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	James Watt - MSN Encarta
		Watt determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented enormous losses of steam in the cylinder and enhanced the vacuum conditions.
		Watt continued his research and patented several other important inventions, including the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine.
		The misconception that Watt was the actual inventor of the steam engine arose from the fundamental nature of his contributions to its development.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564086/James_Watt.html (410 words)

	Watt steam engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Watt's idea was to separate the condensation system from the cylinder, injecting the cooling water spray in a second cylinder, C, attached to the main one through a valve V'.
		This allowed the steam engine to be used to replace water wheels, thereby freeing British industry from geographical constraints and becoming one of the main drivers in the industrial revolution.
		He also introduced the manometer to measure steam pressure within the engines, which, when connected to a linkage to the position of the piston and a pencil that recorded both, could enable a record to be produced of the action of the machine throughout the cycle--the indicator diagram.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Watt_steam_engine (982 words)

	Steam engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Steam engines were used as the prime mover in pumps, locomotives, steam ships and steam tractors, and were essential to the Industrial Revolution.
		Steam turbines, technically a type of steam engine, are still widely used for generating electricity, but older types have been almost entirely replaced by internal combustion engines and electric motors.
		One of the advantages of the steam engine is that any heat source can be used to raise steam in the boiler; but the most common is a fire fueled by wood, coal or oil or the utilisation of the heat energy generated in a nuclear reactor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steam_engine (4954 words)

	Capital and Labour - The Invention of the Steam-Engine : Watt's Early Inventions
		JAMES WATT, the grandson of a teacher of mathematics, and the son of a shipwright merchant of Greenock, was born in 1736.
		Watt, himself, is credited with a salary of £35 per annum, rather more than twice the wage of a potter, and rather less than twice that of a miner.
		Watt now spent all his spare time in reducing the theory of his improvement to practice; he carefully thought out all the details, and calculated the amount of steam required.
	www.history.rochester.edu /steam/lord/4-1.htm (1195 words)

	James Watt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Watt became acquainted with the Newcomen engine when he was repairing the University's model of it.
		Watt wrote:"...the idea came into my mind that, as steam was an elastic body, it would rush into a vacuum, and, if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel, it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder.
		In 1769 Watt sought and obtained a patent for a "new method for lessening the consumption of steam and fuel in fire engines".
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/6914/watte.htm (374 words)

	steam engine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Steam is admitted through one inlet valve, forcing the piston to move to the other end of the cylinder.
		A compounded steam engine has several cylinders, which the steam passes through successively until, leaving the last cylinder, it is condensed into water and returned to the boiler.
		Watt’s continuing efforts produced a governor, a mercury steam gauge, and a crank-flywheel mechanism, all of which prepared the steam engine for a major role in the Industrial Revolution.
	www.bartleby.com /65/st/steameng.html (496 words)

	James Watt
		Watt worked on the idea for several months and eventually produced a steam engine that cooled the used steam in a condenser separate from the main cylinder.
		Watt thought of two methods, one by a long pipe, sunk into the earth, and the other by employing a pump, wrought by the engine itself; the latter was adopted.
		Mr Watt applied for letters patent in 1768, for "methods of lessening the consumption of steam and consequently of fuel in the steam engine," which passed the seals in January 1769.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/men/james_watt.htm (5619 words)

	sociology - Steam engine
		Steam engines were used in pumps, locomotive trains and steam ships, and were essential to the Industrial Revolution.
		However steam engines are less favored for automobiles, which are generally powered by internal combustion engines, because steam requires at least thirty seconds (in a flash boiler) or so to develop pressure.
		In practice, a steam engine exhausting the steam to atmosphere will have an efficiency (including the boiler) of 5% but with the addition of a condenser the efficiency is greatly improved to 25% or better.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Steam_engine (2628 words)

	Chapter 3 text
		Watt made a new boiler for the experimental investigation on which he was al)out to enter, and arranged it in such a manner that he could measure the quantity of water evaporated and of steam condensed at every stroke of the engine.
		In the engraving of the doubleacting engine with flywheel (Fig.
		Steam is led to the engine through the pipe, S Y, and cocks, a, b, c, and d, are adjustable, as required, to lead steam into and from the cylinders, and are moved by the plugrod, W, which actuates handles not shown.
	www.history.rochester.edu /steam/thurston/1878/Chapter3.html (14478 words)

	James Watt - inventor
		Watt was born in Greenock on the River Clyde in Scotland in 1736, the son of a merchant.
		It was while repairing a model of a Newcomen engine for the university in 1763 that he noticed the deficiencies of the machine, and had the idea for a separate condenser.
		High-pressure, non-condensing engines were the way forward, but the pair protected their interests so well that virtually all development in that direction was stymied - even William Murdoch, one of their own employees, was barred by law from developing the steam carriage he had invented.
	www.cottontimes.co.uk /watto.htm (986 words)

	Watt engine animation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The final version of the new Watt engine worked in 1778, and it consumed 1/3 of the steam that the Newcomen engine used.
		The engine piston (now with the same pressure above and below) was driven up by the crossbeam and the descent of the very, very heavy pump piston and rod.
		Note the presence of the condenser and the warm steam jacket that surrounds the cylinder.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/6914/wvae.htm (180 words)

	Watt Atmospheric Engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Watt Engine is a significantly more efficient engine than the Newcomen Engine because it incorporates a separate condenser.
		The steam piston and pump piston are connected to the beam with parallel motion mechanisms.
		Imagine the steam piston directly to your right as you down into the well; the main support column of the engine is in the rear of the photo.
	www.egr.msu.edu /~lira/supp/steam/wattengine.htm (1334 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Watt's Steam Engine patented
		In 1764 he was asked to repair a working model of the Newcomen steam engine (invented 1704) and it dawned on him that the engine was made very inefficient by its cooling of the main cylinder in order to create the necessary vacuum to pull the piston up again after the down-stroke.
		Watt.s improvements to the steam engine were to prove crucial to the development of steam locomotives by George Stephenson and others in the 1810s and 1820s.
		Watt was honoured by membership of the Royal Society in 1785, an honorary doctor of laws of the University of Glasgow in 1806 and a foreign associate of the French Academy of Sciences in 1814.
	www.litencyc.com /php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1184 (476 words)

	Steam Engine Inventor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Steam engines are of various types but most are reciprocal.
		Steam Engine, Alexandria, 100 CE by Karen Fisher, 'AC Heron, the great inventor of Alexandria, described in detail what is thought to be the first working steam engine.
		Watt worked on the idea for several months and eventually produced a steam engine that cooled the used steam in a condenser separate from the main cylinder.
	steam.myshops.info /oz/steam-engine-inventor.html (138 words)

	Steam Engine - History, Watt's breakthrough
		A steam engine is a machine that converts the heat energy of steam into mechanical energy.
		The steam engine was the major power source of the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
		Although there were more than 60,000 steam cars made in the United States between 1897 and 1927, the steam engine eventually gave way to the internal-combustion engine as a power source for vehicles.
	www.scienceclarified.com /Sp-Th/Steam-Engine.html (954 words)

	[No title]
		The archives of Watt held in the Boulton and Watt Archive in Birmingham Central Library are...
		His scale model engine has a condenser that is separated from the cylinder so that the cylinder does not lose heat each time the steam condenses, resulting in a power source six-times more effective as the Newcomen engine.
		Watt is granted a patent in 1769 and his first full-scale engines are installed in 1776.
	www.lycos.com /info/james-watt--steam-engines.html?page=2 (405 words)

	Steam Engine Inventor History Traction Engine
		James Watt's improved steam engine transformed previously designed steam engines, which had hardly changed for fifty years, into a source of power that transformed the world of work, and was the key innovation that brought forth the Industrial Revolution.
		The contributions made by Watt were of such significance that he is frequently referred to as the inventor of the steam engine.
		It was clear to many that higher pressures produced in improved boilers would produce engines having even higher efficiency, and would lead to the revolution first in transportation that was soon embodied in the locomotive and steamboat and later to the farm field and the Traction Steam Engine.
	www.antiquefarming.com /steamengine.html (338 words)

	JAMES WATT
		His critical insight, to cause the steam to condense in a separate chamber apart from the piston, and to maintain the temperature of the cylinder at the same temperature as the injected steam, came finally in 1765 and he soon had a working model.
		Watt patented the application of the sun and planet gear to steam in 1781 and a steam locomotive in 1784, both of which have strong claims to have been invented by his employee, William Murdoch.
		James Watt's improved steam engine transformed the Newcomen engine, which had hardly changed for fifty years, into a source of power that transformed the world of work, and was the key innovation that brought forth the Industrial Revolution.
	www.solarnavigator.net /inventors/james_watt.htm (1923 words)

	Steam Engine History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Steam was used to pump the water from the mines.
		The steam engine consists of a steam piston/cylinder that moves a large wooden beam to drive the water pump.
		Watt told his son that he was even more proud of this invention than he was of the engine itself.
	www.egr.msu.edu /~lira/supp/steam (1345 words)

	The Boulton and Watt engine
		It was one of the earliest rotative (wheel-turning) steam engines to be built and is the oldest in existence.
		James Watt did not invent the steam engine, but he made several important innovations that improved the efficiency of engines and made them useful in a wide range of industries.
		As Boulton and Watt engines were prime movers in the Industrial Revolution, this very significant engine represents not just invention and entrepreneurship, but also wealth creation, mass consumerism, great changes in working life, a massive shift in the use of resources, and consequent damage to the natural environment.
	www.powerhousemuseum.com /exhibitions/boulton&watt.asp (267 words)

	Steam engine - Uncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		During the Renaissance steam engines were used to power many of the great achievements of the period.
		Even as the builders of steamships were constructing the largest steam engines ever made, Indian engineers were applying Watt's principles to an entirely new engine: the improved steam turban.
		By miniturizing the steam engine and covering it in insulating fabric, the inventor Mohat Sinj created a portable personal powerplant which could be worn on the head.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Steam_engine (588 words)

	Inventor James Watt Biography
		Watt was a creative genius who radically transformed the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one.
		It follows the development of reciprocating steam engines, from their earliest forms to the beginning of the twentieth century when they were replaced by steam turbines.
		James Watt College of Further and Higher Education is the largest college in Scotland and one of the most progressive and dynamic colleges in the country.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/watt.htm (1453 words)

	Watt, James - Encyclopedia of Earth
		James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottish inventor, instrument maker and mechanical engineer, is renowned for his improvements on the steam engine.
		Richard Arkwright began using Watt's steam engine in his textile factories in 1783, and by 1800, there were over 500 of Watt's machines in Britain's mines and factories.
		For this contribution, Watt’s steam engine is considered one of the driving forces behind the Industrial Revolution.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Watt,_James (304 words)

	COB-NET Historical Notes: James Watt
		Working as a mathematical instrument maker, he became interested in the steam engine when he was asked to fix one.
		The steam engine was first invented by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen to pump water from coal mines.
		The improvement of the steam engine turned a page in history because formerly hand produced goods by independent craftsmen could now be mass produced in large factories.
	www.cob-net.org /text/history_watt.htm (296 words)

	Watt steam engine: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		When the piston (piston: Mechanical device that has a plunging or thrusting motion) had reached the top of the cylinder (cylinder: A surface generated by rotating a parallel line around a fixed line), the valve V was closed and V' was opened.
		The oldest working Watt engine in the world is the Smethwick Engine (Smethwick Engine: the smethwick engine is a steam engine made by boulton and watt, brought into service...
		Boulton and Watt (Boulton and Watt: the firm of boulton and watt, a partnership between matthew boulton and james...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/watt_steam_engine (303 words)

	More about James Watt
		This engine was of an early type known as a Newcomen engine and it struck James Watt that it was very inefficient.
		In 1782 he patented the double-acting steam engine, in which steam is admitted alternately at either end of the cylinder.
		Watt was in the habit of dismissing any ideas other than his own, regardless of who suggested them, as being notions he had had already entertained and had discarded, and Murdock may simply have fallen victim to this trait.
	jquarter.members.beeb.net /morejwatt.htm (2172 words)

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