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Topic: Welsh literature

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Early medieval Welsh poetry

Welsh language

Kate Roberts

John Ceiriog Hughes

Wales (disambiguation)

Culture of Wales

Daniel Owen

Scottish literature

Aneirin

William Williams Pantycelyn

Welsh Church Act 1914

National Library of Wales

Dafydd ap Gwilym

List of Welsh language poets

Music of Wales

	Top Literature - Portal:Literature
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters", as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning "an individual written character").
		The history of literature begins with the history of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, although the oldest literary texts that have come down to us date to a full millennium after the invention of writing, to the late 3rd millennium BC.
		2007 in literature ˑ 2006 in literature ˑ 2005 in literature ˑ 2004 in literature ˑ 2003 in literature ˑ 2002 in literature ˑ 2001 in literature ˑ 2000 in literature ˑ more...
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com (1261 words)

	Torchbox - WLA
		WLA is one of the 19 partners in the Literature Across Frontiers programme.
		We have worked with the Welsh Literature Abroad team from Aberystwyth University for a couple of years; initially on their Mosaic project, and latterly on the Transcript Review and WLA websites.
		To develop an international site that would promote Welsh Literature throughout Europe; that would be content manageable for the WLA team; and that would deliver UNICODE compliant pages in English, German, French and Welsh.
	www.torchbox.com /clients/wla (205 words)

	About Wales - Welsh Education
		Literature by Welsh writers in the English language is usually called Anglo-Welsh literature.
		One of the earliest known works of Welsh literature is the Gododdin, a narrative poem attributed to Aneirin (or Aneurin), a poet of the 7th century.
		On the one hand, Welsh poetry expressed the bard's sorrow and nostalgia at the loss of eastern portion of the kingdom of Powys (present-day Shropshire) in the poems attributed to Heledd and Llywarch Hen.
	www.walesonline.com /info/lit1.shtml (1392 words)

	WELSH LITERATURE : Encyclopedia Entry
		Literature by Welsh writers in the English language is usually called Anglo-Welsh literature or Welsh literature in English.
		After literature written in the classical languages, literature in the Welsh language is the oldest surviving literature in Europe.
		Welsh prose in the Middle Ages was not confined to the story tradition, it included a large body of both religious and practical works, in addition to a large amount translated from other languages.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Welsh_literature (1899 words)

	Welsh literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The earliest Welsh literature is preserved in about half a dozen manuscripts written with one exception after the 12th cent.
		Welsh humanist prose of the 16th and 17th cent., although not much published in the original tongue, was polished and musical.
		In addition, the Welsh poetic revival, which produced both nationalist and cosmopolitan works, was tied to the founding in 1872 of the new Univ. of Wales.
	www.bartleby.com /65/we/Welshlit.html (916 words)

	WELSH LITERATURE,
		The earliest Welsh poetry is ascribed to Aneirin and Taliesin (fl.
		Between the 11th and the 16th centuries Welsh prose declined conspicuously, and from the 16th century on, most prose was religious and didactic.
		The continued existence of Welsh literature, however, is inevitably bound to the fate of the Welsh language.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=225677 (1416 words)

	British literature at AllExperts
		Literature in the Celtic languages of the islands is the oldest surviving vernacular literature in Europe.
		The Irish literature that is best known outside the country is in English, but the Irish language also has the most significant body of written literature, both ancient and recent, in any Celtic language, in addition to a strong oral tradition of legends and poetry.
		In Medieval Welsh literature the period before 1100 is known as the period of Y Cynfeirdd ("The earliest poets") or Yr Hengerdd ("The old poetry").
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/br/british_literature.htm (3721 words)

	Welsh literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		One of the earliest known works of Welsh literature is the Gododdin, a narrativepoem attributed to Aneirin (or Aneurin), a poet of the 7th century.
		A huge step forward for both the Welsh language and its literature was the publication, in 1588, of a full-scale translation of the Bible by William Morgan.
		In the late 19th and early 20th century, Welsh literature began toreflect the way the Welsh language was increasingly becoming a political symbol.
	www.therfcc.org /welsh-literature-163.html (1344 words)

	Welsh Literature
		After the death of Dafydd ap Gruffudd (left), the place of the Welsh princes as patrons of the poets was filled by the native Welsh gentry, whose growing importance and influence had been recognized as early as 1176, by an event that is of great significance in the long Welsh poetic tradition.
		Though the church, long supportive of the native literary culture, continued to patronize the Welsh bards, it was the native gentry (the uchelwyr), the land-owing classes who took upon the task of maintaining the Welsh bardic order, especially since poetry now dealt with secular themes.
		He was thoroughly at home in the world of Welsh officialdom, being welcomed in all the Welsh courts, where he entertained his patrons with stories of love, beautiful and unattainable girls, or of the wonders of nature.
	www.dragonontheweb.com /wales6.htm (759 words)

	Welsh language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Welsh is a Celtic language spoken as a community language in Wales (Cymru) by about 659,000 people, and in the Welsh colony (Y Wladfa) in Patagonia, Argentina (yr Ariannin) by several hundred people.
		Welsh is fairly closely related to Cornish and Breton, and more distantly related to Irish Gaelic, Manx Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic.
		The earliest known examples of Welsh literature are the poems of Taliesin, which feature Urien of Rheged, a 6th century king in what is now southern Scotland, and Aneirin's Y Gododdin, a description of a battle between Celts and Northumbrians which occurred in about 600 AD.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/welsh.htm (736 words)

	Medieval Welsh Literature - General Literary Guides
		Thomas Parry, Merfyn Morgan and Gareth Watts (goln), Llyfryddiaeth Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg (Bibliography of Welsh Literature) (1976, 1993).
		The compilation of a bibliography of Welsh literature was therefore undertaken as a preliminary, and the first volume (Parry and Morgan) was followed by a second in 1993, edited by Gareth O. Watts.
		There is a short but significant essay on `The Essence of Welsh Literature': this cites SL's discovery of a little-known poem by an eighteenth- century `bardd gwlad' (country poet) from west Wales, in celebration of the launching of a ship, which is a powerful demonstration of the long continuity of the poetic tradition.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/rb11.html (2012 words)

	Welsh words - Literature Matters - Creative reading - Publications and resources - Literature - British Council - Arts
		Traditionally Welsh culture has been strong in music and poetry, but the novelists and screenwriters are making strong bids to catch up in the bardic race.
		Welsh writers in both languages are forgetting, mercifully, that their more traditional subject matters have been sheep, religion and both of the above set in mountains.
		The Welsh eye is being turned out onto the world as a whole, using what used to be a provincial idiom to bear on global issues from a local perspective.
	www.britishcouncil.org /arts-literature-literature-matters-welshwords.htm (1227 words)

	Breeds of Livestock - Welsh Pony & Cob
		Because of his heritage, the Welsh pony is not bothered by the somewhat extreme variations of climate and terrain encountered in the United States and Canada.
		Principally through his efforts and those of John Alexander, The Welsh Pony and Cob (the word "Cob" was dropped in 1946) Society of America was formed and certification for the establishment of a breed registry was issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture on July 30, 1907.
		The popularity of the Welsh was spreading, and his great versatility was already becoming apparent, not only because he was adapting himself well to any geographical area, but because he was being put to many uses, both by children and adults.
	www.ansi.okstate.edu /breeds/horses/welsh (1916 words)

	Equiworld - Equestrian Information -Welsh Section A, Welsh Section B, Welsh Section C, Welsh Section D, Welsh Part Bred ...
		The Welsh breeds are the most beautiful and aristocratic of all the native ponies and their influence is so widespread that it is not difficult to trace the presence of Welsh blood in many animals successful in equestrian events of all sorts throughout the world.
		Welsh Mountain Ponies are believed to be descended from the Celtic Pony and to have existed in the mountains of Wales for over a thousand years, enduring great hardship and often persecution.
		From references in early Welsh literature it is apparent that the Welsh Cob was well established as a breed by the 15th century.
	www.equiworld.net /uk/horsecare/Breeds/welsh/index.htm (446 words)

	A Welsh Course
		The main emphasis of the course is in developing conversational skills in Welsh as it is currently spoken (as contrasted with teaching the forms needed for understanding literary Welsh).
		The Welsh National Eisteddfod has a page describing their annual events, which are great places for learners to go.
		Cymdeithas Madog, the Welsh Studies Institute of North America, has a home page that includes pictures of Wales and information about their annual Cwrs Cymraeg, a week-long intensive Welsh course that is traditionally held in early August.
	www.cs.cf.ac.uk /fun/welsh/home.html (876 words)

	Wales — FactMonster.com
		The Welsh proper are Cimbri, and those driven thither by the Teutonic invaders were refugees or strangers.
		Welsh language - Welsh language Welsh language, member of the Brythonic group of the Celtic subfamily of the...
		Welsh literature - Welsh literature Welsh literature, literary writings in the Welsh language.
	www.factmonster.com /dictionary/brewers/wales.html (197 words)

	Arthurian Literature
		The triads were originally mnemonic devices devised by the 'guardians' of Welsh traditional material to facilitate the recall of this material by systematizing it and associating three characters or episodes with one another on the basis of features common to all three.
		The Welsh Triads (University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1961; 1978); Brynley F. Roberts 'Culhwch ac Olwen, the Triads, Saint's Lives' in R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman and B.F. Roberts (edd.) 1991, The Arthur of the Welsh.
		Patrick Sims-Williams 'The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems' in Bromwich et al (edd.) The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh Literature (Cardiff 1991), pp.33-71 at pp.51-2)
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~tomgreen/arthlit.htm (3844 words)

	WLA
		Welsh Literature Abroad is one of 19 partners in the Literature Across Frontiers programme.
		LAF is a programme of initiatives designed to advance European cultural exchange in the field of literature and to enhance the work of organisations engaged in international promotion of literature and support for literary translation.
		Welsh Literature Abroad liaises with the Film and Literature Department of the British Council, which promotes contemporary and innovative work from the UK to audiences around the world through the British Council's global network.
	www.welshlitabroad.org /about.cfm?lan=e (738 words)

	GWYBODIADUR: FAQ About Welsh
		Welsh is part of the Celtic family of languages, related to Breton (the Celtic language of north-west France) and Cornish (now extinct), and more distantly to Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx (which died out during the 20th century).
		Welsh, Breton and Cornish are in the first group, and it is completely wrong to refer to these languages as ‘Gaelic’.
		This extract from an essay in the Welsh language magazine Barn examines the fate of the language in different places along an imaginary journey through Wales, and makes the point that the Census results are only a very rough guide to the true situation of the language.
	members.tripod.com /gwybodiadur/faq.htm (2641 words)

	BBC - Wales - Modern Welsh Poetry
		The Bloodaxe Book of Modern Welsh Poetry is the first definitive anthology of Welsh-language poetry in English translation.
		I'd heard of the Welsh language and knew it was descended from Celtic, but thought it was in its death throes, and that only a kind of folk culture survived in it.
		However The Bloodaxe Book of Modern Welsh Poetry shows Welsh to be a vibrant language producing poetry of the first rank.
	www.bbc.co.uk /wales/arts/sites/literature/pages/modern_welsh_poetry.shtml (440 words)

	Welsh Deities
		Manawyddan appeared in the Welsh tale from the Mabinogion, called Branwen Daughter of Llyr, as one of the survivors in the war against Ireland.
		Modron was the Welsh goddess of fertility or the mother goddess.
		Rhiannon was the Welsh equivalent of the Epona (Gallic) and Macha (Irish).
	www.timelessmyths.com /celtic/welsh.html (4127 words)

	O. J. Padel, Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature
		Padel, a lecturer in Celtic Languages and Literature in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic at the University of Cambridge, provides a concise, scholarly, and even-handed survey of Arthurian Welsh literature, from the earliest reference (c.
		Padel establishes right at the start that his subject is the Arthur of Welsh literature, that is, Arthur as a literary and mythological character, thus neatly side-stepping the thorny knots of recent historical studies.
		Although the tone is scholarly, Padel's style verges on conversational, and he doesn't assume that his readers are as familiar with his subject as he is. There are enough contextual clues and plot summary that you don't have to have read deeply in things medieval and Arthurian to feel comfortable and benefit from Padel's expertise.
	www.greenmanreview.com /book/book_padel_arthurinmedievalwelshlit.html (536 words)

	Department of Welsh
		Welsh is the teaching medium in both First and Second Language modules.
		CY10510 Braslun o Hanes ein Ll n: A survey of the highlights of Welsh literature: introduction to Early Poetry (Cynfeirdd), the Poets of the Princes, the Poets of the Gentry, Renaissance literature, seventeenth and eighteenth century literature, Victorian literature.
		CY12220 Cymru Iaith a Diwylliant: A background course to Welsh literature and to institutions concerned with the Welsh language and its culture.
	www.aber.ac.uk /~cymwww/welsh_level1.shtml (281 words)

	Welsh Literature - Diversity and Diaspora - Literature - British Council - Arts
		Welsh literature has a reputation for being lyrical and passionate, inspired by alcohol, sheep and the stunning landscape.
		In an article in Literature Matters Gwyneth Lewis deftly examines the current state of writing from Wales and finds that those enthusiasms may still exist but are being explored in bolder and more inventive ways than ever before.
		Welsh Literature Abroad works to facilitate the translation of Wales' literature.
	www.britishcouncil.org /arts-literature-diversity-and-diaspora-welsh.htm (245 words)

	welsh
		The nightly Welsh language news program produced by the BBC for S4C is available in audio/video format here (if you have RealPlayer or other programs).
		This home page is dedicated to providing comprehensive coverage of the activities and organizations of the Welsh Community in New York City and its environs, as well as general information on Wales, Welsh culture and other interesting Welsh-oriented links.
		The Welsh Virtual Gallery, is a bilingual site dedicated to the promotion of Welsh arts and artists via the medium of the Internet and World Wide Web.
	www.geocities.com /writingwales/welsh.htm (792 words)

	University of Wales Press Guide to Welsh Literature
		This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the Welsh literature of the period c.1530-1700. During this period Welsh literature underwent a profound transformation, largely reflecting the political and social changes of the times.
		A comprehensive introduction in English to the Welsh literature of the eighteenth century.
		This book, much of which is based on recent research, shows clearly that there is much more to nineteenth-century Welsh literature than has been revealed by the dismissive view of it. By considering it within a liberating socio-cultural context, its significance is reappraised, thus continuing the recent reclamation of the literature of this period.
	www.uwp.co.uk /acatalog/Guide_to_Welsh_Literature.html (209 words)

	WELSH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Welsh culture is popularly associated with singing - particularly male voice choirs - and with harp music.
		Modern Welsh literature has been written in both English and Welsh in all the standard literary forms - poetry, drama, novels, short stories etc; one of the leading modern Welsh publishers is Y Lolfa, whose catalogue is now available on the Web.
		One of the newest Welsh bands is the Johnny Narcissist, based in Aberystwyth; a clip of their music is available on their site.
	westwales.co.uk /lang.htm (452 words)

	Medieval Literature and Criticism
		The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Literature in Medieval Welsh Literature.
		Bromwich, R., Jarman, A. and Roberts, R. Editors (1991) The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Literature in Medieval Welsh Literature [Cardiff] Univeristy of Wales Press.
		(1991) The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Literature in Medieval Welsh Literature.
	members.aol.com /michellezi/bibs/literature.html (3747 words)

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