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	Welsh Laws - LoveToKnow 1911
		An English translation by the side of the Welsh text of the so-called triads of Dyvnwal Moel Mud is given by Owen, in the The Ancient Laws of Wales.
		The laws were recited before the pope and confirmed by his authority, upon which Howel and his companions returned home." All this could not have been effected before Howel had subjected Wales to his own rule, therefore not before 943.
		The whole body of Welsh laws was published in one volume by Aneurin Owen under the direction of the commissioners on the public records as Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales (London, 1841).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Welsh_Laws (452 words)

	Welsh law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Welsh law was in force in Wales until the death of Llywelyn the Last in 1282 and the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 which replaced Welsh criminal law with English law.
		Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century.
		Welsh law came to be a particularly important badge of nationhood in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, particularly during the struggle between Llywelyn the Last and King Edward I of England in the second half of the thirteenth century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Welsh_law (5225 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Wales
		The early Welsh were an association of tribes united in a common cause against a common foe; and whilst they were designated by that foe "the aliens", they called themselves "the federated patriots".
		The Welsh, therefore, racially represent an unknown series of the earliest settlers in Britain; they are not merely Ancient Britons, but the heirs of all the aborigines of the island, from the cave-men downwards.
		By Henry VIII the laws of the principality, native and feudal, were assimilated to those of England -- though certain peculiar legal institutions, such as the courts of great session, remained till the reign of William IV.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15532a.htm (5364 words)

	Welsh Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During this whole period the political antagonism between Anglo-Saxons and Welsh seems always to have caused the ecclesiastical relations between the two countries to be strained, though the Welsh accepted the Roman Easter before the end of the eighth century, and though in 871 we hear of a Saxon bishop of St. Davids.
		It must be sufficient to note that even before the close of the Saxon period, various Welsh prelates are alleged to have been consecrated or confirmed by English archbishops, while under the Norman kings a direct claim to jurisdiction over the Welsh Church was made by various archbishops of Canterbury beginning apparently with St. Anselm.
		The Gwentian text referred to is of no value as evidence; on the other hand the laws of Howel clearly assume that a married priest was subject to penalty; his oath was invalidated (Laws and Institutes of Wales, 595) and his children born subsequent to his priesthood were held illegitimate.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/w/welsh_church.html (2971 words)

	“So Who are the Welsh, anyway
		Welsh could no longer be used in any formal transaction, and was no longer allowed to be taught in schools.
		Customary Welsh laws which differed from those of England were abolished and the use of the Welsh language for official purposes prohibited.
		The Welsh gentry continued to exercise local authority in the name of the monarch, from whom they held their lands.
	www.welshleagueofarizona.org /hanes.html (1462 words)

	GO BRITANNIA! Wales: Wales History Timeline - 1284-1409 AD
		Welsh law had equally divided property among male children, the system of "gavel-kind." The English law honored "primogeniture" by which property went to the first-born male.
		Changes from Welsh law included the rule that bastard sons were not to share in the inheritance, and that the inheritance was to pass to females upon failure of male heirs.
		These laws prohibited the Welsh from gathering together, gaining access to office, carrying arms and living in the fortified towns (Englishmen who had the temerity to marry Welsh women were also denied the same privileges).
	www.britannia.com /celtic/wales/timeline/tl04.html (1001 words)

	Celtic Attic: Celts facts and fiction - Celtic Law
		In case of contract law this usually was made by declaring the pledge of the other side as forfeit, thereby forcing the other side either to loose their honour or to settle the claims in court.
		Generally, Canon Law seems to have preferred death penalty in cases where the honour-price of the offender was lower than the penalty, and it additionally made the relatives of the offender liable for the fine.
		However, most of the laws included in Cyfraith Hywel, the "Laws of Hywel", were not made by Hywel, but were rather a compilation and unification of the old Welsh laws as interpreted by the professional Welsh lawyers, called ynad or brawdwr.
	www.celticattic.com /contact_us/the_celts/celtic_law.htm (15075 words)

	The Digital Mirror - Manuscripts - Peniarth MS. 28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 'Laws of Hywel Dda' is the term applied to a system of native Welsh law named after Hywel Dda (died 950) who is credited with its codification.
		None of the surviving Welsh law manuscripts, however, is earlier than the second quarter of the thirteenth century.
		It is also thought that this was the copy of the Welsh laws consulted by John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, 1279-94, when he sent his letter to Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282, denouncing the prince's morals and those of the Welsh, and in which he makes two references to the Laws of Hywel Dda.
	www.llgc.org.uk /drych/drych_s006.htm (802 words)

	Pembroke Welsh Corgi History
		Combe's connection of the Corgi with the original role was that of a wildfowler's dog, on the cliffs and in the caves of the Welsh coastline, to supply the trade in seabird's feathers and eggs.
		Because of the various duties a Pembroke was supposed to perform as a guardian and drover of livestock, dispatcher of vermin and companion to the farmer's children, his brave, steady temperament, physical agility and easily-kept compact size were paramount characteristics of the breed.
		Welsh Corgis were exhibited in the UK after WWI, but not a lot of progress was made in the breed until the formation of the Welsh Corgi Club in 1925, which at first catered only to the Pembroke owners.
	www.pwccwr.org /pembrokehistory.html (1810 words)

	Welsh Music
		Early Welsh harps were small and are mentioned as early as the 10th C. According to Welsh law the harp was one of the three indispensible possessions of a freeman.
		The triple harp, used now days by Welsh harpists and associated with Welsh harping did not make an appearance until the 17th C. According to early laws certain kinds of harps were confined to learners, and one of these kinds was made of hardened leather or was a harp covered in leather.
		Welsh musicians have, from early times, held musical meetings at which harpers and other performers from different parts of the country played in competitions.
	www.mochpryderi.com /letter3.html (839 words)

	Welsh Demographics
		Wales is bounded on the north by the Irish Sea; on the east by the English counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Hereford and Worcester, and Gloucester; on the south by Bristol Channel; and on the west by Saint George's Channel and Cardigan Bay.
		Welsh representatives then took their seats in the English Parliament, and customary Welsh laws that differed with those of England were abolished.
		Welsh nationalism has been kept alive up to the present by the Plaid Cymru party (founded in 1925), which has at times elected members to the British Parliament and otherwise kept pressure on the major parties to protect the special interests of Wales.
	www.welshdragon.net /resources/Articles/demographics.shtml (2123 words)

	Welsh language - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		WELSH LANGUAGE [Welsh language] member of the Brythonic group of the Celtic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Welsh is vanishing from heartland households; Report says many pupils fail to develop their use of the language.(News)
		Being fair to everyone on Welsh language; As the Assembly review of the Welsh language reaches its conclusion, Delyth Evans, Labour's Deputy Minister for Rural Affairs, Culture and Environment, argues for a common sense approach.(Comment)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-welshlan.html (321 words)

	Significant Dates in the History of Wales
		Evidence of the Welsh heritage is evident in the Old Welsh Congregational and Baptist Churches and the Welsh style graveyard on the hill in the center of town, where many tombstones are in Welsh.
		It is estimated that 20 percent of the population of Utah are of Welsh descent.
		Brigham Young had heard the Welsh immigrants singing the old hymns around their wagons on the trek west and was so impressed that he wanted them to sing at the dedication of the Salt Lake Temple.
	www.ligtel.com /~wales/waleshistory.html (2078 words)

	WELSH LAWS, or LEGES W... - Online Information article about WELSH LAWS, or LEGES W... (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		law as the former; and, apart from the fact that Wales became permanently connected at the end of the 13th See also:
		Roman and Germanic, but no traces of a specific Welsh, law are found.
		doctor of laws, named Bllgywryd, and to these thirteen confided the task of examining, retaining, expounding and abrogating.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org.cob-web.org:8888 /WAT_WIL/WELSH_LAWS_or_LEGES_WALLIAE.html (918 words)

	'Cymru am byth' - The Welsh Hunger for Independence
		But most Welsh people refused to let their heritage and culture be cast by the wayside.
		In today's Welsh society, Welsh is a mandatory subject taught to children all through their compulsory school years.
		Welsh is put along side English words in businesses and along the roadways.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/wales_history/38631/1 (639 words)

	[No title]
		In 1536 the Welsh language suffered a blow when Henry V111 passed the Act of Union between Wales and England, abolishing Hywel Dda's Welsh laws.
		At the beginning of the 20th century, Welsh was spoken by almost half of the population of Wales.
		The economic benefits of the Welsh language are also increasingly being recognised, both by employers and by employees and oral and written skills in the language are deemed either essential qualifications or desirable in many workplaces.
	www.gwyliaucymraeg.co.uk /WiSSCMS-en-173.aspx (854 words)

	Molly
		Legends record that the Welsh Corgi was used by "wee folk" to pull carriages and to be steeds.
		The Pembroke Welsh Corgi breed developed in the Pembrokeshire region of Wales, which is near the sea.
		The most probable reason for docking Pembroke Welsh Corgi tails is that the Pembroke had a naturally occurring bob-tail and since many pups in a litter would be born with natural bobtails, the others were docked, as well, for the sake of uniformity.
	www.peacefulpackers.com /molly.htm (1891 words)

	THE CARDIGAN WELSH CORGI
		The Welsh Corgi has been part of the pastoral history of Wales since Mediaeval times, being mentioned in Welsh laws of the 10th Century.
		Welsh manuscripts mention the Corgi as a working dog and old Welsh laws recognised the traditional high values placed by Celtic farmers on their working dogs which were assessed on his ability to do his job of work, his age and degree of training.
		Originally the dog was used to guard and herd cattle on the unenclosed pasture of the high lands by day and as a guard and companion dog by night.
	www.users.bigpond.com /betmilne/thecardi.html (748 words)

	Celtic Dialects And The Probable Character Of The Pictish Language
		A distinguished Welsh scholar of the present day estimates that two-thirds of the vocabulary of the six dialects are substantially the same; and I believe this conclusion to be correct.
		The phonetic law which governs the relations of Welsh and Gaelic, so far as regards the mute consonants, is this:--Each mute consonant in Welsh has two changes in Gaelic, either into its own middle sound, or into another consonant of the same character, but of a different organ.
		In the Welsh traditions, the Cymry, which are represented by the Welsh or low Cymric people, are said to have crossed the German Ocean from the north of Germany; the Lloegrys, represented by the Cornish or high Cymric, are brought from the South.
	www.celtic-twilight.com /camelot/skene/chapter_viii.htm (3433 words)

	The Welsh Laws (Writers of Wales) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The native laws of Wales are preserved in about eighty Welsh and Latin manuscripts dating from the twelfth to eighteenth centuries.
		Furthermore, Welsh medieval literature is full of technical, legalistic words which can only be properly understood by reference to the law texts.
		The Laws themselves are a literary masterpiece which directly influenced the form and style of Welsh prose.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/1032.html (170 words)

	Generational Gaps and the Welsh Laws (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While all dates except the obits are estimates, each child seems not to have been born during the lifetime of his grandfather.
		Similar patterns are noted in other Welsh families of the era.
		Our extending this custom to much earlier Celt families is based on the belief the laws of Hywel Dda merely codified long-time practices; that these were not new customs dreamed up in the ninth century.
	www.ancientwalesstudies.org.cob-web.org:8888 /id22.html (687 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions About the Pembroke Welsh Corgi
		Three types of curs are referred to in ancient Welsh laws, the watch cur, the house cur and the shepherd's or herdsman's cur.
		Another popular interpretation is that cor is Welsh for "dwarf", and gi is a form of the Welsh word for "dog".
		The Corgi valued by the Welsh farmer had to be an intelligent, bold, sturdy dog with tremendous stamina who was a sensible and dependable workman with a strong guarding instinct.
	www.houstonpembrokes.org /faq.html (1872 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Rugby Union \| Welsh \| Welsh regional rugby preview
		With the regional structure bedding in and the country riding the high of a Grand Slam-winning season, the Welsh sides could be considered set for a golden year.
		The Ospreys have been lauded as the great success story and future hope of Welsh regional rugby, but their coach Lyn Jones has acknowledged that, for the coming season, his squad may be too heavily based on development.
		But the Celtic League continues as the bread-and-butter competition for the Welsh sides, who will look to continue their dominance of the tournament in its current format.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport2/low/rugby_union/welsh/4174604.stm (519 words)

	Celtic Study and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The law texts mention women's roles including 'women who turns back the stream of war', 'war leaders', 'hostage ruler', and 'female lord' or 'chieftainess of a district in her own right'.
		A Welsh law states that if a woman discovers her husband is commiting adultry, she is within her rights to kill him, the woman or their families.
		The Brechon laws are astoundingly similar to the Vedic Laws in India, as well as the Welsh laws adopted by Hywel Cadell.
	www.packrat-pro.com /celtstudy.htm (2969 words)

	The Welsh King and his Court
		The Laws of Court in the medieval Welsh lawbooks provide some of the most interesting evidence for the structure and operation of a royal court in early medieval Europe.
		The various essays discuss the composition and functioning of the itinerant royal household, and demonstrate the different ways in which government roles might emerge from the household duties which were the essential elements of dignified mobility, for example the officers in charge of food, alcoholic drink, horses, sleeping-quarters, and the priest.
		The Welsh Laws of Court shed light on medieval royal government and also exemplify ways in which such a household ordered the rituals of domestic life into a powerful cohesive force.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/1627.html (733 words)

	Welsh History Review 1, 1960/63-20, 2000/01
		The law on protected databanks prohibits commercial use as well as mirroring (copying onto other servers) even if for purposes of academic instruction.
		Phillips G. The Welsh Settlements in Minnesota: The Evidence of the Churches in Blue Earth and Le Sueur Counties, in: Welsh History Review 13, 1986/87, p.
		H.G. Longueville Jones and Welsh Education: The Neglected Case of a Victorian H.M.I., in: Welsh History Review 15, 1990/91, p.
	www.erlangerhistorikerseite.de /zfhm/welshhist.html (6871 words)

	Appendix 17: Welsh Manuscript Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Laws of Hywel Dda (Y) Beunans Ke Cwrtmawr
		Cyfraith Hywel Dda: Laws of Hywel Dda (Welsh O and N) Peniarth MS.
		Miscellany of Welsh verse and other materials in Welsh and Latin, in the hand of Sir John Prise, c.
	www.maryjones.us /jce/appendix17.html (923 words)

	WALES AND THE WELSH LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Welsh rulers acknowledge the overlordship of Alfred of Wessex.
		It was a period in which the Welsh leader bided his time and pondered his options.
		A poignant ballad by modern Welsh songwriter and nationalist, Dafydd Iwan, expresses the grief of the Welsh nation at the loss of their beloved Llewellyn: Collir Llywelyn, collir cyfan (losing Llewellyn is losing everything).
	www.tylwythteg.com /wales/whistory.html (2948 words)

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