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	Wave-particle duality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to wave theory, the strength or amplitude of a light wave was in proportion to its brightness: a bright light should have been plenty strong enough to create a large current.
		Wave functions are often interpreted as describing the probability of finding their corresponding particle at a given point in space at a given time.
		The wave functions, or kets reside in the Hilbert space, and are eigenfunctions of an eigenequation in which an operator acts on the ket to return the ket multiplied by a scalar eigenvalue.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wave-particle_duality (2444 words)

	Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When it was found in 1900 by Max Planck that the energy of waves could be described as consisting of small packets or quanta, Albert Einstein exploited this idea to show that an electromagnetic wave such as light could be described by a particle called the photon with a discrete energy dependent on its frequency.
		By measuring the energy in a discrete non-continuous portion of the wave, the wave took on the appearance of chunks or packets of energy.
		The exact nature of this Hilbert space is dependent on the system; for example, the state space for position and momentum states is the space of square-integrable functions, while the state space for the spin of a single proton is just the product of two complex planes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_Mechanics (5468 words)

	What is a Wave?
		In the case of a sound wave moving from the church choir to the pews, the medium through which the sound wave travels is the air in the room.
		To fully understand the nature of a wave, it is important to consider the medium as a series of interconnected or merely interacting particles.
		When a wave is present in a medium (that is, when there is a disturbance moving through a medium), the individual particles of the medium are only temporarily displaced from their rest position.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/Class/waves/u10l1b.html (1648 words)

	AllRefer.com - light : The Nature of Light : The Wave, Particle, and Electromagnetic Theories of Light (Physics) - ...
		The scientific study of the behavior of light is called optics and covers reflection of light by a mirror or other object, refraction by a lens or prism, diffraction of light as it passes by the edge of an opaque object, and interference patterns resulting from diffraction.
		the wave theory became the dominant theory of the nature of light.
		The wave theory received additional support from the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell (1864), who showed that electric and magnetic fields were propagated together and that their speed was identical with the speed of light.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/light-the-nature-of-light.html (436 words)

	De Broglie hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The de Broglie relations show that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the momentum of a particle and that the frequency is directly proportional to the particle's kinetic energy.
		The angular dependence of the reflected electron intensity was measured, and was determined to have the same diffraction pattern as those predicted by Bragg for X-Rays.
		For physicists this idea was important because it means that not only can any particle exhibit wave characteristics, but that one can use wave equations to describe phenomena in matter if one uses the de Broglie wavelength.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/De_Broglie_hypothesis (609 words)

	Nature "loves" the waveform
		Nature "loves" the waveform; from our psychological states to quantum mechanical states, from the motion of the pendulum to the alternating current we use everyday, from the motion of stars and the planets to the tides on earth, we are surrounded by the wave nature.
		Instead of the sound wave being shortened or elongated when compared to moving objects the gravity wave is shortened or lengthened, red-blue shift which affects not the action of sound but the actions of time and space.
		In the case of waves, which in general may be defined as "a disturbance that propagates," they will want to investigate things like the nature of the medium for the waves, whether the wave motion is damped, whether the wave equation that best describes the wave is linear or nonlinear, and so on.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=286089 (1443 words)

	physics - Quantum mechanics
		For example, an electron in an unexcited atom is pictured classically as a particle moving in a circular trajectory around the atomic nucleus, whereas in quantum mechanics it is described by a static, spherically symmetric probability cloud surrounding the nucleus (Fig.
		The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics thus stems from the act of measurement: the object interacts with an apparatus, and their respective wavefunctions become entangled.
		Based on this interpretation, Bohm has speculated that the ultimate nature of physical reality is not a collection of separate objects (as it appears to us), but rather an undivided whole that is in perpetual dynamic flux.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Quantum_mechanics (3978 words)

	The Physics Classroom
		One characteristic of wave reflection is that the angle at which the wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave leaves the surface.
		These equations are based upon the speeds of the wave in the two media and the angles at which the wave approaches and departs from the boundary.
		Since, light waves are diffracting around the edges of the penny, the waves are broken up into different wavefronts which converge at a point on a screen to produce the interference pattern shown in the photograph.
	www.physicsclassroom.com /Class/light/U12L1a.html (1171 words)

	The Wave Nature of Matter
		In some experiments, like Young's double slit experiment, light clearly showed itself to be a wave, but other phenomena, such as the photoelectric effect, demonstrated equally clearly that light was a particle.
		If we begin to think of electrons as waves, we'll have to change our whole concept of what an "orbit" is. Instead of having a little particle whizzing around the nucleus in a circular path, we'd have a wave sort of strung out around the whole circle.
		It's only at the molecular or atomic level that the waves begin to be large enough (compared to the size of an atom) to have a noticeable effect.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/2000/quantumzone/debroglie.html (1020 words)

	Grand Unified Theory: Wave Theory - Chapter 1
		It is the first step to a grand united nature theory that can help us to understand the laws of nature, to generate new ideas and to contribute to research.
		Wave theory explains and connects theories such as those of Einstein, Darwin and quantum mechanics with every formation of matter, even living matter and thought.
		Einstein suggested that to reach a better understanding of the laws of nature and the universe, a more sophisticated approach is required, and perhaps he was right.
	www.grandunifiedtheory.org.il /book/intro1.htm (534 words)

	The Reality Program: Chapter 2
		The second wave property drawn on by Michelson was the behavior and appearance of a wave in a medium which itself is in motion.
		In a wave tank, the pebble that starts the wave immediately sinks to the bottom of the tank and stays there; in a double slit experiment, the electron which "starts the wave" will later be found at the other end of the apparatus.
		No wave motion that we know of can accomplish this feat, which would completely erase the distinction between the instigating agent (the pebble) and the wave which, as far as we know, simply represents the transmission of the force of the falling pebble.
	www.bottomlayer.com /bottom/reality/chap2.html (7148 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Mexican Wave secrets revealed
		The Mexican Wave - or "ola" - spreads around the stadium when large sections of the crowd, in turn, jump to their feet, throw their arms in the air and then sit down.
		In their study of the waves, Vicsek and his team borrowed and adapted mathematical models that are already used to map forest fires and the beating heart.
		The research also found that the wave usually rolls in a clockwise direction around the stadium and typically moves at a speed of about 12 metres (or 20 seats) per second.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2253747.stm (334 words)

	Giancoli, Physics : Principles with Applications, 5/E Chapter 24 -- Physlet® Problems
		Wave crests appear as light gray and wave troughs appear dark in the simulation.
		Wave crests appear as light gray and wave troughs appear darker.
		The separation between wave crest and trough will be halved and the angle between the fringes will be halved.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/giancoli/chapter24/multiple3/deluxe-content.html (698 words)

	Beyond the Point Particle - An Electron Wave Structure
		It is a major result of this article to further deduce that most of the natural laws originate from the properties of the quantum waves of the charged particles (electron, proton,etc), and the properties of the space (ether, vacuum,etc.) which is formed from the totality of all those particle quantum waves.
		Since all the laws of nature are written in terms of the dimensions [time, length, mass] defined by ensembles of matter communicating in the space of a universe, we infer that the behavior of matter is at least partly determined by the geometric properties of the space (aether) within the universe.
		Assume that the mass (wave frequency) and propagation speed of an SR wave in space depends on the sum of all SR wave intensities in that space; a superposition of the intensities of waves from all particles inside the Hubble (H) Sphereof radius R = c/H, including the intensity of a particle's own waves.
	members.tripod.com /~mwolff/body_point.html (6782 words)

	wave-particle duality, uncertainity principle
		While de Broglie waves were difficult to accept after centuries of thinking of particles are solid things with definite size and positions, electron waves were confirmed in the laboratory by running electron beams through slits and demonstrating that interference patterns formed.
		The length of the wave diminishes in proportion to the momentum of the object.
		This is the holistic nature of the quantum world, with the behavior of individual particles being shaped into a pattern by something that cannot be explained in terms of the Newtonian reductionist paradigm.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast123/lectures/lec06.html (2864 words)

	Wave nature of electron
		Two specific examples supporting the wave nature of electrons as suggested in the DeBroglie hypothesis are the discrete atomic energy levels and the diffraction of electrons from crystal planes in solid materials.
		The wave nature of the electron must be invoked to explain the behavior of electrons when they are confined to dimensions on the order of the size of an atom.
		This wave nature is used for the quantum mechanical "particle in a box" and the result of this calculation is used to describe the density of energy states for electrons in solids.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/debrog.html (430 words)

	Chapter 7: Wave Mechanics and Wave Particle Duality
		He worked out the exact solutions of the wave equation for the hydrogen atom, and the results perfectly agreed with the known energy levels of these atoms, seemingly without any of the complications and metaphysical speculations associated with the uncertainty principle.
		Schrödinger believed that the intensity of the wave at a point in space represented the 'amount' of the electron that was present at that point.
		This indicated that the simple interpretation of the wave equation as a description of the physical matter waves in ordinary space, as was originally assumed by Schrödinger himself, is incorrect.
	www.faqs.org /docs/qp/chap07.html (827 words)

	The Nature of Light
		The wave nature of light was first illustrated through experiments on diffraction and interference.
		Huygens stated that an expanding sphere of light behaves as if each point on the wave front were a new source of radiation of the same frequency and phase.
		The wavelength of a light wave is inversely proportional to its frequency.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/waves/light (1905 words)

	The Wave Nature of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
		The prevailing view of the nature of light has changed several times in the past three centuries.
		One method of observing this wave nature characteristic is through the interference and diffraction of electromagnetic radiation.
		For this part, we demonstrate the wave nature of a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
	teacher.nsrl.rochester.edu /phy_labs/E&M_Waves/E&M_Waves.html (1380 words)

	Wave-Particle Duality of Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		And wave theory could explain the interference and polarization of light which particle theory could not.
		Despite this, the undergraduate physics of light is still often taught as separate chapters on particles and waves with little or no attempt to give an overall understanding of how this can be so.
		The complementarity principle is still used in books on optics to justify the use of wave theory to explain interference, polarization, diffraction, etc. The student is then left with the impression either that we do not really understand the true nature of light or that physics is simply a collection of tools for solving problems.
	www.thespectroscopynet.com /Educational/wave_particle_duality.htm (633 words)

	Wave Nature of Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When the physical phenomena that are being probed involve characteristic distances that are comparable to the size of the wave, then the wave nature is essential for the correct description.
		Wave fronts of light move faster through point B as compared to point A. So ray B seems to come from under the surface of the highway.
		When light from the sun passes through its own atmosphere, or the Earth’s atmosphere, some of the waves at particular wavelengths are absorbed by the atoms and molecules on its path (the energy of that wave just matches the quantum energy to excite the atom or molecule).
	physics.usc.edu /~bars/135/LectureNotes/LightWaves.html (1911 words)

	NATURE. Condition Black \| PBS
		NATURE's CONDITION BLACK reveals how giant-wave surfers from around the world couldn't walk away from the largest waves ever recorded.
		It was every surfer's dream and nightmare combined, playing and replaying on a seemingly endless loop, as colossal waves up to 40 feet high surged over the beaches of Oahu in a monstrous, unstoppable procession.
		A combination of natural forces had intensified the effects of the storm, producing conditions that even the most experienced surfers had never seen before.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/conditionblack (277 words)

	On the Nature of Quanta
		Quanta propagate as waves and are absorbed as particles; that is their nature; and that is how they always behave.
		Perhaps it can no longer be absorbed (unless the wave locally overlaps another one, so the sum is enough), or perhaps at a big enough size the wavefront fragments into "pieces", each small enough to maintain communication from one end to another at the intra-wave speed of collapse.
		In this experiment, a single-photon wave is sent along "two" paths and bounces off two identical macromolecular particles whose positions are then entangled, on the theory that both are simultaneously hit and not hit by the photon.
	www.thoughtware.com.au /philosophy/science/quantum3.html (1668 words)

	Wave Hill: Press Releases
		Wave Hill extends its hours until 9pm for horticulture and arts programming; the twilight garden and Hudson River sunsets; and art exhibitions in the gallery and outdoors.
		Wave Hill marks its 40th anniversary as a public garden and cultural center from Spring-Summer 2005.
		Wave Hill's 28-acre garden landscape offers an incomparable site to explore the idea of enchantment, both good and evil, in the exhibition Enchantment, on view through August 29.
	www.wavehill.org /about/press.html (899 words)

	Quantum Principles
		Either it was a wave only at the time of passage through the slits and becomes a particle when detected, or it is always both.
		The Heisenberg uncertainty principle deals with the built-in randomness of nature caused by the ability of the particle to locate itself anywhere in its wave.
		So there are three forms of the quantum theory, wave mechanics, matrix mechanics and Feynman's, and you use the one that is easiest or most efficient for the particular problem.
	instruct.tri-c.edu /fgram/web/quantum.htm (1842 words)

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