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Topic: Water hazard

	The rules of Golf - Bunkers, Water Hazards, Lateral Water Hazards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The term 'recognised water hazard' was first used in 1899 by the USGA and by the RandA in 1908.
		1902 in water in a hazard, or in casual water in a hazard, a ball may be dropped in or behind the hazard, under penalty of one stroke.
		The 1952 definition of a lateral water hazard was that it ran approximately parallel to line of play, and that for a ball dropped with two club lengths of the point of entry, it is not possible to keep the hazard between the ball and the hole.
	www.gmcarts.com /rules/hazards.html (1022 words)

	Three Solutions for Water Pollution
		Since the 1970's, the detention, retention and water hazard pond market has expanded out of necessity because of overdevelopment of rural and urban areas, but overall, this is a niche that is not as explored as it should be.
		However, once water is accumulated and "unloaded" of excesses, generally detention ponds will pass the additional water to another waterway and retention/water hazard ponds will rid this water by transferring it back into the environment via evaporation, seepage into the ground or through irrigation.
		Water hazard ponds also act as retention ponds but are most often located on golf courses to create obstacles for golfers or to enhance the landscape.
	www.otterbine.com /default.aspx?pageid=84 (1485 words)

	SimplexGrinnell - Fire
		Special hazards, such as transformers and various pieces of oil handling equipment within electrical generation plants, can be protected by cooling and if the equipment is located in a contained (dike) area with adequate drainage and any liquids involved have a flash point of 200 deg.
		When water spray is used to maintain a protective film over the surface of a tank containing a liquid or compressed flammable gas, heat will flow from the warmer tank to the water film and the tank temperature will tend to reduce to that of the water.
		By applying water in the form of spray to the outer surface of a container of liquefied gas, the cooling effects of evaporation and conduction prevent the buildup of dangerous pressures within the tank.
	www.simplexgrinnell.com /fire/hazards/water.jsp (2043 words)

	New Page 1
		It matters not that the ball is high and dry or that there is no water to be seen anywhere, if the area is defined as a water hazard then RULE 26 applies and as far as the rules of golf are concerned it is in water.
		Well the margins of a water hazard extend vertically upward; therefore even if it is high and dry the rules say that it is in the hazard.
		A common misconception arises when the water hazard lies on the other side of the putting green, and is the belief that we are allowed to drop a ball on the side of the hazard that the ball last entered the water.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /donlilley/waterhazards.htm (1156 words)

	rules
		You may play the ball as it lies or, under penalty of one stroke, drop any distance behind the water hazard keeping the point at which the original ball last crossed the margin of the water hazard directly between the hole and the spot on which the ball is dropped, or replay the shot.
		In a lateral water hazard, you may also, under penalty of one stroke, drop within two club-lengths of (a) the point where the ball last crossed the hazard margin or (b) a point on the opposite hazard margin equidistant from the hole.
		A "lateral water hazard" is a water hazard or that part of a water hazard so situated that it is not possible or is deemed by the Committee to be impracticable to drop a ball behind the water hazard in accordance with Rule 26-1b.
	www.stanford.edu /~jimiller/rules.html (3535 words)

	Timarron Country Club
		There is a lateral hazard down the right side from the native area by the bridge, to the right of the fairway bunker, and up to the creek that crosses the fairway.
		The creek that crosses the fairway is a water hazard.
		There is a lateral hazard that extends from the ditch at the left side of the green, behind the green, and to the right of the bunkers behind the green.
	www.timarronclub.com /golf/course_marking_manual.htm (1608 words)

	Irrigation Water Quality Criteria
		The amount of water transpired through a crop is directly related to yield; therefore, irrigation water with high EC reduces yield potential (Table 2).
		Nitrogen in irrigation water (N) is largely a fertility issue, and nitrate-nitrogen (NO -N) can be a significant N source in the South Platte, San Luis Valley, and parts of the Arkansas River basins.
		Waters high in N can cause quality problems in crops such as barley and sugar beets and excessive vegetative growth in some vegetables.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /PUBS/crops/00506.html (1424 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Golf 'is water hazard' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The water efficiency figures were released as part of the British Centre for Ecology and Hydrology's Water Poverty Index.
		Water efficiency was classified together with drinking water, water resources, the country's ability to buy water, and the environmental impact of water policies, to produce a complete "water poverty index."
		The index was compiled to "demonstrate that it is not the amount of water resources available that determine poverty levels in a country, but the effectiveness of how you use those resources", explained Caroline Sullivan, leader of the team that compiled it.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2857587.stm (343 words)

	GOLFONLINE - When is a ball considered to be in a water hazard? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		First, lines and stakes defining the margins of water hazards are considered to be in the hazard.
		Third, a ball is in a water hazard when it lies in or any part of it touches the water hazard.
		Since a part of the ball breaks the plane that extends upward from the margin of the hazard, the ball is considered to be touching the water hazard, even though it isn't touching the line.
	www.golfonline.com /golfonline/print/0,18068,469602,00.html (349 words)

	Water Hazard - Valve Developer Community
		Starting at roughly the moment the player acquires the airboat, Water Hazard continues the story of Gordon escaping from City 17 and heading for Black Mesa East.
		Especially dams and water locks should be operated by the Combine, and warehouses should house weaponry, ammunition and vehicles for them.
		Water Hazard starts in early afternoon and ends late in the evening.
	developer.valvesoftware.com /wiki/Water_Hazard (630 words)

	Scigolf Presents Excerpts from the Golf Rules Dictionary
		water on the putting green which was not visible when taking stance but which became visible when approaching the ball.
		the player is entitled to relief when his ball lies in or touches casual water or when it is on the course and interferes with his stance or area of intended swing (or if the ball is on the putting green, his line of putt).
		take relief by identifying and marking the nearest point of relief being the point on the course nearest to where ball lies which avoids interference by the casual water, is not in a hazard or on a putting green and is not nearer the hole then lifting and dropping his ball as follows:
	www.scigolf.com /scigolf/golfrules/casualwater.htm (684 words)

	Untitled Document
		An “abnormal ground condition” is any casual water, ground under repair or hole, cast or runway on the course made by a burrowing animal, a reptile or a bird.
		A “water hazard’’ is any sea, lake, pond, river, ditch, surface drainage ditch or other open water course (whether or not containing water) and anything of a similar nature on the course.
		All ground or water within the margin of a water hazard is part of the water hazard.
	www.usga.org /playing/rules/books/definitions.html (2763 words)

	Lower Your Golf Handicap Blog » Dealing with Water: Know The Rules
		You can drop a ball behind the water hazard, keeping the point at which the ball entered the water’s edge, directly behind the hole and the spot where the ball is dropped.
		A major source of controversy is establishing where the ball last crossed the hazard, not where the ball entered the water, which could be relevant in situations in which where a ball lands on the ground, then rolls back into the water.
		The additional dropping option for a lateral water hazard, however, means that the ball can sometimes be dropped on either side of the hazard, as long as it is within two club lengths of where the ball crossed the edge of the hazard and no closer to the hole.
	www.howtobreak80.com /blog/2006/06/05/dealing-with-water-know-the-rules (863 words)

	EROSION CONTROL \| FEATURE ARTICLE - Water Hazard
		Water Quality Certification (401) is triggered when any federal permit is applied for that involves dredging or filling of wetland.
		One means of preserving water quality, of course, is by preventing erosion and the resulting sediment movement into waterways, streams, and lakes.
		The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of created wetlands in filtering water runoff from commercial, residential, and golf course areas before the runoff enters high-value environmental areas.
	www.forester.net /ecm_0207_golf.html (2330 words)

	Golf Rules and Definitions
		A lateral water hazard is marked by red stakes or a red line, and is a hazard situated so that it is deemed neither practical nor possible to drop a ball behind the water hazard.
		If a ball is lost outside a water hazard or is out of bounds, the player must replay the shot from as close to the original spot as possible, whether it is from the tee, fairway, or rough with a one stroke penalty (this is the stroke and distance penalty).
		When a ball goes beyond the water hazard and then bounces back in to the hazard, the line where the ball may be dropped is the final point of entry.
	www.equifirst.com /golfacademy/golfterminology.aspx (1389 words)

	Water Hazards are defined by both Yellow and Red stakes or lines
		Water Hazards are defined by both Yellow and Red stakes or lines.
		Drop a ball as far behind the hazard as you want, keeping the point where the ball last crossed the hazard line between you and the hole - (one stroke penalty).
		Drop a ball within two club lengths from a point on the opposite margin of the hazard the same distance from the hole as where the ball last crossed the hazard - (one stroke penalty).
	home.comcast.net /~golfreak/Water_Hazards.htm (297 words)

	Water Penalties?
		Keep in mind that the point that it crosses the margin of the water hazard is not where it lands in the water hazard.
		The margin of the water hazard is the point where it crossed the perimeter of the hazard (whether via rolling/bouncing on the ground or into its airspace above it).
		Your tee shot rolls back into the water and relief from the water hazard is on the blue line on the other side of hte pond.
	www.freegolfinfo.com /forums/tm.aspx?m=818304 (821 words)

	3 options for dealing with water hazards
		Under the rules of golf, the definition of a water hazard is any lake, sea, pond, river, ditch or other open water course (whether or not containing water).
		Water hazards (other than lateral water hazards) should be defined by yellow stakes and lines.
		Dropping the ball outside of the water hazard within two club lengths, and not nearer to the hole at the point where the original ball last crossed the margin of the water hazard, is only an option if the hazard is a lateral water hazard, defined by red stakes and lines.
	www.azcentral.com /community/scottsdale/articles/0813sr-teetogreen13Z8.html (314 words)

	Course Handicaps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A lateral water hazard is a water hazard in which it is not possible to follow option b.
		Casual water is that temporary accumulation of water (not in a water hazard though) visible either before or after you take your stance.
		Finally in a hazard, but not a water hazard, you can drop the ball within the hazard closest to where the ball lay before but where the water no longer interferes.
	www.myscorecard.com /splash_water.html (740 words)

	LPGA.com
		Are you entitled to relief if your ball does not lie in a hazard, but a bridge or railroad tie wall that is in a hazard effects your swing, and there is no statement on the card indicating that the bridge/wall is declared an integral part of the course.
		If the ball is found in the water hazard they provisional ball must be abandoned and the player may proceed under Rule 26-1.
		Let's assume the hazard is bordered by yellow stakes, and the ball is in deep water and hence unplayable.
	www.lpga.com /content_1.aspx?pid=6861&mid=8 (1442 words)

	ball in hazard
		Or you may drop outside the hazard using teh point the ball last crossed the margin for relief as if he was necer in the hazard.
		Provided the ball never left the hazard, he has the same options of relief, regardless of whether it is the first, the second or the fifteenth shot played from within the water hazard.
		And if the different water hazard was a regular water hazard, instead of a lateral water hazard, then he would lose the two clublength relief option.
	www.freegolfinfo.com /forums/tm.aspx?m=1737745 (988 words)

	PGATOUR.com
		Another option is dropping the ball behind the water hazard, taking the point where the ball last crossed the margin of the hazard and the hole with no limit as to how far behind the hazard the ball may be dropped.
		Eric, a water hazard is marked with yellow stakes and yellow lines; a lateral water hazard is marked with red stakes and red lines.
		When a hazard is the type that is marked with both, the red line ties into the yellow or yellow ties into the red, you will operate where the ball last cross either red or yellow.
	www.pgatour.com /story/9371427 (867 words)

	Rules Frame
		If the player can drop the ball meeting the conditions of this last option, it may be dropped on the putting green side of the water hazard.
		Under Rule 26-dash-1, Levet incurs a one-stroke penalty and is permitted to drop a ball outside the hazard within two club-lengths of where the ball originally crossed the margin.
		Even though it was dry at the time, the red marking clearly indicated that this area was a lateral water hazard.
	www.usga.org /questions/faqs/rules_answer.asp?FAQidx=106&Rule=26 (417 words)

	Ignoring Water Hazards
		Executing a successful golf shot over a water hazard is a common complaint and a couple of suggestions come to mind.
		If you are unable to do that, then I suggest you try hitting the ball "down into the water" rather than "up and over it." Most golfers with this problem try to help the ball up and over the water by lifting.
		When facing something like a water hazard, where we want the ball to get up and over, we instinctively feel this need to lift and automatically do it.
	www.chiff.com /a/golf-hazard.htm (380 words)

	Taking Your Horse Through Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In either case, a horse that won't approach or go through the water is frustrating at least, and even possibly dangerous if his reaction is to rear or reverse rapidly through the trees.
		If your horse doesn't like water, chances are that he's had an experience in his past that has taught him that water is scary and dangerous.
		Once you've found a body of water that is suitable for training a horse to go into water, find a friend who has a horse who is willing to go into water and then spend the afternoon calmly walking in and out of the water.
	www.equisearch.com /horses_riding_training/trail/throughwater061800/index.html (920 words)

	ES&T Online News: New drinking water hazard
		The research is causing concern in the drinking water community because monochloramine’s main appeal as a disinfectant is to avoid the toxic byproducts associated with using elemental chlorine to treat water.
		Because monochloramine is the chloramine that is considered to be the most effective at disinfecting water, most utilities try to maximize their concentrations of it, he explains, noting that the actual amounts of monochloramine are dependent upon water characteristics like temperature and pH.
		Midwestern water supplies that contain excess nitrogen as the result of agricultural practices may also be at risk, he adds.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2002/jan/science/kb_drink.html (959 words)

	UNESCO's General Conference approves establishment of new water-related centres
		The establishment of a global centre that will uniquely interface water law and policy with the biophysical sciences and engineering would provide an opportunity to ensure this relationship is effective and develop legal frameworks in line with stakeholders' needs and requirements.
		The establishment of CAZALAC emphasizes the pursuit of sustainable development and integrated water resources management in arid and semi-arid zones through the development of scientific research, education, training and awareness-raising at all levels, the development of appropriate policies and practices, the networking of scientists in the region and the transfer of information and knowledge.
		Additionally, the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, a category I UNESCO institute established in Delft, The Netherlands, reinforces UNESCO's mandate to strengthen and mobilize a global educational and knowledge base for integrated water resources management and to contribute towards meeting the water-related capacity building needs of developing countries and countries in transition.
	www.unesco.org /water/news/water_related_centres.shtml (795 words)

	UBA - Substances Hazardous to Waters
		The classification is commited according to the Administrative Regulation on the Classification of Substances Hazardous to Waters into Water Hazard Classes (Verwaltungsvorschrift wassergefährdende Stoffe - VwVwS) of 17 May 1999.
		The WGK of a mixture of substances can be determined according to annex 4 of the new VwVwS either by using a calculating rule and the WGK of each compound of the mixture or on basis of ecotoxicological test data determined on the mixture.
		Office of Documentation and Information on Substances Hazardous to Waters at the Federal Environment Agency accepts classifications according to the new classification system in annex 3 of the VwVwS.
	www.umweltbundesamt.de /wgs-e/index.htm (280 words)

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