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Topic: Water Strider

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	Water Stiders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Water Striders are hard to catch, but Jessie, from Hester School in Farmersville, caught this one in the dry creekbed.
		Water striders, or pond skaters, are gregarious semi-aquatic insects that live on the water surface.
		Water striders are highly predaceous, feeding on a variety of aquatic insects.
	kaweahoaks.com /html/water_stiders.html (468 words)

	More pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		The water strider is supported by the curvature forces generated by their distorting the free surface.
		The water strider is an insect of characteristic length 1cm and weight 10 dynes that resides on the surface of ponds, rivers, lakes and the open ocean.
		The infant water strider in c) is 1 mm in length.
	www-math.mit.edu /~dhu/Striderweb/striderweb.html (929 words)

	A walk on the wet side -- Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine -- October 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		On water striders, the claws are positioned a millimeter or so farther back up the leg -- far enough that they do not penetrate the water and break the surface tension when the insect moves.
		Water striders obtain food by waiting for living or dead insects to drift by or by responding to vibrations produced by struggling insects caught on the surface.
		Water striders spend most of their short lives on the water, but life is not endless days of calm water and sunshine.
	www.wnrmag.com /stories/2005/oct05/strider.htm (858 words)

	Pond Skaters
		Water striders spend their lives on the surface of the water or sometimes resting on solid surfaces nearby.
		Water striders have 6 legs just like all insects, but the front two are very short and kept up in front of their head.
		The water striders use their front pair of legs to catch and hold prey, and as I watched one eating a small beetle that had fallen into the water, it tried to adjust its grip on the victim but suddenly became agitated.
	home.att.net /~larvalbugrex/striders.html (806 words)

	Water Strider - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Water Strider, also known as pond skater, common name applied to slender water bug (Bug) that is a predator on other insects.
		Water Cycle, series of movements of water above, on, and below the surface of the earth.
		- insect that walks on water: an insect that walks on water with long legs and feeds on dead insects.
	encarta.msn.com /Water_Strider.html (138 words)

	News-Leader.com \| Outdoors \| Water strider: Insect skates across surfaces
		Water striders skim the surface of the water to find and kill insects and mosquito larvae, their primary foods.
		Claim to fame: Water striders are the insects we see throughout the summer skating across the surface of shallow-water areas throughout the Ozarks.
		Water striders groom themselves regularly to comb out dirt from their legs and to spread a thin coat of oil on their legs.
	entertainment.news-leader.com /outdoors/_archive/1209-Waterstrid-246115.html (493 words)

	Water Strider
		The front legs of water striders are short, modified for grasping and used strictly for capturing prey.
		As the water strider travels through its environment, it pushes with its middle legs, steers with its hind legs and is able to capture prey with its front legs.
		Water striders not only glide on still water but are also capable of walking on the surface of running water.
	www.mtbaker.wednet.edu /harmony/ditch/water_strider.htm (506 words)

	Ages
		The water strider appears to be walking on stilt like legs, but when we examine them closely, we find that the tarsi (feet-like portion) are actually surrounded by lots of fine hair, and this hair is difficult to wet, therefore helps keep the insect buoyed up.
		Water striders are predaceous insects, and often can be seen running or skating across the surface of the water when a small fly or other insect falls in.
		Water striders lay eggs on items floating on the water, such as a part of a plant or log.
	www.nbtc.cornell.edu /mainstreetscience/grab_and_go/waterstriderpg.htm (1025 words)

	More pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		In order for the water strider to move, Newton's third law requires that it transfer momentum to the underlying fluid in an amount equal to that of the strider.
		Our calculations show that the momentum transported by vortices in the wake of the water strider is comparable to that of the strider, and greatly in excess of that transported in the capillary wave field.
		The strider generates its thrust by rowing, using its legs as oars and its menisci as blades.
	www-math.mit.edu /~dhu/Videoweb/videoweb.html (816 words)

	Walking On Water: Water Striders and Surface Tension
		Water striders are dependent on surface tension of water to move around and capture food.
		The legs of the water strider are divided into several segments: (from the body outward) the coxa, the trochanter, the femur, the tibia and the tarsus.
		Water striders that had been submerged in the higher concentrations of detergent in the experiment were at first attacked by the others as food.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/bi/1998/waterstrider/student_lab.html (1615 words)

	Aquarius antigone - Water strider, pond skater
		Water striders or pond skaters are fascinating creatures which seem to glide over the surface of the water.
		Water striders occur in large to small groups on the surface of still water (ponds, lakes) and near the calm edges of flowing water (rivers, streams).
		In some species of water striders, ripples are used for attracting mates; in others males use them to defend their territory.
	www.anbg.gov.au /cpbr/WfHC/Aquarius-antigone (884 words)

	The Water Strider ..................................... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Water striders are very sensitive to motion and vibrations, and use these to find prey, which they catch and suck dry.
		Water striders do not bite people, and because they cannot detect motion above or below the water's surface, are easy prey themselves for frogs, fish, and birds.
		Without much friction, the water strider shouldn't be able to move on the slippery surface of the water.
	www.worsleyschool.net /science/files/waterstrider/page.html (359 words)

	Water strider - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The water strider, also known as the Jesus bug, pond skater, skater, skimmer, water scooter, water skater, water skeeter, water skimmer, or water spider, is any of a number of predatory insects in the family Gerridae (Leach, 1815) which rely on surface tension to walk on top of water.
		Animals such as water striders that live on the surface of water need to push something backwards to generate a reaction force (that is, Newton's third law of motion).
		It was originally thought that water striders transferred momentum to the water by the creation of capillary waves on the surface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Water_strider (708 words)

	LiveScience.com - Walking on Water: Insect's Secret Revealed
		Water striders flit about quickly by using their legs like oars, according to a discovery last year by MIT mathematician John Bush and colleagues.
		It is critical that water striders legs not get wet, "in order to avoid penetrating the surface during their rowing stroke," said David Hu, who worked on the MIT research.
		A 2003 study using dye showed the water strider uses a rowing motion to propel itself across the water.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/041103_water_strider.html (597 words)

	WATER STRIDER
		Water Striders are flat and long without wings, and easy to identify by the second and third pairs of legs that are almost twice as long as their bodies.
		Water Striders live on the surfaces of ponds, slow streams and other quiet waters.
		When the danger is past, they pop to the surface of the water and stand back up on their four legs.
	www.bugsurvey.nsw.gov.au /html/popups/bpedia_09_tol_wa-st.html (277 words)

	Water Striders
		Water striders are true bugs (order Hemiptera) and as such, have piercing mouthparts.
		Water striders are often gregarious, and groups of mixed species have been observed to "flock" together (Silvey 1931).
		Water striders have two basic body forms, ones with long, narrow abdomens and ones with short, broad abdomens (see above).
	crawford.tardigrade.net /bugs/BugofMonth04.html (726 words)

	Stroke of skittering water strider put under the scope / But robot built to mimic insect that skims across pond ...
		Two mathematicians and an engineer at MIT have just answered the puzzle of the water strider, and although they have built a robot strider that mimics the insects, their machine can't begin to keep pace with nature.
		Water striders -- known as the Gerridae in entomological terminology -- have evolved their skills for more than 100 million years, fossil record shows.
		From hours of analyzing the movements of infant striders on video, they conclude from experiments in blue-dyed water that the insects can't create such ripples but perform just as human rowers do: They use their spindly jointed legs as oars and the skinny lower ends of their legs as oar blades.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/08/07/MN13565.DTL&type=printable (727 words)

	Water Strider Activity - Fish Creek Provincial Park - Alberta Community Development
		Water striders, usually present in large numbers, are easy to spot if they are in an area.
		Are the water striders on the water surface or in the water?
		Water striders cement their eggs onto floating objects just under the water surface.
	www.cd.gov.ab.ca /enjoying_alberta/parks/featured/fishcreek/sguidstrid.asp (740 words)

	A water strider leaves a trail of whirling water in its path
		Rather than move by creating waves, as some researchers had thought, the insects use one of their three sets of hairy legs like oars to create vortices or spirals in the water that propel them forward at speeds of up to 150 cm (60 inches) per second.
		A water strider leaves a trail of whirling water in its path.
		Water striders, also known as skimmers, come in hundreds of different species ranging in size from one centimeter (about half an inch) to the giant Vietnamese variety — 20 times bigger and still able to walk on water.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~cmallery/150/chemistry/water_walking.htm (330 words)

	Stroke of skittering water strider put under the scope / But robot built to mimic insect that skims across pond ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Two mathematicians and an engineer at MIT have just answered the puzzle of the water strider, and although they have built a robot strider that mimics the insects, their machine can't begin to keep pace with nature.
		Water striders -- known as the Gerridae in entomological terminology -- have evolved their skills for more than 100 million years, fossil record shows.
		From hours of analyzing the movements of infant striders on video, they conclude from experiments in blue-dyed water that the insects can't create such ripples but perform just as human rowers do: They use their spindly jointed legs as oars and the skinny lower ends of their legs as oar blades.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/08/07/MN13565.DTL (847 words)

	Sticky Water
		ithin the water, at least a few molecules away from the surface, every molecule is engaged in a tug of war with its neighbors on every side.
		he water strider is an insect that hunts its prey on the surface of still water; it has widely spaced feet rather like the pads of a lunar lander.
		The skin-like surface of the water is depressed under the water strider's feet.
	www.exploratorium.edu /ronh/bubbles/sticky_water.html (444 words)

	Water Strider Information
		Water striders move by synchronous, oarlike movements of the middle legs, which are longer thna the others.
		Water striders are capable of floating on the surface of the water by maintaining surface tension with small hairs covering their legs.
		Water striders are vulnerable to being swept downstream by fast currents, but they can usually move quite quickly against the current when they have to.
	www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us /AMADOR/creek/projects/3-bryantII/waters.htm (310 words)

	Walking on water: The physics of water strider motion
		Water striders insects that walk on water — were thought to rely on generating ripples for their forward propulsion.
		The problem was that in theory an infant strider is too small to create waves, but eppur si muove, as someone once said in another context.
		A team from MIT now shows how water striders of all sizes transfer momentum to water mainly via dipolar vortices shed by their driving legs —; they row across the surface using their legs as oars.
	www.nature.com /nature/links/030807/030807-1.html (209 words)

	Water Strider Photos
		Water striders sometimes jump, sometimes fly, but usually skim across the water.
		These water striders were in the act of mating, I presume.
		A water strider skimming the surface of the water.
	www.shawnolson.net /a/1280/water-strider-photos.html (153 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Robot insect walks on water
		They predicted that young water striders should be too weak to move, while nature shows clearly that they are not.
		Dr Bush and his collaborators, David Hu and Brian Chan, discovered that the secret to the water strider's locomotion is that it rows across the water without penetrating the surface.
		The robotic version of the water strider is bigger than its real-life counterpart and its motion less graceful, but it does seem to show that the MIT team has managed to capture the essence of a natural phenomenon.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3126299.stm (298 words)

	Water Strider
		The short front legs are used to catch pray (small insects that float on the water surface, or rise to the surface from the bottom of the pond.
		Water Striders are very sensitive to motion and vibration on the water's surface, and this enables them to locate pray.
		Water Striders are harmless to people, they do not bite.
	www.backyardwildlifehabitat.info /waterstrider.htm (270 words)

	Water Strider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		A water-repellent coat of hair covers the underbody and feet of the water strider, enabling the insect to move over water without sinking.
		Water striders move quickly over the water by propelling themselves with their middle set of legs.
		Most species live on still waters such as ponds, but one genus of water striders lives on ocean waters, maintaining its buoyancy over ocean waves and laying its eggs on seaweed.
	www.kwic.com /~pagodavista/schoolhouse/species/insects/strider.htm (70 words)

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