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	Medieval Welsh literature - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Welsh was born sometime between 400 and 700 AD and the earliest surviving literature in Welsh is poetry dating from this period.
		Welsh prose in the Middle Ages was not confined to the story tradition, it included a large body of both religious and practical works, in addition to a large amount translated from other languages.
		It records a battle between the Britons (or Welsh) of the kingdom of Gododdin (centred on Eidyn, the modern Edinburgh) and the Saxon kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia in the north-east of England.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Medieval_Welsh_prose (3577 words)

	Welsh Triads - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Welsh Triads (Welsh Trioedd Ynys Prydein, literally "triads of the island of Britain") are a group of related texts in medieval manuscripts which preserve fragments of Welsh folklore, mythology and traditional history in groups of three.
		The triad form probably originated amongst the Welsh bards or poets as a mnemonic aid in composing their poems and stories, and late became a rhetorical device of Welsh literature.
		Some of his triads are similar to those found in the medieval manuscripts, but some are unique to Iolo, and are widely believed to have been of his own invention.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Welsh_Triads (366 words)

	The Welsh Triads
		Thirteen Triads are missing from the beginning of the White Book text which begins in the middle of Triad 53 but the order and grouping of the remainder is identical with that in the Red Book.
		Triads 38 to 46 are referred to as Trioed y Meirch (the Triads of the Horses).
		Triads 50, 56 to 58, and 66 together with several triads I do not have are grouped together in Peniarth MS.
	www.vortigernstudies.org.uk /artsou/triads.htm (370 words)

	Welsh Triads -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Welsh Triads ((A Celtic language of Wales) Welsh: Trioedd Ynys Prydein) is used to describe any of the related (additional info and facts about Medieval) Medieval collection of groupings of three that preserve a major portion of Welsh folklore and (additional info and facts about Welsh literature) Welsh literature.
		The triad originated amongst the Welsh (An ornamental caparison for a horse) bards or poets as a (additional info and facts about mnemonic) mnemonic aid in composing their poems and stories, which later became a rhetorical device of Welsh literature.
		The Medieval Welsh tale, " (additional info and facts about Culhwch and Olwen) Culhwch and Olwen" is distinguished by its use of triads.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/we/welsh_triads.htm (121 words)

	Welsh mythology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Welsh mythology, the remnants of the mythology of the pre-Christian Britons, has come down to us in much altered form in medieval Welsh manuscripts such as the Red Book of Hergest, the White Book of Rhydderch, the Book of Aneirin and the Book of Taliesin.
		Only seven men, all Welsh, survive the battle, including Pryderi, Manawyddan and Bendigeidfran, who is mortally wounded by a poisoned spear.
		The Welsh had been Christian for many centuries before their former mythology was written down, and their gods had long been transformed into kings and heroes of the past.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Welsh_mythology (1678 words)

	The Heroic Age: Rhydderch Hael
		The sole source for this raid is a Welsh triad, the "Three Unrestrained Ravagings of the Island of Britain," which refers to the "Third Unrestrained Ravaging, when Aedan the Wily came to the court of Rhydderch the Generous at Alclud; he left neither food nor drink nor beast alive" (Bromwich 1961:147).
		The nature of the triads as bardic mnemonics, designed to assist oral poets in recalling and reciting a large repertoire of verse and saga, means that mutual hostility between Rhydderch and Aedan may have formed the subject of one or more heroic poems, the triadic reference to Aedan's raid representing a lone surviving fragment.
		Rhydderch makes several appearances in the group of Welsh poems attributed to Myrddin, the precursor of the Arthurian Merlin, and is portrayed as an oppressor of Myrddin whom he is seeking to hunt down and kill (Jarman 1960:16).
	www.mun.ca /mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2rh.htm (2901 words)

	Welsh Triads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Head of Bran the Blessed, son of Llyr, which was buried in the White Hill in London.
		Triad 113.Three Compeers of the Court of Arthur
		Triad 125.Three Baptismal Bards of the Isle of Britain:
	www.moval.edu /faculty/adderleym/Arthur/welsh/triads.htm (645 words)

	Medieval Welsh prose -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The vast majority of (A Celtic language of Wales) Welsh religious texts from the Middle Ages are translations and mostly the works of unknown monks and priests.
		Brut y tywysogion (=Chronicle of the princes) are variant Welsh translation of a Latin original annales telling the history of Wales from the seventh century to the death of (additional info and facts about Llywelyn ap Gruffudd) Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282.
		As such they were key works in shaping how the Welsh thought of themselves and others, tracing their origins back to (Statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC)) Brutus, the mythical founder of the Britain.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Me/Medieval_Welsh_prose.htm (808 words)

	Welsh Deities
		Manawyddan appeared in the Welsh tale from the Mabinogion, called Branwen Daughter of Llyr, as one of the survivors in the war against Ireland.
		Modron was the Welsh goddess of fertility or the mother goddess.
		Rhiannon was the Welsh equivalent of the Epona (Gallic) and Macha (Irish).
	www.timelessmyths.com /celtic/welsh.html (4127 words)

	he Welsh Triads, from Lundy, Isle of Avalon by Mystic Realms
		So it is perhaps not surprising that in the Welsh triads when we are given the names of 'Three Seafarers of the Island of Britain' two of them were rulers in south-west Britain; Geraint son of Erbin and March son of Meirchiawn,
		It is curious that the pursuit of 'Henwen' in triad 26 ends at the sea in the Menai Straits, just as that of the 'Twrch Trwyth' ends in the sea off the coast of Cornwall, and that both are credited with crossing over the Bristol Channel.
		All three were sprung of the race of Joseph of Arimathea, and of the lineage of the Prophet David, as the History of the Graal testifies.
	www.lundyisleofavalon.co.uk /texts/welsh/triads.htm (2663 words)

	Caswallawn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Welsh mythology, Caswallawn son of Beli was a legendary king of Britain who fought Julius Caesar.
		In the Mabinogion, he seized the thone of Britain from Bran the Blessed when the latter was fighting a war in Ireland.
		In the Welsh Triads, his horse is named as Meinlas and his lover, whom he abducted from Caesar in Gaul, as Fflur, and he is said to have left Britain with 21,000 men in pursuit of Caesar and never returned.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caswallawn (114 words)

	A Welsh Myth Concordance
		The following concordance is based on the four branches of the Welsh "Mabinogi", as retold in the four books by Evangeline Walton: "Prince of Annwn", "The Children of Llyr", "The Song of Rhiannon", and "The Island of the Mighty".
		Triads name him one of the Three Famous Tribe-Herdsmen of the Island, for he cared for the cattle of Gwynedd Uch Conwy.
		Triads also name him as one of the Three Skilled Astrologers, the other two being Idris and Gwyn ap Nudd.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/7280/welsh.html (6127 words)

	Gilgalon: The Triads Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tatjan Triads are a style of poems based on the triads created by Welsh poems, which I learned about in Bullfinch's Mythology.
		They are enumerations of a triad of persons, or events, or observations, strung together in one short sentence.
		The Triads are of all ages, some of them probably as old as anything in the language.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rac/old/triads.htm (204 words)

	Reincarnation and the Triads
		Welsh Faerie Witchcraft has always held beliefs in reincarnation similar to the Druids of Caesars time: In Y Dynion Mwyn, there is a strong belief that nature operates in cycles; that life shows patterns of existence, or souls; that these souls do not cease to exist at the death of the physical body.
		The Welsh Faerie belief system teaches that there is a dimension called "Summerlands"; which is a place of rest before the soul is re-born into the physical world.
		This is partially why we are to remain impartial and not to judge those who we do not understand or agree with, due to the fact that everyone has a reason for existence and this includes those who are not socially or morally acceptable.
	www.tylwythteg.com /reincarnate.html (1026 words)

	Livid's Lividict - Triads of the Welsh bards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A union of three; three objects treated as one; a ternary; a trinity; as, a triad of deities.
		{Triads of the Welsh bards}, poetical histories, in which the facts recorded are grouped by threes, three things or circumstances of a kind being mentioned together.
		[1913 Webster] {Triads of the Welsh bards}, poetical histories, in which the facts recorded are grouped by threes, three things or circumstances of a kind being mentioned together.
	livid.3322.org /lookup/Triads%20of%20the%20Welsh%20bards.html (313 words)

	Bulfinch's Mythology, Age of Chivalry, Part II, Chapter 19: The Mabinogeon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Welsh language is one of the oldest in Europe.
		The authors to whom the oldest Welsh poems are attributed are Aneurin, who is supposed to have lived A.D. 500 and 550, and Taliesin, Llywarch Hen (Llywarch the Aged), and Myrddin or Merlin, who were a few years later.
		The Triads are a peculiar species of poetical composition, of which the Welsh bards have left numerous examples.
	www.bulfinch.org /tales/chiv19.html (1101 words)

	Guinevere in Celtic Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Several of the Welch triads, or stories told in groups of thre e, feature her--sometimes even without her illustrious husband.
		The popular n ovel The Mists of Avalon stresses Arthurian legend's Celtic roots, playing upon this triad, and upon Guinevere's association with the Goddess, although Guinevere herself is not Celtic in the novel.
		As the British inherited her from the Welsh, Guinevere was a girl with a "dubious" reputation (357).
	www.uidaho.edu /student_orgs/arthurian_legend/ladies/gwen/gwencelt.htm (322 words)

	Cadwaladr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the Welsh Triads, he is said to be one of the "Three Golden-banded of the Island of Britain", i.e.
		In another Triad, he is called one of the three "Blessed" or canonised kings of Britain for the protection he afforded to the fugitive Christians when dispossessed by the pagans.
		He figures in Mediaeval Welsh poetry, and is regarded as an embodiment of other-worldliness, compassion and humility, all of which are virtues to which it is difficult to attain in such high office as St.
	www.arimathea.co.uk /cadwalad.htm (1582 words)

	King Arthur's weapons etc.
		In the Welsh Annals (Annales Cambriae), Arthur is described as bearing this shield during the battle of Badon in 516 AD 516 The Battle of Badon, in which Arthur carried the Cross of Our Lord Jesus Christ for three days and three nights on his shoulders [i.e.
		Welsh sources call Arthur's sword Caledvwlch (hard-cleft) and say that it was a sacred gift from God (The Welsh Triads).
		Indeed the Welsh name for Arthur's sword (caledvwlch) is seen as being closer to Caladhbholg than is the name of Feargus mac Léide's sword (Ó HÓgáin, D., Myth Legend and Romance, Prentice Hall 1991, P. In Malory's Morte D'Arthur the king's sword is the more familiar Excalibur.
	www.geocities.com /dagonet_uk/weaponry.htm (3693 words)

	Arthurian Characters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By the 12th-century the Arthurian legend achieves extensive written form in Welsh as narratives and allusions and Arthur is an imposing character, granted fantastic titles and the lordship of the whole of Britain.
		Early Welsh Saga Poetry: a Study and Edition of the Englynion (Cambridge, 1990), p.389), indicating that topographic folklore was attached to his name by this point (the Englynion being a specialised record of such pre-existing folklore).
		The Welsh Triads (Cardiff, 1978), pp.454-5; O.J. Padel
	www.arthuriana.co.uk /concepts/figures.htm (3923 words)

	[No title]
		With the Triads it was simply a matter of having the context of one or two words changed ; this then brought the old Pagan into line with the new Christian ; and in such a way as to bring into the Christian fold the stubborn traditionalists.
		The Triads even go so far as to say that if one does not share their knowledge, that is, teach what they know, then they are accursed by divinity, however divinity might be described.
		However, in the Triads, we see what appears to be a methodology of one example then the other given, then a third thing, which appears to be the actual point of the matter.
	wolf.mind.net /library/celtic/triads/triads.htm (12113 words)

	Medieval Literature and Criticism
		The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Literature in Medieval Welsh Literature.
		Bromwich, R., Jarman, A. and Roberts, R. Editors (1991) The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Literature in Medieval Welsh Literature [Cardiff] Univeristy of Wales Press.
		(1991) The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Literature in Medieval Welsh Literature.
	members.aol.com /michellezi/bibs/literature.html (3747 words)

	Welsh and celtic iconography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The modern Welsh words for ‘druid’, ‘[stand of] oak’, and ‘[single] oak’ are derwydd, derw, and derwen, respectively.
		Welsh sheep have long guard hairs in their wool.
		The Triads, found in various medieval manuscripts, are collections of historic facts, mythological traditions, moral maxims, or rules of poetry organized in groups of threes.
	home.earthlink.net /~philipsbrown/icon.html (429 words)

	What do I need to learn Medieval Welsh?
		I assume that you are primarily interested in learning Medieval Welsh in order to read the Mabinogi and the other medieval texts, and that you already have an understanding of English grammar, including conjugations, declensions, subjects, objects, and indirect objects.
		Using a Welsh dictionary, or any alphabetical list of Welsh words, is not as easy as you might think because the syntax of a sentence can change the first letter of Welsh words, but dictionary entries use the unchanged word.
		He arbitrarily changes the Welsh original, and alters the names; Jones and Jones though a bit archaic, is still the standard for many) are useful, and interesting, and there are also a few texts with English and Welsh on facing pages.
	www.digitalmedievalist.com /faqs/medwelsh.html (1136 words)

	King Arthur - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Another early reference to Arthur is in the Historia Brittonum, attributed to the Welsh monk Nennius, who is said to have written this compilation of early Welsh history around the year AD In this work Arthur is referred to as a 'leader of battles' rather than as a king.
		Later parts of the Trioedd Ynys Prydein, or Welsh Triads[?], mention Arthur and locate his court in Celliwig[?], which is located in Cornwall.
		Celliwig was identified by older Cornish antiquaries with Callington[?], but Rachel Bromwich, the latest editor of the Welsh Triads, matched it to Kelly Rounds, a hill fort in the Cornish parish of Egloshayle[?].
	openproxy.ath.cx /ki/King_Arthur.html (1566 words)

	The Triads of Wales or Prydain
		The Trioedd Ynys Prydein or The Triads of the Island of Britain, form one of the most important contributions to our knowledge of the Druid and Witchcraft traditions as they existed prior to the Anglo-Saxon domination.
		Within these Triads, in the Language of the British Heroic Age, are recorded the mystical history of the Celtic races who once laid claim to Ynys Prydein, the Island of Britain.
		We read of the Roman invasion and their rule of Britain, and the resistance by the Cambrians who later became known as the Cymry or Welsh peoples.
	www.tylwythteg.com /triads/triads.html (9147 words)

	Arthurian Literature
		The dating of the tale (the language of which appears to be Late Old Welsh Period) is generally to the late 11th-century but this does cause some problems if we choose to give a roughly similar date to the Middle Welsh Four Branches of the Mabinogi.
		The triads were originally mnemonic devices devised by the 'guardians' of Welsh traditional material to facilitate the recall of this material by systematizing it and associating three characters or episodes with one another on the basis of features common to all three.
		The Welsh Triads (University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1961; 1978); Brynley F. Roberts 'Culhwch ac Olwen, the Triads, Saint's Lives' in R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman and B.F. Roberts (edd.) 1991, The Arthur of the Welsh.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~tomgreen/arthlit.htm (3844 words)

	Welsh Triads - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Welsh Triads - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Welsh Triads include references to King Arthur, Rhydderch Hael, and even undeniably historical personages such as Alan IV, Duke of Brittany, who is called Alan Ffyrgan.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Welsh Triads contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Welsh_Triads (238 words)

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