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Topic: Weak nuclear force

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	force. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Since mass is constant at ordinary velocities, the result of the force is a change in velocity, or an acceleration, which may be a change either in the speed or in the direction of the velocity.
		The strong nuclear force, or strong interaction, is associated with certain reactions between elementary particles and is responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together.
		The weak nuclear force, or weak interaction, is associated with beta particle emission and particle decay; it is weaker than the electromagnetic force but stronger than the gravitational force.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fo/force.html (548 words)

	fundamental force concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		One of the four fundamental forces of nature, it is carried by photons and is responsible for all observed macroscopic forces, except for gravity., One of the four fundamental forces of nature.
		The other three fundamental forces are the gravitational force, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force., One of the four fundamental forces of nature, governing the electric and magnetic interaction between particles., The phenomena associated with electrical and magnetic forces.
		strong force (11 facts) (nuclear force) - Strongest of the four fundamental forces, responsible for keeping quarks locked inside protons and neutrons and for keeping protons and neutrons crammed inside of atomic nuclei., The short-range nuclear force which is assumed to be responsible for binding the nucleus together.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/fundamentalforce.html (839 words)

	Brian Northcutt
		The weak nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces, but probably the least understood.
		The range of the weak force is on the order of 10-18m, which is three times smaller than the range of the strong nuclear force.
		Weak interactions last about 10-10s which is up to a trillion times longer than processes governed exclusively by the strong nuclear force.
	www.phy.duke.edu /~kolena/modern/weakfrc.html (711 words)

	Theory: Weak Interactions (SLAC VVC)
		Fundamental weak interactions occur for all fundamental particles except gluons and photons.
		Weak interactions involve the exchange or production of W or Z bosons.
		The weak interaction was first recognized in cataloging the types of nuclear radioactive decay chains, as alpha, beta, and gamma.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/weakinteract.html (539 words)

	PlanetPhysics: Weak Interaction
		Weak interaction (Weak Force) is one of the 4 known interaction in physics.
		Weak interaction involves all of the left-handed Leptons and quarks.
		This is version 8 of Weak Interaction, born on 2006-05-19, modified 2006-06-01.
	planetphysics.org /encyclopedia/WeakForce.html (111 words)

	Weak Force
		Weak nuclear forces are responsible for radioactivity and also for exhibiting some peculiar symmetry features not seen with the other forces.
		In contrast to electromagnetic and strong forces, the strength of the weak force is different for particles and anti-particles (Charge Violation), for a scattering process and its mirror image (Parity Violation), and for a scattering process and the time reversal of that scattering process (Time Violation).
		The weak interaction finds practical application in the radioactive elements used in medicine and technology, which are in general beta-radioactive, and in the beta-decay of a carbon isotope into nitrogen, which is the basis for the carbon-14 method for dating of organic archaeological remains.
	www-project.slac.stanford.edu /e158/weakforce.html (572 words)

	Environmental Decision Making, Science, and Technology
		The fourth force, the weak nuclear force, is responsible for certain types of nuclear reactions and has little bearing on energy sources today.
		The strong nuclear force is the strongest of the forces.
		Nuclear fusion reactions on the surface of the sun are the result of the nuclear strong force.
	telstar.ote.cmu.edu /environ/m3/s3/06forces.shtml (1093 words)

	Weak interaction Summary
		The weak interaction (sometimes called the weak nuclear force) is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
		Although the weak interaction used to be described by Fermi's theory of a contact four-fermion interaction, the discovery of parity violation and renormalization theory suggested a new approach was needed.
		The Standard Model of particle physics describes the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction as two different aspects of a single electroweak interaction, the theory of which was developed around 1968 by Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg (see W and Z bosons).
	www.bookrags.com /Weak_interaction (2003 words)

	Four Forces- Ranges and Carriers
		The four forces of nature are considered to be the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, which has residual effects, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force, which also has residual effects.
		The weak nuclear force is found to have three carrier particles, two W bosons, one charged -1 and one charged +1, and the electrically neutral Z boson.
		The weak force, as its name implies, is weaker than the electromagnetic or strong nuclear force, about five factors of magnitude smaller than the strong nuclear force distances in an atom's nucleus.
	www.phy.duke.edu /~kolena/modern/forces.html (1191 words)

	THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
		For the strong nuclear force the exchange-particle is the gluon (nuclear "glue").
		The weak nuclear force is responsible for nuclear decay.
		The weak nuclear force is mediated by the massive W-bosons (mass of a Bromine atom) and Z-boson (mass of a Zirconium atom).
	www.benbest.com /science/standard.html (2325 words)

	Anthropic Principle
		The most familiar weak nuclear force is radioactivity; in particular, the beta decay reaction whereupon a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino.
		Another restriction is placed on the weak nuclear force since a certain amount of neutrinos must be formed when a supernova explodes to disperse the heavy elements formed in the outer layers of the star.
		If the weak nuclear force were smaller, then too many neutrinos would be made and would not interact sufficiently with the outer layers of the star to sufficiently disperse its contents.
	www.geocities.com /lungdoctor_tn/Anthropic_Principle.htm (3474 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for weak interaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		weak interactions actions between elementary particles mediated, or carried, by W and Z particles and that are responsible for nuclear decay.
		Weak interactions are one of four fundamental interactions in nature, the others being gravitation, electromagnetism, and the strong interactions.
		fifth force postulated fifth basic force of nature (the four known forces of nature are gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak interactions).
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/13702.html (661 words)

	The Green Horse of Revelation 6.
		The weak nuclear force is kindred to the strong nuclear force in that both are limited to the atom's nucleus.
		The two nuclear forces are named strong and weak for the obvious reason that the strong nuclear force is a lot stronger than the weak force.
		If the bosons of the weak nuclear force are likened to flying vultures, then perhaps the image of wild beasts answers to the period of violent thermodynamics when particles collided so energetically that they would transform into other particles, some of which were to be unstable and devoured by the weak bosons.
	www.abarim-publications.com /GreenHorse.html (812 words)

	Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
		The strong nuclear force binds quarks into protons and neutrons and is carried by gluons.
		In this theory, the four fundamental forces, gravitational, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic, were originally one force at the universe's beginning.
		The electromagnetic and the weak nuclear forces were unified into the electroweak force in the 1970's.
	members.tripod.com /~PeggySchweiger/nuclear.html (965 words)

	Wikinfo \| Fundamental force
		The weak force is transferred by W and Z bosons.
		Electromagnetism and the weak force can be seen as two aspects of the same underlying force, the electroweak force.
		Most particle physicists perceive the existence of different forces each with separate theories to describe them to be inelegant and believe that all of the forces can be described in a general theory of everything.
	wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Fundamental_force (738 words)

	Fundamental Forces
		The electromagnetic force is a force of infinite range which obeys the inverse square law, and is of the same form as the gravity force.
		The discovery of the W and Z particles in 1983 was hailed as a confirmation of the theories which connect the weak force to the electromagnetic force in electroweak unification.
		This suggests the weak interaction mechanism for the decay of the pion, which is observed to happen by the muon pathway.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/funfor.html (1168 words)

	Force
		Our present understanding is that there are four fundamental forces in the universe, the gravity force, the nuclear weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the nuclear strong force in ascending order of strength.
		In mechanics, forces are seen as the causes of linear motion, whereas the causes of rotational motion are called torques.
		Newton's Third Law states that all forces in nature occur in pairs of forces which are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/force.html (239 words)

	The Fundamental Forces
		force we’ve known since Isaac Newton discovered it in 1687 appear except in huge bodies because it needs huge bodies to appear this force is held by special bodies called graviton, which is still undiscovered, and this force is responsible for keeping stars, planets in its order.
		Strong nuclear energy is the strongest force in nature, and it responsible for the attachment of the fundamental bodies together, it has an indescribable force, its holder is Gloven, which was discovered in 1976, it affects heavy particles like Hadrons.
		It seems that this force is responsible for the falling of the bodies according to its formation (this contradicts with gravitational laws), and it still under studying, in 1987 a sixth force was discovered which is repulsive force and it has also very limited effect.
	library.thinkquest.org /C005731/forces.html (302 words)

	Weak interaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
		In the Standard Model of particle physics, it is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons.
		The weak interaction affects all left-handed leptons and quarks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weak_force (1055 words)

	The Fundamental Forces & Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A. Often stated as the Law of Action and Reaction, the Third Law is responsible for Conservation of Momentum and is the Principle that makes Rocket Flight possible.
		The forces which prevent you from falling through the floor or your chair, the forces that are exerted when you push an object, (friction, etc.) are all examples of the electromagnetic force in action.
		We now know that the Weak Force is an aspect of a "unified force" called the "Electro-Weak Force" which combines the properties of the Weak Force and the Electromagnetic Force.
	cassfos02.ucsd.edu /public/tutorial/Forces.html (1377 words)

	What are the universal forces?
		Each force has a force carrying particle: the gluon (strong nuclear), the photon (electromagnetic), the boson (weak nuclear), and the graviton (gravitational).
		The weak nuclear force is responsible for emission of beta particles in radioactive decay.
		The gravitational force also holds matter together, but it is so weak that its effect is only noticible when large masses are involved (e.g., the Earth's gravity holding you on the ground).
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/kids_space/forces.html&fp=t&edu=high (202 words)

	More on Fundamental Force
		The weak nuclear force is responsible for some phenomena at the scale of the atomic nucleus, such as beta decay.
		The weak force is an example of a physical theory in which parity is not conserved i.e., which is left-right asymmetric.
		The strong force is independent of electric charge, and holds together, for example, two protons inside the minute volume of a Helium nucleus in spite of their tremendous electromagnetic repulsion.
	www.artilifes.com /fundamental-force.htm (1289 words)

	The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
		The strong nuclear force interaction is the underlying source of the vast quantities of energy that are liberated by the nuclear reactions that power the stars.
		The weak force is responsible for synthesizing different chemical elements in stars and in supernova explosions, through processes involving the capture and decay of neutrons.
		However, because the nuclear forces have such microscopically short ranges, and matter on the large scale tends to be electrically neutral, gravitation is the force that governs the motion of massive bodies such as planets, stars and galaxies.
	www.geocities.com /angolano/Astronomy/FundamentalForces.html (1255 words)

	The Four Fundamental Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The strong force is by far the strongest of the forces, followed by the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and finally the extremely feeble gravitational force.
		The messenger particle of electromagnetism is the photon, a massless particle that logically (since light is a manifestation of electromagnetism) travels at the speed of light (299 792 458 m/s or 299 972 km/s).
		The weak nuclear force is one of the less familiar fundamental forces.
	library.advanced.org /27930/forces.htm (1049 words)

	The Four Fundamental Forces
		The strong force is by far the strongest of the forces, followed by the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and finally the extremely feeble gravitational force.
		The weak nuclear force is one of the less familiar fundamental forces.
		The weak force is responsible for radioactive decay.
	library.thinkquest.org /27930/forces.htm (1049 words)

	Open Course : Astronomy : Introduction : Lecture 6 : Laws of Motion & Gravity
		The strong nuclear force is involved in the generation of energy in stars and in their explosive destruction known as type I supernovae.
		The weak nuclear force can change one type of subatomic particle into another in some situations such as radioactive decay, the generation of energy in stars, and in type II supernovae.
		The weak nuclear force's other effects, observable in free particle collisions, are usually masked by the strong nuclear force, as its name implies.
	www.opencourse.info /astronomy/introduction/06.motion_gravity_laws (3579 words)

	Forces
		The present understand of physicists and astronomers is that all interactions between matter are mediated by only four forces - and in fact two of these forces (electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force) have already been "unified" into a more general force which describes both as different sides of the same coin.
		Hopes for a quick unification of a third, strong nuclear force with these two - a "Grand Unified Theory" were dashed in the early 1980's when the IMB experiment and Kamiokande failed to find the signal of proton decay predicted by the favored candidate for this theory failed to materialize.
		The fourth force, gravity remains resistant to theoretical unification with the other three, since the quantum effects which must play a role in any such theory are far beyond the reach of contemporary experiments.
	www.ps.uci.edu /~superk/forces.html (230 words)

	3_forces
		The strong nuclear force between nearest neighbor nuclei is on the order of 60 times stronger than the electric force between two nearest neighbor protons.
		The force carriers of the weak nuclear force are known as the W
		The main effect of the weak force interactions is not to exert forces, although they do, it is to change the flavor of a particle.
	www.exo.net /~pauld/physics/3_forces.html (969 words)

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