference between the pressure of the pump and the atmosphere is 9 ATM which then can push the water up a height of 90 m.
		Given the extremely strong cohesion between water molecules, the molecules that leave the top of the water column during the act of evaporation pull the entire column of water upward slightly to take their place.
	www.vacets.org /tc/tc44.html (1338 words)

	Clark Reliance Water Column
		All Clark-Reliance water columns and components are designed and manufactured in total compliance with ASME Boiler Code provisions.
		Of special importance, all steel water columns are welded according to specific ASME code provisions and procedures.
		Water columns and components such as gages and valves are hydrostatically tested to 150% of design pressure.
	www.nciweb.net /floatandprobe.htm (385 words)

	GCM December 1997 - The Water Course - Why a water column?
		The focus of this column is twofold: How to manage water resources to provide maximum benefit to the golf course and how to manage golf operations to maximize protection of water resources.
		The water issues that have challenged the golf industry are going to be with us for years.
		The aim of the column is simple: To make you and your colleagues better at what you do.
	www.gcsaa.org /gcm/1997/dec97/12water.html (525 words)

	Arctic Ocean biodiversity: Water Column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Waters of the continental shelves have now been studied in variable taxonomic detail in the Barents, Kara, Laptev and Chukchi/Beaufort Seas, while the East Siberian Sea, and Canadian Archipelago through northern Greenland have been particularly understudied.
		One factor that complicates understanding diversity of the Arctic is the inflow of waters from the adjoining oceans that carry their fauna into the Arctic Ocean.
		For many of these imported species the water is simply too cold for them to be able to grow and reproduce, but they can be present in high numbers compared to the truly Arctic species.
	www.sfos.uaf.edu /research/arcdiv/watercolumn (708 words)

	winogradsky column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The rest of the tube is filled with water from the lake or river, and the tube is capped and placed near a window with supplementary strip lights.
		Most of the water column above the photosynthetic bacteria is coloured bright red by a large population of purple non-sulphur bacteria.
		The Winogradsky column is also a classic demonstration of how microorganisms occupy highly specific microsites according to their environmental tolerances and their carbon and energy requirements.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/winograd.htm (1460 words)

	Timber Press: Monthly newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Water plants are most commonly classified by their position in the landscape.
		They are also called oxygenators for their ability to add oxygen to the water column during daylight hours.
		MARGINAL WATER PLANTS: At the edge of the pond are the "marginals." These plants grow with their roots in the soil but with most of their foliage above the soil and out of the water.
	www.timberpress.com /newsletter/archives/2004_05.cfm (1486 words)

	Sourcebook: Water Budget
		The indoor and outdoor water budgets are the calculated amount of water a household will require based on the size of the family, number and types of fixtures, and landscape needs.
		The goal of the water budget is to show the homeowner how much water is used in the house.
		Multiply the second column times the third column then times the fourth column (this is the number of persons in the household).
	www.greenbuilder.com /sourcebook/WaterBudget.html (931 words)

	Water column correction techniques
		is largely caused by inorganic and organic particulate matter and increases with the suspended sediment load (turbidity) of the water.
		Most clear coastal waters were classified as Type II because attenuation tends to be greater than that for oceanic waters of low productivity.
		Water column correction was found to be essential for relating digital image data to seagrass standing crop (see Chapter 16).
	www.unesco.org /csi/pub/source/rs10.htm (3214 words)

	Water Column Methods
		Rn samples were collected by transferring water from the CTD rosette into a 6 L bottle that was immediately sealed to prevent gas loss.
		Rn samples were collected by weighing a specific section of the core and transferring it into a 6 L bottle that was pre-filled with 6 L of radon-free water and analyzed as described above.
		H samples were collected from the CTD rosette using the same methodology described in the groundwater methods section and analyzed at the UM Noble Gas laboratory.
	core.ecu.edu /geology/corbettd/GoM_WC_methods.htm (400 words)

	Water Column Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		We sampled the water column at 1-meter intervals in January 1998, prior to collecting a sediment core using a percussion coring device.
		Subsequent profiles of the water column demonstrated that our coring activities did not disturb the bottom waters in any measurable way.
		Greta Zornes sampling the water column at 1-meter intervals.
	www.cet.nau.edu /~pg37/Water_Column.htm (328 words)

	Soil, Sediment, and Water Column Toxicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		we also have the ability to utilize sea water that has been derived from synthetic sea salt mixtures.
		The lab also maintains a supply of EPA moderately hard Reconstituted Water for culture and testing.
		Water Flow -- test water can be replaced on a status renewal basis or under flow-through conditions.
	www.aquasurvey.com /Services/soil-sediment-toxicity.html (684 words)

	The Planted Tank Forum - root feeders or water column??
		Plants do not "Prefer" root uptake over water column uptake, it is simply a function of their variable environment which tends to have low nutrient levels in the water column overall.
		Here's another opinion, and it kind of build's on Buck's observations while keeping in line with Tom's: I think the benefit of substrate fertilization is the ability to keep nutrients localized and at a relatively constant level through sustained time-release in the vicinity of plants that benefit from consistent levels of nutrients.
		While they're equally efficient at extracting nutrients from the water column and from the substrate, they seem to benefit tremendously from having their 'own' exclusive access to high nutrient concentrations at the roots.
	www.plantedtank.net /forums/showthread.php?t=5657 (679 words)

	OK Lifestyles Limited Water Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Stainless Steel Water Cube is available with a satin or mirror-polished finish. The vibrant fountain is magically illuminated by a spot-light which casts rippling patterns on to surrounding walls.
		The floor-standing water column is made from opalescent perspex. Lighting illuminates the design, and casts rippling patterns on walls and ceilings. Various colour filter panels can be used within the piece to create particular moods. A soothing and vibrant accompaniment for those long winter nights.
		The floor-standing water column is made from frosted glacier green perspex. Lighting illuminates the design, and casts rippling patterns on the walls and ceiling. A soothing, vibrant accompaniment for those long winter nights.
	www.ok50.com /acatalog/copy_of_Water_Features.html (923 words)

	Water Column
		The Water Column Fountain features an elegant, streamlined design and pure natural copper.
		The unadorned copper surface creates a stunning blank canvas for shimmering sheets of water, showcasing the reflective qualities and creating a unique and beautiful visual effect.
		Water streams from the top of the column, down into the basin below.
	www.kineticfountains.com /water-column-fountain.asp (175 words)

	Deep-sea: Water Column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		They hide in the twilight waters, with eyes looking up and a mouth set so that they can strike from below in the water column, then sink back to the area of twilight.
		Fish are the main inhabitant of the deep-sea water column.
		By living in the cold deep-sea these species may not need as much food as their surface counterparts because they may drop their metabolism to low levels in the cold depths of about 800 meters or so.
	www.biosbcc.net /ocean/marinesci/04benthon/dswater.htm (477 words)

	Bahamas water column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The change in 232Th/230Th and (231Pa/230Th) on the Bank Tops is explained by almost quantitative removal of Th and Pa by scavenging, and their replacement with a mixture of 230Th and 231Pa alpha-recoiled from the underlying carbonates, together with 232Th from dust dissolution.
		A distinct minimum in both 232Th/230Th (~13,000) and (231Pa/230Th) (~0.5) is observed at ~430m and is interpreted to reflect density cascading of bank-top water with entrained carbonate sediment.
		Uranium concentration measurements on the same waters demonstrate that U is conservative across a range in salinity of 2 psu, with a concentration of 3.33ppb (at a salinity of 35).
	www.earth.ox.ac.uk /~gideonh/publications/ThPawater.html (369 words)

	Marine Water Column Ambient Monitoring Program 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Marine Water Column Monitoring Program was initiated in 1967 to monitor ambient water quality in Puget Sound, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Bay.
		The stratification characteristics of the water column were classified as persistent, seasonal, episodic, and weak.
		The seasonal cycle of increased chlorophyll a (chl a), decreased nutrients, and reduced euphotic zone depth was clearly seen for many of the stations in Puget Sound.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /biblio/94210.html (542 words)

	Water Towers, Draft Arms and Faucets
		Column is made of cast bronze with heavy chrome plate.
		Water Draft Arm: Item Number 1754 is $317.70 each.
		Column is made of a mirror finish 2" stainless steel column with a removable head for easy access to the interior S/S tubing.
	kegman.net /water.html (1059 words)

	HBOI \| Marine Science \| Water Column Ecology
		Physical exchange of water is restricted primarily to the layer above the sill depth, and consequently, the animal communities that live in deep fjord basins tend to remain undisturbed by advective forces for prolonged periods.
		The contribution of microorganisms to particulate carbon and nitrogen in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda.
		Youngbluth, M.J. The vertical distribution and diel migration of euphausiids in the central waters of the Eastern South Pacific.
	www.hboi.edu /marinesci/water_column.html (2766 words)

	CEEonline \| The Center for Environmental Education Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Oceanographers often refer to tsunamis as seismic sea waves, as they are usually the result of a sudden rise or fall of a section of the earth's crust under or near the ocean.
		Scientists are able to calculate arrival times of tsunamis in different parts of the world based on their knowledge of when the event that generated them occurred, water depths, and distances.
		Tucked away in the state’s remote northeast corner, this 19.6-million-acre wildlife sanctuary is an awe-inspiring natural wonder: A sweeping expanse of tundra studded with marshes and lagoons and laced with rivers dramatically situated between the rugged foothills of the Brooks Range and the wide, icy waters of the Beaufort Sea.
	www.ceeonline.org /hottopic (2175 words)

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