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	Water vascular system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by Echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.
		Composed of water filled tube feet and ampulla, Echinoderms move by contracting the muscles around the ampulla forcing water in the tube feet, which causes the foot to extend propelling the animal forward (Solomon, 2002).
		Water then is separated into five radial canals that branch into double rows of bulblike structures called ampullae, which are on each side of the ambulacral ridge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Water_vascular_system (194 words)

	Vascular plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The vascular plants are plants in the Kingdom Plantae (also called Viridiplantae) that have specialized tissues for conducting water.
		In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the sporophyte, which is diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell.
		Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vascular_plant (195 words)

	Annelida
		The digestive system consists of a rounded alimentary canal, commencing at the second and terminating in an anus at the last or the penultimate segment.
		The digestive system is in the form of a simple, straight, more or less muscular tube, differentiated into osesophagus, crop, gizzard, and sacculated intestine in Lumbricus, and coated internally with the usual glandular elements (certain glands anteriorly being supposed to be salivary), and lined internally with cilia.
		The digestive system intimately agrees, having cilia on the inner surface of the canal, a muscular oesophageal region, and a sacculated intestine, while the glandular and other elements in the wall are very similar; it differs in not passing through a buccal nervous collar, although it lies beneath the nervous system in this region.
	www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/ANN/annelida.html (6221 words)

	Asterias Laboratory Exercise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The axial complex is composed of the axial gland of the hemal system and the axial canal of the coelomic system (Fig 28-15).
		The papulae and tube feet are the respiratory structures for the perivisceral coelom and the tube feet serve this purpose for the water vascular system.
		During metamorphosis, the left protomesocoel becomes the water vascular system, the pore canal becomes the stone canal, and the hydropore is the presumptive madreporite.
	www.lander.edu /RSfox/310asteriasLab.html (6872 words)

	Sclerodactyla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A hemal system is present but its role in transport is still poorly understood and the chief transport system is the circulating fluid of the various coelomic compartments.
		Water is expelled by contraction of muscles in the walls of the trees (with intestinal sphincter closed, anal sphincter open).
		The water vascular system of living Sclerodactyla is easily studied because its coelomocytes contain hemoglobin and the coelomic fluid is bright red.
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310SclerodactylaLab.html (4211 words)

	Wonders of the Seas: Echinoderms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Perhaps not as obvious is the water vascular system, another trait common to all echinoderms.
		It is the interface between the water vascular system and the ocean, acting as a filter.
		The water vascular system is not filled with sea water in sea cucumbers, as in sea stars and urchins, but rather with a special body fluid.
	www.oceanicresearch.org /echinoderm.html (1828 words)

	Marine Biology Echinodermata - Sea Star
		The sea star moves by a water vascular system as part of each of these tiny tube feet.
		The water vascular system of echinoderms is a series of fluid filled canals that utilizes hydraulic pressure for movement.
		The madreporite serves the dual function of pressure reception and ensuring that an equal fluid pressure is maintained between the environment and the inside of the water vascular system.
	home.earthlink.net /~huskertomkat/star.html (577 words)

	Water/vascular system (from tunicate) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Xylem tissue transports water and dissolved minerals to the leaves, and phloem tissue conducts food from the leaves to all parts of the plant.
		Water is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds.
		The cardiovascular, or circulatory, system in humans is composed of the heart and the blood vessels—arteries, veins, and capillaries.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-49490?tocId=49490 (819 words)

	stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pressure is generated inside the system by the contractions of some of the tube feet and also by special muscles in the canal itself which generate local pressure increases to distend the neighboring tube feet.
		The fluid in the water vascular system is essentially sea water mixed with cellular and organic material.
		Water is pumped through the body, the gill collecting respiratory material and acts like a filter for food particles.
	darter.ocps.net /classroom/klenk/Stars.htm (1075 words)

	Echinoderm table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		water vascular system- locomotion, attachment and predation, respiration and excretion.
		Brittle stars are usually found in deep water and tend to remain out of the open, remaining in cracks and under cover.
		They have openings into their water vascular cavity called bursae, which are a characteristic of the class.
	www.jeffco.edu /a-s/ms/kbalak/zoology/echinoderm_tbl.htm (547 words)

	SubUnit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The water vascular system is an internal closed system of reservoirs and ducts containing a watery fluid.
		The holothurians differ, in that the madreporite is internal and coelomic* fluid is taken into the water vascular system, and in the crinoids, the madreporite may be replaced by minute scattered openings called hydropores.
		From the radial water canals, branches extend into the tube feet which may be used for locomotion and food capture.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /biomedia/subunits/echino_vasc23.htm (124 words)

	Echinoderms
		The WVS is derived from the coelom and serves to carry sea water, the echinoderms' hydrostatic fluid, from the outside to the terminal WVS structure, the tube foot.
		The elastic surface of the ampulla is covered with a mesh of muscle fibers and expands as water is pumped into it from the radial canal.
		Water is prevented from flowing back into the radial canal by a one-way valve.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~biol240/labs/lab_17hydrostaticsk/pages/echinoderm.html (724 words)

	BIO 5 PLANT BIOLOGY
		Finally, echinoderms have a water vascular system which, in starfish, provide the primary means of movement.
		The canal system consists of hollow tubes of calcium carbonate that are filled with seawater.
		A nervous system consisting of a nerve ring around the digestive tube and a nerve cord that extends into each are coordinates the function of the tube feet.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/r/reihmanm/Echinodermata.htm (808 words)

	Starfish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The water vascular system has many projections called tube feet, on the ventral face of the sea star's arms, which function in locomotion and feeding.
		Some species take advantage of the great endurance of their water vascular systems to open the shells of molluscs (clams, mussels and the like), and inject their stomachs into the shells.
		On the aboral surface there is a structure called the madreporite which acts as a water filter and supplies their water vascular system with water to move (Gilbertson, 1999).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/S/Starfish.htm (813 words)

	Starfish Digestion and Circulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Circulation occurs in three places: the perivisceral coelom (basically, the space inside the body but outside the various organs), the water vascular system (of which the tube feet are the most obvious part), and the hemal system (which actually looks something like a circulatory system).
		There is an ionic imbalance that causes water to flow into the water vascular system through the madreporite, and then the Tiedemann's bodies divert some of it into the perivisceral coelom.
		Oxygen enters mainly by diffusion into the tube feet (and thus into the water vascular system) or the papulae, which are little sacs all over the upper surface of the body.
	www.vsf.cape.com /~jdale/science/digest.htm (492 words)

	echino
		The water vascular system is connected to the world outside the animal by a sieve plate (or madrepore plate).
		Arms contain extensions of coelomic, nervous, water vascular, and reproductive systems and bear an ambulacral groove bordered by fingerlike tube feet (terminal extensions of the water vascular system), used in suspension feeding and respiration.
		The major nervous system consists of a nerve ring around the mouth and a major concentration of nerve cells opposite the mouth, from where nerves run through the ossicles in the arms, which sends nerves.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /wescourses/2004s/ees227/01/229lab10a.htm (1002 words)

	Echinodermata
		The water vascular system performs many important functions in echinoderms, including locomotion, respiration, and feeding; in addition, most sensory neurons are located at the termini of podia (tubefeet) which are part of this organ system.
		The water vascular system may have evolved from simple tentacular systems similar to those in other deuterostome phyla, such as the tentacles of pterobranch hemichordates.
		However, there are many derived features of the water vascular system in echinoderms, including: an embryological origin from left mesocoel, podia arranged along branches (ambulacra), and a central circumesophageal ring.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Echinodermata&contgroup=Deuterostomia (2168 words)

	PAE Virtual Glossary
		water stress A shortage of water in plants resulting in decreased ability to function properly, because water affects all biochemical controls and is the medium for all chemical reactions.
		System of fluid-filled closed tubes and ducts peculiar to echinoderms; used to move tentacles and tube feet that serve variously for clinging, food handling, locomotion, and respiration.
		Waves can be described by their height (the vertical distance between crest and trough), wavelength (the horizontal distance between adjacent crests), and period (the time the wave takes to move past a given point).
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/glossaryw.html (887 words)

	KEY FOR EXAM 3B (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The water vascular system provides the means by which echinoderms move from place to place.
		With regard to the skeletal system, it is in the marrow of the bones that blood cells are produced, and blood cells are a vital part of the fluid that circulates in the circulatory system.
		It is in the lungs of the respiratory system that gas exchange occurs.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/r/reihmanm/KEY_FOR_EXAM_4B.htm (324 words)

	[No title]
		The watervascular system operates the hydraulic, extensible tubefeet which are diagnostic of the phylum and which play an essential role in the life processes of these animals and their interaction with the environment.
		Based on the coelom and water vascular system, brittlestars are thought to be the group next most primitive to the crinoids.
		Their function is uncertain, but they are thought to filter the water vascular system of debris with the aid of the amoebocytes which are found concentrated there.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/Bio_41/labechinodermata.doc (2323 words)

	Zoology \| On-line Quizzing
		______ canals are canals of the water vascular system that run the length of the arms of star-shaped echinoderms.
		The earliest function of the water vascular system of echinoderms was probably locomotion.
		The tentacles of a sea cucumber are used in feeding and branch from radial canals of the water vascular system.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0070294119/student_view0/chapter_16/online_quizzing.html (440 words)

	Wonders of the Sea: Echinoderms
		Another trait common to all echinoderms is their unique internal plumbing system known as the water vascular system.
		The opposite, or upper side of the body, is the aboral surface that bears the anus and the ‘madreporite’, which is a small perforated plate through which water is taken into the water vascular system.
		The water is then directed into canals in the arms and then into the tube feet, which extend with the water pressure.
	www.oceaninn.com /guides/echino.htm (1598 words)

	[No title]
		Organ systems that the echinoderms lack are complex respiratory, excretory, and circulatory systems.
		The skeletal system of an echinoderm is usually thin and spiny.
		This system performs such vital functions as locomotion, respiration, and feeding, and is used by circulating a liquid through internal ducts in the organism.
	eric.pheterson.com /starfish.doc (510 words)

	30
		The water vascular system is a network of fluid-filled tubes that enable the sea star to move.
		Tube feet are external structures of the water vascular system.
		When muscles in ampulla contract, water is forced into the tube feet, causing them to extend.
	teachers.dadeschools.net /wsmith/ch30.htm (336 words)

	Vascular System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ambulacral groove with its many cilia and hydraulically driven tube feet manipulate captured food down the ambulacral grooves along the arms down to the mouth, situated at the tegmen which is positioned at the base of the arms.
		Echinoderm water vascular systems are either open or closed, crinoids all have an open water vascular system.
		If the radial canals run down the ambulacral grooves and are not covered by plates then the system is considered "open", if the radial canals are primarily internal and externalized through pores, the system is "closed".
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /echinodermata/circum_ring.html (141 words)

	Echinodermata
		Movement is often by unique system of hydraulic podia or "tube feet", part of water vascular system.
		Mostly in perivisceral coelom, augmented by the water vascular system and a hemal system.
		Hemal system is a series of canals and spaces mostly inside c oelomic channels.
	faculty.vassar.edu /mehaffey/academic/animalstructure/outlines/echinodermata.html (587 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This exercise illustrates the two major features that all members of the Phylum Echinodermata have in common - the water vascular system and pentaradial symmetry.
		The take home message is that all members of a phylum are built along the same basic body plan, with each class showing modifications of this basic plan.
		- the water vascular system functions in excretion and respiration.
	www.sfu.ca /bisc/biointro/102_resources/echinoderms.html (568 words)

	Biology 113: Principles of Biology III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Water vascular system and tube feet for locomotion, food handling, and respiration (in some)
		water vascular system: madreporite (sieve for water inlet) à stone canal à ring canal à 5 radial canals à lateral canals à tube feet
		Digestive system with lower cardiac stomach and upper pyloric stomach; 5 pairs of hepatic caeca; short intestine (2 rectal caeca), anus on aboral surface
	www.centralia.ctc.edu /Depts/Science/Biol113/echinoderms.html (502 words)

	The Biology of Echinoderms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		They are characterized by: radial symmetry in the adult stages (partially lost in sea cucumbers); a hardened endoskeleton made of bony plates (fused together in some groups such as the sea urchins, but sparse and microscopic in the sea cucumbers); and the water vascular system.
		The tube feet and water vascular system functions are shown through animation, as is the digestive system, which relies largely on external digestion.
		Brittle star tube feet are pointed and are used to move food suspended in the water (detritus) to the mouth.
	www.ecb.org /guides/biology/echinoderms.htm (455 words)

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