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Topic: Weimar political parties

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	[No title]
		Parties spanning a broad political spectrum from Communists on the far left to National Socialists (Nazis) on the far right competed in the Weimar elections.
		During the stable periods, Weimar Chancellors formed legislative majorities based on coalitions primarily of the Social Democrats, the Democratic Party, and the Catholic Center Party, all moderate parties that supported the Republic.
		The growth of the Communist Party in Germany alarmed Protestant and Catholic clergy, and the strong support the Catholic Center Political Party had given to the Republic weakened in the last years of the Republic.
	www.facinghistorycampus.org /Campus/weimar.nsf/FormPathDocuments/57553EE438A0FF0085256CF4007392B6?opendocument (2120 words)

	Political Parties - MSN Encarta
		Political parties link citizens and the government, providing a means by which people can have a voice in their government.
		The origins of political parties are closely associated with the development of the modern state and representative democracy in Western Europe and the United States.
		However, party competition required public figures to act upon a contrary set of assumptions: (1) that politics “naturally” involves conflict and division, and (2) that its true goals are to secure the economic interests and political influence of groups divided along lines of class, ethnicity, race, and religion.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580668/Political_Parties.html (1579 words)

	The Collapse of the Weimar Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The party was transformed from a Bavarian to a national party.
		This meant that by 1930 the party was poised to march onto the national stage.
		The emergence of the Nazi Party as the second largest party with 107 seats (up from 12 in 1928) revealed the extent to which Germany's public was moving to the right, and the extent to which the Nazi Party had developed into a modern mass party capable of mobilizing masses of voters.
	www.appstate.edu /~brantzrw/GermanHistory/collapseofweimar.htm (3675 words)

	The Weimar Republic I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The importance of political parties in a mass democracy was tacitly acknowledged in the adoption of proportional representation.
		The difficulty was that the SPD was the party of the workers and the DVP the party of the employers.
		Party machines tended to become vested interests, and party managers, intent upon votes and the ''party image,'' inhibited the flexibility of their Reichstag delegates, who in the thick of parliamentary battle were more inclined to realism and compromise.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/20weimar1.html (3239 words)

	weimar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The importance of political parties in a mass democracy was tacitly acknowledged in the adoption of proportional representation.
		The difficulty was that the SPD was the party of the workers and the DVP the party of the employers.
		Party machines tended to become vested interests, and party managers, intent upon votes and the ''party image,'' inhibited the flexibility of their Reichstag delegates, who in the thick of parliamentary battle were more inclined to realism and compromise.
	link.lanic.utexas.edu /~bennett/__344/g_weimar.htm (3227 words)

	Winning Women's Votes: Propaganda and Politics in Weimar Germany, by Julia Sneeringer. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Political parties found themselves (often reluctantly) addressing women as political actors for the first time and, as a result, sought to define their interests and characteristics—indeed, women's "nature"—to tap their votes over the course of ten national and dozens of regional elections between 1919 and 1932.
		Women activists often reminded their parties of the fluidity of female identities, arguing that propaganda had to address women's material interests as workers or housewives, but also insisting that their "nature" and roles made them more than a special-interest group that could simply be appealed to on the same terms as men.
		Political languages, and the exploding mass culture of which they were a part, furnished symbols and stereotypes people used in order to think and act in the world.[37] Thus discourse—defined as the complex of statements, signs, texts, and practices attached to a concept and dispersed across different public sites—is the focus of this study.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/sneeringer_winning.html (5285 words)

	German Political Parties
		Although only 3 to 4 percent of voters were members of a political party, all the major parties experienced a decrease in party membership in the early 1990s, possibly a result of the increased distrust of political parties.
		Article 21 of the Basic Law places certain restrictions on the ideological orientation of political parties: "Parties which, by reason of their aims or the behavior of their adherents, seek to impair or abolish the free democratic basic order or to endanger the existence of the Federal Republic of Germany, shall be unconstitutional.
		The decision to regulate the organization and activities of political parties reflects lessons learned from Germany's experience during the post-World War I Weimar Republic, when a weak multiparty system severely impaired the functioning of parliamentary democracy and was effectively manipulated by antidemocratic parties.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/facts/bl_parties.htm (834 words)

	[No title]
		Under PR, legislators and political parties are elected from larger, multi-member districts in proportion to the number of votes r eceived.
		Assuming that ten representatives are elected in a district, a swing of 16 percent from one party to another would result in change of at least one and possibly two seats in favor of the party that is growing in popularity.
		Parties always can lose seats in proportion to their drop in popularity – which may not be true in single-member plurality systems.
	www.lycos.com /info/proportional-representation--parties.html?page=2 (487 words)

	German Political Parties
		It was the believed among these party members that the passing of this act would partially realize their individual political agendas by seemingly eliminating a powerful party of opposition.
		The SPD was again in position as the opposition party but Schmidt was forced by the SPD to resign after his personal decision to appoint a Greek woman who was not a member of the SPD as party spokesperson was not supported by the party.
		As the Green/Alliance’90 party considers themselves as neither left nor right, but as standing to the right of the SPD, they can probably be defined as the most centre party in the German political system.
	bolt.lakeheadu.ca /~polisci/parties.htm (5799 words)

	Weimar political parties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The DNVP was the main authoritarian right party of Weimar Germany, but moved to the radical right after coming under the control of press baron Alfred Hugenberg in 1928.
		Deutschsozialistische Partei (DSP) — The so-called "German-Socialist" Party.
		It was a Marxist-Leninist party that advocated revolution by the proletariat and the creation of a communist regime according to the example of the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weimar_political_parties (1565 words)

	Germany - The Weimar Republic - Problems of Parliamentary Politics
		The Weimar Republic was beset with serious problems from the outset that led many Germans either to withhold support from the new parliamentary democracy or to seek actively to destroy it.
		Unlike political parties in well-established democracies, the right-wing parties in the Reichstag could not be considered a loyal opposition because their ultimate aim was to abolish the new system of government.
		Because no party ever gained as much as 50 percent of the vote, unstable coalition governments became the rule in the 1920s, and by the end of the decade more than a dozen governments had been formed, none capable of unified action on major problems.
	countrystudies.us /germany/36.htm (1038 words)

	Political Affairs Magazine - "Free" Market Ideologues Favor Tyranny of Profit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The party eventually succeeded in achieving repeal of the anti-Socialist laws and expansion of workers rights, although it did not stop German militarists and imperialists from embarking on the policies that led to World War II and a quasi-military dictatorship.
		Politically, such a "New Deal" may not have been possible in Germany because of the political civil war being fought between the two mass parties of the left, the Communists and Social Democrats and the weakness of the political center.
		In any case, Palyi and the immediate pre-Hitler conservative Weimar governments, not the earlier center-left Weimar governments that he condemned, were as rigid and as unsuccessful in fighting the depression as Herbert Hoover’s government was in the U.S. Thus, by their failures, they directly contributed in my opinion to the Nazis taking power.
	www.politicalaffairs.net /article/articleview/688/1/77 (1087 words)

	User:WHEELER - Wikinfo
		Konrad Heiden, in Der Fuhrer reports that "They occassionaly referred to their party as a 'party of the Left." (pg 94) I am the spiritual son of Archimandrite Boniface Luykx and I seek to continue his work.
		As in the words of another person, "For crissakes" the damn party even had in it the adjective that is was "socialist" and yet we all want to sit around and say that there was no socialism at all in Nazism or Fascism.
		Susan McManus, a PHD in Political Science and a professor at Tampa University, who is on every talk show and news show in Florida, goes around talking about how great democracy is and that our Founding Fathers started the greatest democracy and democracy this and democracy that.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=User:WHEELER (7802 words)

	Weimar Russia? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The finishing touches come from the ideological reorientation of the Russian Communists, who have swapped the ostensibly internationalist and proletarian Marxist-Leninist script for a sentimental National Bolshevism which wraps its vision of the paternalistic authoritarian state in the mystical aura of the Russian Orthodox nostalgia and the odious “blood and guts” nationalism.
		More important, the government’s party — being strongly represented in the Duma (12%), which was not the case in 1993 — is in a position to draw to itself the independent deputies.
		The Weimar outcome is all the more unlikely because of the foreign policy context in which Russia begun its move toward democracy.
	home.comcast.net /~gfreidin/columns/weimar.htm (1357 words)

	Weimar Germany and the Rise of the Nazis
		The Weimar Republic represented a compromise: German conservatives and industrialists had transferred power to the Social Democrats to avert a possible Bolshevik-style takeover; the Social Democrats, in turn, had allied with demobilized officers of the Imperial Army to suppress the revolution.
		But the lifespan of the Weimar coalition was brief, and the Weimar political system, which was achieving gains for both extreme left and extreme right, soon became radicalized.
		Goethe's Weimar was contrasted with the Prussian Germany of authoritarianism, military swagger, and imperialism.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Weimar.html (4769 words)

	Review of the Logic of Evil: The Social Origins of the Nazi Party, 1925-1933
		He incorporates numerous variables into his analysis, including "political traditions, unemployment figures, city size, region, geographical location, and confessional, occupational, and economic structure of locality." As a social scientist, Brustein's intent is not to present a history of the rise of the Nazi party.
		Third, and finally, "the Nazi Party's emergence between 1925 and 1933 as the most popular political party in Germany resulted from its superlative success at fashioning economic programs that addressed the material needs of millions of Germans" (xii-17).
		Weimar's traditional political parties, namely, the German Nationalist People's Party, the German People's Party, the German Democratic Party, the Catholic Center Party, the German Social Democratic Party, and the German Communist Party, contributed to the rise of the Nazi Party by underestimating the appeal of nationalist-statist economic planning and/or by participating in unpopular Weimar governments.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/reviewstr15.htm (947 words)

	The Weimar Republic
		To begin with there was a fragmenting of German political parties, resulting in over 30 parties ranging from Labor parties, to Socialists to those who favored a return to the Kaiser system.
		He was now head of the legislature, head of the military, formidable among the political parties and popular among the general populace.
		Perhaps the most formidable reason was that the fledgling republic was a political experiment for a country that had only known the reign of Kaisers for much of its recent history.
	www.shoaheducation.com /weimarrepublic.html (822 words)

	The failure of the Weimar Republic
		The failure of the Weimar Republic to solve the problems faced by Germany during the 1920's and early 30's is very well documented and the consequences of this failure are well known.
		The failure of Weimar to contain and eradicate these movements was in part due to the economic conditions of the day.
		Weimar's failure was sealed by the constitution itself.
	www.schoolshistory.org.uk /failureofweimar.htm (480 words)

	Weimar Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Weimar Republic (German Weimarer Republik, IPA: [ˈvaɪ̯marər repuˈbliːk]) is the historical name for the republic that governed Germany from 1919 to 1933.
		The Socialist leader Otto Wels is remembered as the sole opposing voice to the 23 March Enabling Act that marks the end of the Weimar republic and of democracy in modern Germany.
		As regards the Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates and Franz von Papen, the Nuremburg Trials studied the era from January 30, 1933, and came to the conclusion that it would not be an indictable offence to have assisted Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP to power.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Weimar_Republic (7470 words)

	Collapse of the Weimar Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Nazi Party seemed to be an insignificant, radical splinter with a mere 12 seats in the Reichstag.
		But party politics was already infecting the army, For instance, there was the celebrated case of Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin, two young lieutenants brought to trial for passing out Nazi propaganda in their 5th Artillery Regiment at Ulm.
		If they wished to utilize the party, their approach must be on the basis of negotiation with a potential ally over whom only an indirect control could be exercised.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/23weimar_collapse.html (3671 words)

	History of Germany, The Weimar Republic, 1918-33
		The Weimar Republic, proclaimed on November 9, 1918, was born in the throes of military defeat and social revolution.
		The percentage of the vote gained by this coalition of parties in favor of the republic (76.2 percent, with 38 percent for the SPD alone) suggested broad popular support for the republic.
		The party's program was broad and general enough to appeal to many unemployed people, farmers, white-collar workers, members of the middle class who had been hurt by the Depression or had lost status since the end of World War I, and young people eager to dedicate themselves to nationalist ideals.
	home.carolina.rr.com /wormold/germany/4.htm (6196 words)

	Worrying Parallels Between the Weimar Republic and Modern Western Society
		A ferment of artistic and sexual experimentation, the Weimar Republic (1918-1933) privileged an outpouring of cultural creativity in the Bauhaus movement of modern art and the development of the International Style in modern architecture.
		The German Weimar Republic (1919-1933) is an especially interesting period in German history since it bridged the gap between Germany's loss of the Great War (1914-1918) and Adolf Hitler's coming to power in 1933.
		The Weimar Republic, with it's liberal agenda, soon led to weakened policing and to a haven for criminals.
	www.ukapologetics.net /weimar.html (2659 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Germany's political parties
		The party was in government from 1966-1969 as the junior partner in a "grand coalition" with the CDU/CSU.
		Support for the party fell in the 1990s and the choice in May 2001 of a young new leader, Guido Westerwelle, was intended to broaden its appeal.
		The Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) is the successor to the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the ruling party in the communist German Democratic Republic (GDR).
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/4219274.stm (1339 words)

	Weimar Republic 1919-1929
		Proportional representation meant that the lack of political consensus was reflected closely in elected parties.
		There were many political parties and frequent changes of government.
		It was blamed on the Weimar Republic and increased its unpopularity.
	www.schoolhistory.co.uk /quizzes/germany/weimargermany.htm (560 words)

	The Brilliance of Weimar Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Weimar Culture provides a barometer of deeper currents, tensions, and directions in German Society, trends that were not always visible to contemporaries.
		The image of the "new woman" of Weimar was widely propagated in illustrated magazines with photos of cigarette-smoking, motorbike-riding, silk stockinged women on the streets, in bars, or on the sports field.
		William II (1890-1918) had demanded a narrow cultural outlook which glorified accomplishments of his Hohenzollern family, encouraged acceptance of the status quo, ignored the uglier side of society, and rejected modernism is art as degenerate.
	www.appstate.edu /~brantzrw/GermanHistory/brilliantweimarculture.htm (3715 words)

	Weimar Republic
		The Weimar Republic was the government that preceded the Nazi government.
		The Treaty of Versailles was a huge burden to the newly born Weimar Republic.
		The new Weimar government was also faced with numerous economic problems that burdened them in many ways.
	library.thinkquest.org /13915/gather/weimar.htm (745 words)

	Weimar Republic and Third Reich
		A provisional government of socialists is established, nominally responsible to the workers’ and soldiers' councils; until Dec. 29 it includes the radical USPD as well as the moderate SPD.
		The parties of the "Weimar Coalition" lose their Reichstag majority in national elections; they never again have enough seats to form a majority coalition.
		All political parties other than the Nazis are disbanded and all trade unions are absorbed into the Labor Front.
	dmorgan.web.wesleyan.edu /materials/weimar.htm (1823 words)

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