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	Weddell Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean.
		The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, (Argentine Antarctica) and Britain (British Antarctic Territory), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile (Antarctic Chilean Territory).
		The sea is named after the British sailor James Weddell who entered the sea in 1823 as far as 74° S. It was first widely explored by the Scot William S. Bruce over 1902-04.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weddell_Sea (214 words)

	Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A sea is a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, or a large, usually saline, lake that lacks a natural outlet such as the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea.
		Many seas are marginal seas, in which currents are caused by ocean winds; others are mediterranean seas, in which currents are caused by differences in salinity and temperature.
		Dirac sea is an interpretation of the negative energy states that comprises the vacuum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea (355 words)

	Weddell Seal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea.
		Weddell Seals are known for their very deep dives -- which may reach some 700 meters.
		The Weddell Seal is protected by the Antarctic Treaty and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weddell_Seal (491 words)

	Weddell Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Weddell seals use their large, strong, forward-pointing canine teeth to chew breathing holes through cracks in the ice.
		Since Weddells use their strong teeth to chew and scrape breathing holes in the ice, extensive tooth wear occurs and is often a cause of mortality as older seals lose the ability to hunt or maintain their holes.
		Weddell pups are born in colonies in September and October.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/weddell.shtml (575 words)

	AWI: Climate System: Weddell Sea
		To identify the processes responsible for the changes recently observed in Weddell Sea deep and bottom waters by investigating the temporal variability of the flow of circumpolar waters into the eastern Weddell Sea.
		Measurements of circulation and water mass properties in the Weddell Sea by means of hydrographic sections and long-term moorings along the Greenwich Meridian, and sub-surface floats.
		Application of a coupled ice-ocean model to the Weddell Gyre focussed on the influences of tides on water mass formation and of sea ice growth and decay and iceberg melting on the freshwater balance.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Climate/rndweddell.html (215 words)

	Weddell Sea
		The entire sea is part of the Argentinian claim in Antarctica.
		The sea is named after the British sailor James Weddell[?] who entered the sea in 1823 as far as 74° S. It was first widely explored by the Scot William Bruce[?] over 1902-04.
		It is believed that the break-up of Gondwanaland started in the Weddell Sea.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/we/Weddell_Sea.html (137 words)

	Antarctic Explorers: James Weddell
		Weddell did what he could for them but the small ships were constantly battered by the gales which kept them in a perpetual state of dampness.
		The crew was naturally disappointed in his decision but Weddell gave a speech to the crew praising their efforts and congratulating them on penetrating further south than anyone before them.
		Weddell continued as Master of various trading vessels, but in 1829 was wrecked in the Azores and was only saved by lashing himself to a rock.
	www.south-pole.com /p0000075.htm (895 words)

	WWF - Antarctic Peninsula & Weddell Sea - A Global Ecoregion
		The "bloodless" fish that live in the Weddell Sea get their name because their blood lacks the red pigment hemoglobin and is therefore colourless.
		The Weddell Sea supports a rich marine ecosystem, where huge quantities of krill (tiny shrimp-like animals) provide food for diverse populations of fish and marine mammals.
		The Weddell Sea also supports thriving colonies of penguins that lay their eggs and raise their young on the Antarctic Peninsula.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/antarctic_peninsula_weddellsea.cfm (280 words)

	Export of Weddell Sea Deep and Bottom Water
		Along the outer rim of the Weddell Gyre, there is a stream of relatively low salinity, high oxygen Weddell Sea Deep Water (defined as water between 0° and −0.7 °C), constituting a more ventilated form of this water mass than that found farther within the gyre.
		Weddell Sea Bottom Water also exhibits two forms: a low-salinity, better oxygenated component confined to the outer rim of the Weddell Gyre, and a more saline, less oxygenated component observed farther into the gyre.
		The low-salinity, better ventilated forms of Weddell Sea Deep and Bottom Water flowing along the outer rim of the Weddell Gyre have the position and depth range that would lead to overflow of the topographic confines of the Weddell Basin, whereas the more saline forms may be forced to recirculate within the Weddell Gyre.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000JC000281.shtml (410 words)

	AllRefer.com - Weddell Sea, Antarctica (Antarctic Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Weddell Sea[wed´ul] Pronunciation Key, arm of the Atlantic Ocean, W Antarctica, SE of South America, bordered by the Antarctic Peninsula and Coats Land.
		The vast Ronne and Filchner ice shelves are at the head of the sea.
		Named for James Weddell, a British navigator who claimed to have discovered the sea in 1823, it was investigated by the Scottish explorer William Bruce from 1902 to 1904.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/W/WeddellS.html (206 words)

	All About Sea Ice: Exploration: Antarctic
		However, due to extensive sea ice, the expedition was unable to reach Antarctica despite several attempts to travel farther south.
		Sea ice played a key role in the British expedition of 1914 to Antarctica, led by Ernest Shackleton.
		The goal of the Shackleton expedition was to cross the entire Antarctic continent from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea.
	nsidc.org /seaice/exploration/antarctic.html (1024 words)

	UHH: Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum - Niedere Tiere II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The deeper waters of the Scotia and Weddell seas are some of the least explored parts of the world¹s oceans and we know almost nothing about the bottom-dwelling (benthic) animals that inhabit them.
		Thus the Weddell Sea may be an important source for taxa presently living in the Atlantic and other neighbouring parts of the deep oceans.
		Furthermore, the more-or-less isothermal water column of the Weddell Sea and the surroundings of the Antarctic continent provides an obvious conduit for the migration of shallow-water species into the deeper waters.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /zim/niedere2/andeep.html (1292 words)

	Sea ice, atmosphere and upper ocean variability in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica
		A frequency domain singular value decomposition is performed on 20 years (1979–1998) of monthly sea ice concentration, sea ice drift and sea level pressure data in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.
		Anomalous atmospheric patterns periodically reach the Weddell Sea from the west and perturb the sea ice circulation and distribution in the Weddell Gyre through changes in the intensity and direction of the climatological winds.
		Sea ice variability on this timescale appears to be associated with a change in the shape and characteristics of the Weddell Gyre circulation around 1990.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000JC000594.shtml (331 words)

	NASA GISS: Science Briefs: El Niños and La Niñas Rearrange Antarctic Sea Ice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Meanwhile, the sea ice in the Weddell Sea (20E to 60W) extended further north.
		In contrast, sea ice in the Pacific Ocean had a larger northward extension in 1999, a La Niña year, particularly east of the Ross Sea.
		The sea ice, which is generated around each pole when the water gets cold enough to freeze, reflects solar energy back out to space, cooling the planet.
	www.giss.nasa.gov /research/briefs/rind_01 (670 words)

	Publications of Dr. Cathleen A. Geiger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Statistical comparisons between numerical sea ice models and an observed large-scale strain array in the western Weddell Sea during 1992 are used to evaluate the performance of three of the more generally utilized sea ice rhelogy formulations.
		Since the atmospheric regime in the eastern Weddell is dominated by marine intrusions from lower latitudes, with high humidity already, it is unlikely that either the moisture transport could be further raised or that it could be significantly lowered because of its distance from the continent (the lower humidity source).
		Examples from some recent work in the Weddell Sea region by Geiger (1996), Geiger et al., (1997, 1998a, and 1998b) will be used here to illustrate the current level of understanding of the response of these four monitoring parameters to external forcing.
	www.udel.edu /Geography/Geiger/pubabs.html (8031 words)

	Weddell Seal Printout- EnchantedLearning.com
		The Weddell seal is a large marine mammal that lives in Antarctic waters and on fast ice (ice anchored to land).
		It is a pinniped (related to the walrus and sea lion) that does not migrate.
		Weddell seals use their large, strong, forward-pointing canine teeth to chew breathing holes in cracks in the ice.
	www.littleexplorers.com /subjects/mammals/pinniped/Weddellsealprintout.shtml (302 words)

	Tectonic Evolution of the Weddelll Sea & Gondwana Breakup
		However, the Weddell Sea represents probably the least known and least accessible sea in the world.
		Nevertheless, the Weddell Sea is one of the most important areas for understanding the West Antarctic reconstructions of Gondwana.
		The original position of the EWM (based on paleomagnetic data) and the nature of the crust of the Weddell Sea embayment (based on geophysical data [e.g., Jokat et al., 1997a]) lead to conflicting geodynamic models.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~mstuding/weddell.html (940 words)

	SCAR » Appendix 7
		From the present knowledge of geodynamic movements, the Weddell Sea faced the earliest rifting events, which ended in the break-up of the Gondwana super continent.
		The marine magnetic data in the Weddell Sea have been gathered at BAS to understand the origin of the herring bone gravity anomalies.
		Determination of the age and composition of the outcropping basement ridges in the northern deep Weddell Sea.
	www.scar.org /publications/reports/16/appendix7/threeseas.html (2187 words)

	Virtual Trip: The Weddell Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Weddell Sea is named after James Weddell, Master, RN, who commanded the sailing brig Jane of Greenock on three privately organised voyages to the Antarctic at a time when he was on naval half-pay, following the end of the Napoleonic wars.
		Weddell was alone among the early British sealers in leaving a record of his explorations in book form, published in 1825.
		The voyage from Signy to Halley is very dependent on the conditions of the sea ice.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /Living_and_Working/Transport/Virtual/Travel/weddell.html (288 words)

	Weddell Sea - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		WEDDELL SEA [Weddell Sea], arm of the Atlantic Ocean, W Antarctica, SE of South America, bordered by the Antarctic Peninsula and Coats Land.
		Weddell Seals Carrying Video Camera and Data Logger Help UT Austin Researchers Film Antarctic Fish Living in Frigid Deep.
		Small size, brooding, and protandry in the apodid sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/W/WeddellS1.asp (247 words)

	WWF Global 200 Ecoregions -- Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Weddell Sea supports a rich marine ecosystem, where huge quantities of krill provide food for diverse populations of fish and marine mammals.
		The "bloodless" fish that live in the Weddell Sea get their name because their blood lacks the red pigment hemoglobin and is therefore colorless.
		Colonies of Weddell and crabeater seals lounge on ice shelves or the rocky shores of the Antarctic Peninsula until ready to take to the sea to hunt for food.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/g200/g196.html (355 words)

	Alfred Wegener Institute (Geodynamic evolution of the Weddell Sea)
		Its remoteness and harsh climatic conditions have protected the Weddell Sea from the type of comprehensive investigations carried out in other key areas, so that the sparse geophysical mapping yields contrasting geodynamic models for this region.
		For the AWI and BGR cruises a KSS 31 (Bodenseewerke) sea gravimeter was used; for the NARE cruises a LaCoste and Romberg sea gravimeter.
		The crustal structure in the Weddell Sea Basin between Berkner Island and Antarctic Peninsula.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /GPH/www_weddell_tectonics.html (842 words)

	Explore Antarctica Christmas in the Weddell Sea! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sea conditions determine the actual itinerary, but the Akademik Ioffe usually calls on remarkable places such as Deception Island, a volcanic caldera that we can sail into and a great place for visiting rookeries and hiking on volcanic slopes, and Hope Bay, site of Argentina's Esperanza Base.
		If sea conditions are favorable, we may then head toward Elephant Island, a rocky, remote island that was home to the heroic Endurance sailors for many months while Shackleton went to seek rescue.
		Some previous sea kayaking experience is required and space is limited to 16 paddlers, so if you are interested in this option, be sure to give us a call as soon as possible to reserve your space.
	www.escortedantarcticatours.com /twelve_thirteen/explore_antarctica.html (2369 words)

	FINNARP-95: WEDDELL SEA PROGRAMME
		During the first Finnish cruise to the Weddell Sea, FINNARP-89, a series of water samples for trace metal analyses were taken during the pass from Montevideo to the Weddell Sea.
		The first and the northernmost study region is reached in the beginning of the expedition's field activity in the Weddell Sea and the second one at the end of the expedition.
		During the helicopter flights, a wide scan laser profilometer to study the geometric roughness of the sea ice is to be used.
	www4.fimr.fi /aranda/finnarp/fa96.htm (3815 words)

	Ice dynamics and atmosphere-ocean heat exchange in the Weddell Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The annual ice export out of the Weddell Sea was estimated on the basis of the ECMWF geostrophic winds and the linear model.
		Over the sea ice, the sensible heat flux tends to be generally downwards, and together with an upward oceanic heat flux through the ice it compensates the heat loss from the surface via long-wave radiation.
		Over the open sea in the vicinity of the continental ice shelf, the sensible heat flux generally decreases with distance away from an ice shelf.
	www.helsinki.fi /~gfl_lait/sea_ice/weddell.html (1117 words)

	Antarctica Travel Description - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The wild and wonderful Weddell Sea is one of the most formidable areas of ice in the world.
		The day-to-day itinerary of this voyage is dependent on weather and ice conditions prevailing in the vicinity of the mighty Riser Larsen Iceshelf.
		Nestled amongst ice floes is the little-known Seymour Island whose fossil rich rocks conceal the story of the disappearance of the dinosaurs and the collapse of the mythical Gondwana.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/travel/trips/weddell_sea1447.shtml (585 words)

	NOVA Online \| Shackleton's Voyage of Endurance \| The Weddell Sea (November 15, 1999) \| PBS
		With no pack in sight, it was clear that we must follow Shackleton into the Weddell Sea.
		The waters ahead were a maze of flat floes of sea ice, brash ice, and icebergs.
		Their only option would be to launch the boats in the most treacherous seas on Earth and make for a subantarctic island.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/shackleton/dispatches/19991115.html (1269 words)

	Into the Weddell Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Ice conditions in the Weddell Sea, while never good, were the worst they had ever been in the memory of the Norwegian whaling skippers operating in the area.
		The Weddell Sea was roughly circular in shape, hemmed in by three land masses: the Antarctic continent itself, the Palmer Peninsula, and the islands of the South Sandwich group.
		Consequently much of the ice that formed in the Weddell Sea was held there, prevented by the encircling land from escaping into the open ocean where it might have melted.
	www.carrollandgraf.com /shackleton/part_1/chapter_3_1.html (2750 words)

	Bibliography
		On the circulation and stratification of the Weddell gyre.
		Thermal evolution of the Greenland Sea Gyre in 1988-1989.
		Evolution of the large-scale temperature field in the Greenland Sea during 1988-89 from tomographic measurements.
	www.oc.nps.navy.mil /thermobaricity/biblio (786 words)

	CHAPTER I: Into the Weddell Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		All the conditions in the Weddell Sea are unfavourable from the navigator’s point of view.
		The ship was very steady in the quarterly sea, but certainly did not look as neat and trim as she had done when leaving the shores of England four months earlier.
		The ship was behaving well in a rough sea, and some members of the scientific staff were transferring to the bunkers the coal we had stowed on deck.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /s/shackleton/ernest/s52s/part1.html (6567 words)

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