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	WEALDEN - LoveToKnow Article on WEALDEN
		The Wealden rocks lie in the central part of this anticline between the escarpments of the North and South Downs; they extend eastwards from the neighborhood of Haslemere and Elland Chapel to the west between Pevensey and Hythe.
		Wealden beds occur on the southern side of the Isle of Wight and in the Isle of Purbeck in Dorsetshire.
		A separate Wealden area exists in north Germany between Brunswick and Bentheim, in the Ostervald and Teutoberger Wald, where the Deister Sandstone (150 ft.) corresponds to the Hastings Sands and the Walderthon (70-100 ft.) to the Weald Clay.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WE/WEALDEN.htm (1820 words)

	Wealden cloth industry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cloth-making was, apart from iron-making, the other large-scale industry carried out on the Weald of Kent and Sussex in medieval times.
		The industry spread along the Weald, and as far north as Maidstone.
		It was helped by the fact that Fuller's earth deposits existed between Boxley and Maidstone: it being an essential raw material for de-greasing the wool.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wealden_cloth_industry (373 words)

	Articles - Steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Iron is extracted from ore by removing the oxygen by combining it with a preferred chemical partner such as carbon.
		Iron smelting at this time was based on the bloomery, a furnace where bellows were used to force air through a pile of iron ore and burning charcoal.
		Although the brittle cast iron may initially have been a nuisance to the smith, as it was too brittle to be forged, the spread of cannon to Europe in the 1300s provided an application for iron casting, cast iron cannonballs.
	www.worldsink.com /articles/Steel (4192 words)

	WEALDEN HISTORY OF EARLY IRON MAKING INDUSTRY - TWISSELLS MILL HEATHFIELD SUSSEX WEALDEN DISTRICT COUNCIL, CHARLES ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is hard to picture the former iron industry in today's countryside of small fields, woodlands and steep, narrow, gill valleys.
		The Wealden Iron Research Group was founded in 1968, by Henry Cleere and David Crossley, to update the pioneering work of Ernest Straker whose monograph, Wealden Iron, had been published in 1931.
		The publication, in 1985, of The Iron Industry of the Weald, by Cleere and Crossley, was the fulfilment of the group's initial aim, but many questions remained unanswered, and the group continues an active programme of research.
	www.twissellsmill.com /wealden_iron_industry.htm (1192 words)

	IRON PRODUCTION IN THE WEALDEN DISTRICT: WEALDEN DISTRICT COUNCIL DIRTY BUISNESS: COUNCILLORS WHO JUST DON'T CARE ABOUT ...
		Towards the end of the period, water-power began to be used for forging iron, heralding the introduction, in 1496, of the blast furnace.
		Eventually, the onset of the Industrial Revolution took heavy industry north to the coalfields, and the last furnace in the Weald, at Ashburnham, closed in 1813.
		Membership of WIRG is open to individuals, families and institutions, students and those of pensionable age, and includes a bi-annual Newsletter and the Wealden Iron Bulletin.
	www.bushywood.com /wealden_iron_industry.htm (1189 words)

	Weald - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As a geographical term, the Weald is a particular area in the South of England that is situated between the chalk hills of the North Downs and South Downs, and that extends across the counties of Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex and Surrey.
		The area was the centre of the Wealden iron industry from Roman times until the last forge was closed in 1820.
		The use of its timber for the furnaces, but also for the medieval cloth industry and for the use by the shipbuilders on the Thames and Medway, might well have denuded its landscape, but now that all three industries use other raw materials, the Weald remains one of the most heavily wooded areas of England.
	www.unipedia.info /Weald.html (501 words)

	Chapter 10: Iron and a Military-Industrial Complex
		The Weald iron industry really took off under Henry VII's successor.The new King, Henry VIII, came to the throne at the age of 17 in 1509, as the new era of warfare was settling into maturity.
		Iron workers were brought in from the iron-making areas of northern France, probably as expert engineers in an early example of technology transfer.
		A new industry does not evolve in a vacuum: it requires supplies and services, and it may well compete for those with activities and industries that are already well established.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH10.html (6954 words)

	WEALDEN HISTORY OF EARLY IRON MAKING INDUSTRY - SOLAR NAVIGATOR WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE, NELSON KRUSCHANDL
		The Wealden geology of sands and clays yielded the iron ore, as well as the stone and brick to build the furnaces; the woodland provided the charcoal fuel; and the numerous small streams and valleys ensured water power for the bellows and hammers of the forges and furnaces.
		We know little about iron making in the Weald in Saxon times, and the industry receives only one mention in the Domesday Book for Sussex, at a location near East Grinstead.
		More ore and charcoal were required, and the need to operate the bellows by waterpower, instead of by hand, meant that ponds had to be created to store the water.
	www.solarnavigator.net /history/wealden_iron_industry.htm (1191 words)

	A brief history of the Wealden Iron Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Wealden Iron Research Group (WIRG) was founded to focus and initiate research into the extinct iron industry of the Sussex, Kent and Surrey Weald, and aims to foster interest in this subject, to work with other groups and institutions having allied aims and, above all, to publish its researches.
		In its annual bulletin, Wealden Iron, can be seen the results of this work, together with articles by historians and archaeologists on different aspects of the industry.
		Those with research interests in the Wealden iron industry are advised, in the first instance, to consult the standard reference work, The Iron Industry of the Weald.
	tonysing.orpheusweb.co.uk /WIRG/about.htm (636 words)

	Ashdown Forest Tourism Association - Local Information, Places to Visit and News & Events from the Heart of the ...
		The iron industry expanded rapidly and before the end of the century there were at least 77 iron furnaces at work in the Weald, many of them on the Forest.
		The iron industry was by now on the decline, with few furnaces still working.
		In the eighteenth century Britain’s iron industry moved up to the Midlands where coke was a much cheaper fuel than the charcoal which had been used in the south.
	www.ashdownforest.com /history.html (1003 words)

	Biddenden - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		Biddenden is a village that lies on the Weald of Kent, some five miles north of Tenterden.
		It was centre for Wealden iron industry and also of clothmaking.
		There is a local legend of Siamese twins being born in the village in 1100.
	www.indopedia.org /Biddenden.html (174 words)

	Family Ancestry
		Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had close cultural and economic links with the Continental empire, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanisation, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.
		Gold, iron, lead, silver, jet, marble and pearls however were all exploited by the Romans in Britain along with more everyday commodities such as hunting dogs, animal skins, timber, wool, corn and slaves.
		Local pottery rarely attained the standards of the Gaulish industries although the Castor ware of the Nene Valley was able to withstand comparison with the imports.
	www.family-ancestry.co.uk /Roman-Britain.htm (4078 words)

	INDUSTRY.HTM
		The iron produced was used in the main to cast cannons, although some was used for the manufacture of household and agricultural equipment, such as firebacks and tools.
		From these small beginnings were to grow a major industry - the manufacture of cement - and the development of Portland cement in the mid-nineteenth century was to change the face of the south east.
		Whereas the agricultural use of chalk depended upon leaving the topsoil levels undisturbed, the industrial requirement for chalk was to extract large amounts in the most cost effective method available, open cast mining.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /stonemuseum/industry.htm (1844 words)

	(Bulverhythe - Landing place of the citizens) - Hastings
		Bulverhythe was a manor near Crowhurst and a haven for fishermen before the land rose and the water left the valley.
		The area was used by the Romans to ship iron products from the bloomeries near Beauport to the port at Hastings.
		Bulverhythe was important as an export port for the Wealden iron industry until the late 1700's, probably shipping the cannons and iron goods from the Ashburnham forge and foundry.
	www.wwiitanks.co.uk /townwards/hastings/wards/hastings-bulverhythe.html (436 words)

	Level 3 - Life in Roman Sussex - Personal Life-style - Personal hygiene
		The majority of the population probably continued to use a combination of divine faith and natural herbal remedies, much the same as in the Iron Age before and in most periods since, until recent times.
		Examinations of a group of 14 skeletons from the Needlemakers cemetery at Chichester showed that most died in their early thirties, and many suffered from osteo-arthritis, presumably as a result of a hard physical life.
		The workers of the Wealden iron industry, many of whom would have been slaves, are likely to have had a much shorter life expectancy.
	www.romansinsussex.co.uk /level3/themes/life_roman_britain/person_lifestyle_healing.asp (238 words)

	Weald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As a geographical term, the Weald is a particular area in the South of England that is situated between the chalk hills of the North Downs and South Downs, and that extends across the countycounties of Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex and Surrey/.
		The ''High Weald'' of higher hills, ridges and valleys is part of the Wealden anticline, once layered Rock (geology)rock that later rose up and folded upward into an arched incline, as well as steep slopes falling away in certain parts of the area.
		It is also one of the most important regions whence many English yeomanyeomen came to settle the lands across the sea which have since become the United States/.
	www.infothis.com /find/Weald (690 words)

	Wirg - Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The best museum display devoted to the Iron Industry of the Weald is in Anne of Cleves House Museum in Lewes, which is run by the Sussex Archeological Society.
		The mould was created by first making a wooden replica of the desired design and pressing this blank into a tray of damp sand, although very early examples had small objects pressed in to the sand, even pieces of rope to make a date or initials.
		This is not an important commercial product of the Wealden furnaces, but in the 17th century several people associated with the Iron Industry had iron graveslabs made using the same method as for firebacks, instead of using the usual carved stone monument.
	tonysing.orpheusweb.co.uk /WIRG/find.htm (337 words)

	Wealden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Wealden Iron Trust was formed to recreate a centre which demonstrates a typical 16th century Wealden iron manufacturing plant.
		It was a weekend in Wealden that I may not forget; a party that may rest...
		Wealden is situated in the South East of England in the county of East Sussex...
	wealden.gigabusca.co.uk /cities/wealden.html (1700 words)

	UKtouristinfo.com [the ultimate guide to the UK]
		It has a long High Street of tile-hung cottages and at one time was of great importance as a hub of the Wealden Iron Industry.
		Gate House, a fine 18th century Wealden timber-framed and tile hung house with overhanging first floor, stands next to the church.
		It was built by the town's chief Iron Master, John Legas who ran the furnace at Waldron near Heathfield.
	www.uktouristinfo.com /town2.php?county=Sussex&town=2075 (241 words)

	Yalding Farmers Market (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This Wealden Iron industry was important to the area, as Yalding was a main shipment point for the cannons manufactured at nearby Horsmonden and other villages, to the naval base at Chatham.
		When the Iron Industry had declined, the area around Yalding reverted to its original farming industries, mostly fruit farming with apples and pears being very common.
		The hop growing industry was also within the area, but declined in the early 1900's.
	www.yaldingfarmersmarket.com /page2.html (536 words)

	LOANS.HTM
		Covers the industrial exploitation of rocks and minerals, their mining and uses.
		A guide to geological sites in the south east, the rocks and fossils that can be found there, together with information on access and travel information.
		How the rocks have shaped industrial development in the south east from the working of flint tools during prehistory, through the wealden iron industry of tudor times, to the large scale extraction of chalk, sand and gravel of today.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /stonemuseum/loans.htm (563 words)

	THE MUDDLE FAMILIES - Lineage and History - Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		None of the Muddles were recorded as being the Iron Masters who operated the blast furnaces, but Hugh Muddle and his son John were recorded as operating a hammer forge at Frant.
		There is evidence though of the Muddles being involved in the supply of charcoal as the fuel for the furnaces, and as the cost of the charcoal was approximately half the cost of producing iron, charcoal production must have been a major industry at this time.
		This charcoal industry was responsible for much of the destruction of the trees covering Ashdown Forest.
	www.muddlefamilies.info /occupations.htm (959 words)

	Maresfield Sussex - (Soldiers and Iron) - an English Village (UK) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Maresfield is a small village lying just north of Uckfield the name is derived from the Anglo Saxon Meresfield meaning a field with a marsh or pool in it.
		The Wealden Iron Industry was important to the area, as three foundries are nearby, the proximity to Buxted, where the first cannon was manufactured in 1543 by Ralph Hoggett must have helped the businesses locally.
		Near the Chequers Inn is a milestone, which is unusually made of iron, as opposed to the usual stone ones.
	www.villagenet.co.uk /ashdownforest/villages/maresfield.php (332 words)

	Fernhurst Society: iron industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The iron industry flourished here in the 17th and 18th centuries using local ore, charcoal and water power.
		The untouched nature of the site and the rural surrounding belie the production of cast iron, tools and cannon which was effectively the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
		English Heritage has confirmed that in its view the site is of sufficient quality to justify its scheduling as a nationally important monument, and independent experts from the Wealden Iron Research Group have confirmed that the site is as well preserved as any in the south of England.
	www.fernhurst.society.btinternet.co.uk /furnace.html (596 words)

	Wadhurst History Society
		The November meeting on Wed 17 is on the Wealden Iron Industry: anyone wanting to do some homework - and take some exercise - is welcome to join a 4 mile guided walk, starting from Brightling Church [map ref TQ683210] on Sat 13 November at 10:00.
		Anyone who enjoys walking and is also interested in the history of the Iron Industry might like to join one of the guided walks being promoted by East Sussex County Council.
		She drew attention to all the ancillary trades, which provided additional employment in the hop fields, and looked at the causes of the decline in hop growing in the area.
	wadhurst.info /whs/whsnews.htm (1685 words)

	News Releases: " What a Porker! " (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In September 1929, a Mr E W Hulme donated the’ pig of iron’ to the newly opened museum.
		This ‘pig of iron’ is therefore a significant reminder of what in this area was once a flourishing trade, the medieval and post medieval Wealden Iron Industry.
		This ‘pig of iron’, which is another name for the large iron bars that were then given to forges to turn into iron objects, is a significant addition to the Museum’s collection.
	www.horsham.gov.uk /your_area/news_2350.asp (350 words)

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