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Topic: Water potential

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	Water potential - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Water potential is the tendency of water to move from one place to another.
		Pressure potential (sometimes called turgor pressure) is increased as water enters a plant cell.
		As water passes through the cell wall and cell membrane, it increases the total amount of water present inside the cell, which exerts a pressure on the cell wall that is retained by the structural rigidity of the cell
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Water_potential (529 words)

	Water Potential including biologically relevant properties of water
		Water molecules move in all directions until the system is at the lowest free energy (i.e., until the "concentration" of this pure water is the same throughout the system).
		Water will have the propensity to move from a region of high chemical potential of water to a region of low chemical potential of water, because that movement is down a free energy gradient.
		Thus, at equilibrium, the chemical potential of the water in the bulb is equal to the chemical potential of water of the bathing solution.
	www.bio.fsu.edu /courses/bot-4503/water-potential.htm (9327 words)

	Soil Water Potential Tutorial
		Water potential is important to any process where soil water moves such as infiltration and redistribution within the soil, or the removal of water from the soil by evaporation or plant uptake.
		A reference body of water is defined and the soil water potential of any other body of water is defined as the difference in potential energy concentration (potential energy per unit quantity of water) between the soil water and the reference body of water.
		The reference body of water is usually called the reference state, and as in the building height analogy, the water potential of water in the reference state is zero.
	www.fhsu.edu /biology/ranpers/ert/wp_tut.htm (1591 words)

	US National Assessment of Climate Change. Overview: Water
		Potential impacts of these changes include an increased possibility of flooding in winter and early spring, a reduced possibility of flooding later in the spring, and more shortages in summer.
		Rising water temperatures and changes in ice cover are of particular importance to the ecology of lakes, streams, and their biological communities.
		Rising temperatures in surface waters are likely to force out some cold water fish species such as salmon and trout that are already near the threshold of their viable habitat.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/overviewwater.htm (2746 words)

	Total Leaf Tissue Water Potential (FIFE)
		When water appears, the pressure applied to the tissue is equal to the negative of the leaf water potential (Campbell 1990).
		The total leaf water potential is equal to the negative of the applied pressure at the endpoint (Campbell 1990).
		Water loss from the leaf and temperature increase of leaf and chamber should be kept to a minimum for an accurate measurement.
	www-eosdis.ornl.gov /FIFE/guides/Total_Leaf_Tissue_Water_Potential.html (3933 words)

	Potential for Water Wars
		Three-quarters of the water is in the south, while three-quarters of the farming is in the north and northeast.
		Water from its reservoir is carried through the mountains to southern Turkey through a tunnel that is 23 feet in diameter and 16 miles long.
		Its water pipes are old and an estimated 35 percent of the water simply disappears somewhere along the cracked and leaking network.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~mariposa/waterwars.htm (4369 words)

	Potential Drinking Water Treatment \| Effluent Guidelines \| US EPA
		We are beginning a new rulemaking to address the direct discharge of drinking water treatment residuals to surface water, together with the indirect discharge of residuals to wastewater treatment plants.
		The Clean Water Act directs us to develop national industrial technology-based regulations to limit the amount of pollutants that are discharged to surface waters (usually called "effluent guidelines") or to sewage treatment plants (called "pretreatment standards").
		Drinking water treatment was one of three such industries recently identified by us for the development of effluent guidelines.
	www.epa.gov /waterscience/guide/dw (890 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As many as 57 river basins in Asia are viewed as potential flashpoints for conflict between riparian neighbors as population and development pressures strain dwindling water resources.
		Compounding the problem of water quantity is one of quality: 19% of Asians do not have safe drinking water, and 52% lack sanitation facilities, even though the overall supplies may be adequate.
		Bangladesh and India generally have enough water, but 47% of children in both countries are suffering from malnutrition or are exposed to infections, according to the United Nations Children's Fund.
	www.waterconserve.info /articles/reader.asp?linkid=21376 (1365 words)

	Steve's place - Water Potential
		The measurement of water potential is somewhat difficult, and generally involves the use of an piece of equipment called a psychrometer.
		Soil to roots: the water potential of the soil is negative: this is mainly due to its low matric potential.
		Water evaporates from the cell walls of mesophyll cells and is lost from the stomata as vapour.
	www.steve.gb.com /science/water_potential.html (2412 words)

	Water resource potential of Pakistan -DAWN - Business; 12 July, 2004
		In order to meet the needs of water and sanitation, food and fibre, industry and environmental protection, concerted efforts would be required to develop the next generation of resources.
		While a substantial portion of the rainfall occurring in the cultivated areas of the Indus Plain is consumed by crops as a consumptive use, in the foothill areas of Pakistan rainfall gives rise to flashy hill torrents, and a major portion of the flow goes waste, in the form of evaporation.
		Development potential and requirements: Remaining development potential of water resources is approaching a stage where complex factors involved, require fine-tuning to permit sustainability.
	www.dawn.com /2004/07/12/ebr14.htm (2489 words)

	Drinking Water Corrosion, Corrosivity, Saturation Index, and Corrosion Treatment
		In water that is soft, corrosion occurs because of the lack of dissolved cations, such as calcium and magnesium in the water.
		As corrosive water stands or seats in pipes or tanks it leaches metals from the piping, tanks, well casing or other metal surfaces that water is in contact.
		The waters with a pH of 4.0 to 6.8 a soda ash (sodium carbonate) is typically used.
	www.water-research.net /corrosion.htm (2306 words)

	Changes in water potential
		This involves the movement of water by diffusion into the cell, from a region of higher water potential outside the cell to the vacuole of the cell, which has a lower water potential.
		Another change that affects the water relations of ripening fruit and vegetable cells, is the modification (and weakening?) of cell walls as result of enzyme attack by pectin-dissolving enzymes such as polygalacturonase.
		Given the enormous biochemical and structural changes that occur during ripening, it would be very surprising if the water potential and biomechanical properties of the fruit or vegetable did not change.
	www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk /osmoweb/wpmenu.htm (572 words)

	ODNR FS 92-9 Evaluating Ground Water Pollution Potential in Ohio
		A ground water pollution potential mapping program for Ohio was initiated in 1986 under the direction of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water.
		The ground water pollution potential mapping program optimizes the use of existing data to rank areas with respect to relative vulnerability to contamination from the surface.
		Ground water pollution potential maps may be used to assist planners, managers, and local officials in evaluating the potential for contamination from various sources of pollution.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /water/pubs/fs_div/fctsht09.htm (436 words)

	FAO : No global water crisis - but many developing countries will face water scarcity
		While the daily drinking water needs of humans are very small - four litres per person - the water required to produce a person's daily food is much higher: it varies between 2000 and 5000 litres.
		Agricultural water use will be a key element for increasing food production, especially in many developing countries, where currently around 800 million people are suffering from chronic hunger.
		Farmers and households need stable land tenure and water use rights that must be matched by access to rural credit and finance and the dissemination of technology and good practices in water use.
	www.fao.org /english/newsroom/news/2003/15254-en.html (1016 words)

	Water in Conflict - The Dark Side of Natural Resources - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As demand for water hits the limits of finite supply, potential conflicts are brewing between nations that share transboundary freshwater reserves.
		Water will be the source of the world's next big conflict if nations don't take action now.
		Water shortages and energy issues threaten to further destabilize Central Asia and sharpen conflict, unless states collaborate in the framing of a regional approach.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/natres/waterindex.htm (2764 words)

	Indian Firming Technical Committee Water Resources Analysis Update on Investigation of Potential Water Sources ...
		NIA water subcontracts will not be available for initial re-allocation until after the settlement and then may not be partially allocated until 2010.
		It is his belief that this water supply will be used by various municipal providers since they now have or will have the ability to treat the spill water and deliver it to off-Project lands.
		However, the water from this source is too high is salinity to be used directly and would require treatment in order for it to be acceptable as a substitute supply either for direct use in times of shortage, or for pre-delivery banking for in-lieu type credits.
	www.waterchat.com /News/Indian/04/Q1/ind_040301-01.htm (1278 words)

	Water Properties and Water Potential
		Water will move from regions of higher water potential (less negative) to regions of lower water potential (more negative)
		Pressure-driven bulk flow is the main mechanism for water movement in the xylem and in the soil
		water can move across the lipid bilayer portion of a membrane or many membranes have water-specific channel proteins that facilitate osmosis (called aquaporins)
	www.esf.edu /efb/course/EFB530/lectures/waterpot.htm (563 words)

	Abstract: Water-supply potential of major streams and the Upper Floridan aquifer in the vicinity of Savannah, GA
		Abstract: Water-supply potential of major streams and the Upper Floridan aquifer in the vicinity of Savannah, GA Water-Supply Potential of Major Streams and the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the Vicinity of Savannah, Georgia
		The Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers can be considered potential water-supply sources for the Savannah area, on the basis of historic streamflow records and water-quality constituents and properties examined.
		Based on model simulations and the constraint of preventing water-level declines at locations of encroachment and intrusion, the potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer to supply additional water in the Savannah area is limited under present hydrologic conditions.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /publications/abstracts/wsp2411.html (387 words)

	NASA - NASA's Cassini Discovers Potential Liquid Water on Enceladus
		NASA's Cassini spacecraft may have found evidence of liquid water reservoirs that erupt in Yellowstone-like geysers on Saturn's moon Enceladus.
		The rare occurrence of liquid water so near the surface raises many new questions about the mysterious moon.
		They ruled out the idea the particles are produced or blown off the moon's surface by vapor created when warm water ice converts to a gas.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2006/mar/HQ_06088_cassini_saturns_moon.html (542 words)

	USGS News El Dorado News-Times
		The wells will monitor both water levels and water quality of the Sparta Aquifer as part of a project funded by a $1 million Environmental Protection Agency grant.
		The USGS has a cooperating agreement with the board to gauge water recovery levels in the Sparta Aquifer related the UCWCB.s industrial pipeline project that will carry water from the Ouachita River to three Union County industries that use high volumes of water.
		In testing the water quality, the active wells will be checked twice a year by scientists to measure electrical conductivity (dissolved solids in the water), temperature and the presence of chlorides, which have already been detected in aquifer water drawn east of El Dorado.
	ar.water.usgs.gov /NEWS/FebElD.html (773 words)

	LADWP: Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		LADWP is evaluating seawater desalination as a potential water resource option for the City of Los Angeles.
		Save water and time by planting a Heritage Garden filled with native and California Friendly plants.
		History of Water in LA There is no doubting the importance of the delivery of water in Los Angeles, a semi-arid desert region with very little native water.
	www.ladwp.com /ladwp/areaHomeIndex.jsp?contentId=LADWP_WATER_SCID (138 words)

	Ground Water Potential of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
		We also formulated a model relating fracture frequency and drainage density to ground water potential.
		High fracture and intersection frequency and low drainage density indicate an increased fracture porosity of the rock, this favoring surface water infiltration and transmission.
		These data were used for correlation with structural data, specifically areas of intense fracturing, which were considered to be potential ground water storage areas.
	www.bu.edu /remotesensing/Research/groundh20sinai/groundh20sinai.html (615 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: News-Press Releases-2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Instead, scientists have found evidence for a much more exciting possibility -- the jets might be erupting from near-surface pockets of liquid water above 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), like cold versions of the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone.
		At the time we had no idea where the oxygen was coming from," said Dr. Candy Hansen, Cassini scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.
		The type of evidence for liquid water on Enceladus is very different from what we've seen at Jupiter's moon Europa.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=639 (532 words)

	EPA Potential Drinking Water Contaminant Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Below is a list of potential drinking water contaminants and their potential sources associated by three categories of land use:
		The National Primary Drinking Water Standards. These contaminants have legally enforceable standards that apply to all public water systems. The contaminants are grouped by Inorganic,
		Secondary Drinking Water Standards. These contaminants have non-enforceable federal guidelines associated with their cosmetic or aesthetic effects in drinking water.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/swp/vcontam3.html (2343 words)

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