
	Where results make sense

Topic: Welsh Nationalism

	Christianity And Nationalism
		Biblical evidence To examine the relationship between Christianity and nationalism, it is first necessary to reduce these two ideologies to their essential components: the Bible, as the written foundation of Christianity; and the nation, the essential component of nationalism.
		Polycentric nationalism R. Tudur Jones defines polycentric nationalism as the form of nationalism "where nations assume that each nation has something valuable to contribute to the life and culture of the family of nations."18 Each nation and culture is seen as a valid part of the rich variety of human existence.
		This is the basis for the form of Welsh nationalism espoused by Plaid Cymru: that Wales should be free to express its cultural and political identity in its own terms, on an equal footing with its neighbours, and that it should be free from the anglicising influence that English government has had upon it.
	jmm.aaa.net.au /articles/1026.htm (3556 words)

	Wales - MSN Encarta
		The national spirit survived, however, and was nourished by the songs of the bards.
		Welsh representatives then took their seats in the English Parliament, and customary Welsh laws that differed with those of England were abolished.
		Welsh nationalism has been kept alive up to the present by the Plaid Cymru Party (founded in 1925), which has at times elected members to the British Parliament and otherwise kept pressure on the major parties to protect the special interests of Wales.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558653_5/Wales.html (737 words)

	Welsh National Referendum 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Welsh rugby teams were far away somewhere in South Wales and thus of not much interest; the Welsh language seemed an ancient relic, spoken only in chapels on Sundays by the pious minority.
		A grudging nod towards Welsh aspirations finally came with the recognition of Cardiff, Wales's largest and wealthiest city by far, as the Capital City in 1955, though there were many within the principality who argued for Aberystwyth or Caernarfon, both centres of Welsh language and culture.
		Welsh steel, like Welsh coal, was inefficiently produced in comparison to methods employed in the burgeoning nations of central and eastern Europe and the emerging industrial giants of east Asia.
	www.welshdragon.net /resources/Articles/referendum.shtml (4741 words)

	Welsh Referendum
		Welsh nationalism was additionally weakened by the growing differences between the country's North and West on the one hand and its more populated Southeast on the other, where the industrial revolution had caused drastic social changes.
		Welsh Nationalism rarely turned to violence, with the exception of the "Sons of Glyndwr", a shadowy organisation whose members since the 1960s harassed and fire-bombed the homes of some "English settlers" and holiday homes of English owners in North Wales.
		However, the largest numbers of Welsh speakers are in the cities of the South and of the western valleys of South Wales.
	www.bbc.co.uk /politics97/devolution/wales/briefing/history.shtml (1230 words)

	Bilingualism
		Welsh, called Cymraeg or Cymric (from Cymru,”Wales”) by its speakers, is the native language of Wales and the most flourishing of the Celtic languages.
		Welsh words are accented on the next to last syllable and have a characteristic intonation.
		Welsh nationalism has been kept alive up to the present day by the Plaid Cymru Party (founded in 1925), which has at times elected members to the British Parliament and otherwise kept pressure on the major parties to protect the special interests of Wales.
	cynthia.spindler.fr /builth/Welsh/Bilingualism.htm (818 words)

	Welsh Kilt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Welsh Kilt is a type of kilt worn in Wales and by Welshmen.
		Nowadays with Welsh nationalism on the rise and a resurgence of Welsh national pride, kilts (or cilts - in Welsh) are once again being worn by Welshmen.
		A range of Welsh tartans and modern national costumes have been produced at the Cambrian Woolen Mill, Llanwrtyd Wells, Powys, which are made into shawls for ladies and cilts for men, amongst other things.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Welsh_Kilt (387 words)

	Celtic Revival
		The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales is a milestone in the long history of the Welsh nation.
		The resiliency of the Welsh language and culture stems from a mountainous terrain, behind which the Welsh were able to defend themselves.
		The Prince gave his speech in Welsh, and agreed the Assembly was a milestone for Wales and for Welsh-English relations: "In the Assembly, the voice of Wales will have its authentic and vigorous expression.
	www.cas.ohiou.edu /pols/walesinternship/celtic_revival.htm (633 words)

	History of the Welsh Language, Part 4
		As a result, Welsh remained the language of everyday use for the growing industrial communities in the valleys of the south.
		Meanwhile, the North Welsh remained staunchly Methodist, and Welsh continued to be used throughout the countryside.
		The reports viewed the Welsh language as a "barrier to the moral progress" of the people, and blamed it for all sorts of social problems from ignorance to lack of chastity.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/welsh_language/68066 (559 words)

	Welsh Republican Comment
		The Welsh Republican Movement was set up in September 1949 as a result of Plaid Cymru's indifference to Welsh Nationalism.
		Welsh Republican Movement published a newspaper under the title Y Gweriniaethwr between 1950 and 1957.
		Welsh Republican Comment was established as an occassional newsletter in 1989, and was first published on the internet in 2000.
	groups.msn.com /WelshRepublicanComment/historywrm.msnw (1023 words)

	Welsh Icons - Plaid
		Plaid has 1 of 4 Welsh seats in the European Parliament, 3 of 40 Welsh seats in the UK Parliament, 12 of 60 seats in the National Assembly for Wales, and control of 1 of 22 Welsh local authorities.
		The party was founded as Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru (Welsh: National Party of Wales), on 5 August 1925, by members of Byddin Ymreolwyr Cymru, a nationalist party of north Wales, and Y Mudiad Cymreig, an underground nationalist movement.
		Plaid Cymru contested few elections in its early years, preferring to concentrate on the promotion of the Welsh language and its culture, reflecting a split in Welsh nationalism over the question of whether to prioritise the constitutional separation of Wales from the United Kingdom or the promotion of the Welsh language.
	www.welshicons.org.uk /html/plaid.html (984 words)

	Schimanski - Cultural and Political Nationalism in Wales
		Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist Party, came into existence in 1925; partly in response to the events in Ireland in 1922, and partly as a renewal of previous nationalist activities untenable in the face of British militarist patriotism and suffering during and directly after the Great War (to name only two of various possible reasons).
		His aim was to preserve rural Welsh language and tradition, and in particular a rural economy, against the threats of large-scale capitalism and socialism.
		The only official institutions identified with a Welsh nation were specifically cultural institutions, like the University of Wales, establishing its first colleges in 1893, the National Library of Wales, established in 1907, and the National Museum, in 1927.
	www.hum.uit.no /a/schimanski/artikler/cultpol.htm (3473 words)

	BBC News \| WALES \| Prince accused of 'Welsh nationalism'
		George Thomas, Welsh Secretary between 1968 and 1970, wrote to the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, to suggest he had "a discreet word" with the Queen about her son's views.
		The Investiture was seen by nationalists as an attempt to use a British royal occasion to stifle emerging Welsh nationalism.
		The then Welsh Secretary, George Thomas, was a hardline opponent of attempts to promote devolution and to improve the legal position of the Welsh language, which at that time was denied official status.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/6641/575328.htm (589 words)

	Socialism Today - A quiet political earthquake?
		Bevan, a leader of the Welsh miners in the 1926 general strike, was health minister in the 1945 Labour government.
		The Welsh Labour leaders hostility to nationalism ranged the spectrum from Bevan's belief that Welsh workers were best served as part of a democratic socialist Britain to the fawning worship of British royalty, personified by George Thomas (later Viscount Tonypandy).
		Census returns show the number of Welsh speakers declining steadily from 37% of the population in 1921 to 18.9% in 1981 and 18.5% in 1991.
	www.socialismtoday.org /46/wales.html (2891 words)

	A Bydded i
		While the 'A to Z' is quick to attack the Welsh nationalism of Plaid Cymru, it makes no mention of the British nationalism of the Labour Party, which is all too ready to cloak itself in the union jack, to talk of 'One Nation Labour', and to parade bulldogs in election broadcasts.
		The positive aspects are its rejection of the centralist British state, its long-standing anti-militarist and pacifist tradition and its defence of the Welsh language.
		The other group standing to the left of Labour in the Assembly elections are the United Socialists, an electoral alliance composed of the Socialist Party (formerly Militant), Cymru Goch and the SWP and various non-aligned socialists.
	www.angelfire.com /alt/ceri_evans/writings/new_depths.htm (978 words)

	Cymry Nationalism
		According to Welsh historian John Davies, “Offa’s Dyke was perhaps the most striking man-made boundary in the whole of Western Europe.” For hundreds of years, to cross the ramparts from east to west meant bloody defiance, and signalled an attack on Wales itself.
		Its impact upon the Welsh was to remind them of past glories and to inspire them with hope for the renewal of their heritage.
		Eventually the Welsh communities in the heavy industrialized areas were unable to absorb the vast influx of non-Welsh speakers, mainly from Ireland and England.
	www.cbc.ca /newsinreview/nov97/scotland/cymry.html (1666 words)

	GENUKI: Wales
		National Synod of Wales The National Synod of Wales of the United Reformed Church, is one of thirteen Synods that cover England, Wales and Scotland.
		Based on Welsh, Latin and English texts, on parish registers and local histories, it traces the growth of a Welsh surnaming pattern in Wales and the Border at the end of the Middle Ages.
		Welsh Newspapers Welsh Library, University of Wales, Bangor "Newspapers are a priceless source, and one which is used extensively for all types of research, academic or otherwise, for subjects such as local and family history, social history, advertising and sport.
	www.genuki.org.uk /big/wal (6756 words)

	Little Man in a Toque: English first, British second (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		‘Nation’ can mean one of two things; an ethnic nation, based on a common ethnicity, collective identity and culture; or a nation based on shared purpose, beliefs and common goals, usually founded on such principles as democracy and individualism.
		Scottish nationalism was, and still is, a hybrid of civic and ethnic nationalism, but the path to independence – temporarily stalled by devolution – was driven mostly by ethnic nationalism and a deep-rooted pathological hatred of the English.
		The United Kingdom was a nationality not a nation, one that had taught 'its citizens at one and the same time to glory both in the name of Scotsmen or Welshmen or Englishmen and in the name of Britons.' (Barker 1928: 17).
	www.toque.co.uk /blog/archives/2006/06/it_was_with_hel.php (2824 words)

	Owain Glyndwr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For the Welsh, it was a Marcher rebellion and a peasant's revolt which grew into a national guerrilla war.
		Owain Glyndwr was one Welsh prince who was never betrayed by his own people, not even in the darkest days when many of them could have saved their skins by doing so.
		But since 1410 most Welsh people, at some time or another, if only in some secret corner of the mind, have been "out with Owain and his barefoot scrubs." For the Welsh mind is still haunted by it's lightning-flash vision of a people that was free.
	www.castlewales.com /glyndwr.html (1455 words)

	Paper Topics & Writing Assignments
		Vernon Bogdanor claims that nationalism in Wales is a divisive force, not an integrative one as in Scotland.
		Despite the longstanding decline of the Welsh language, there are indications (e.g., the use of Welsh in the new Assembly, the ever-growing number of Welsh-medium nursery and primary schools, etc.) that Welsh is being revived.
		One of the central concerns of scholars of nationalism is to construct theories about the motivations, goals, strategies and outcomes of nationalist movements that are generalizable to more than just one case.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/govt100.3/paper.html (1511 words)

	Government 100
		And since regional nationalism fits in with the politics of European integration (the "Europe of regions"), Scottish and Welsh nationalists are favorably disposed toward the European Union.
		We were the boss nation, the dominant culture, and the Celtic fringes were merely colourful add-ons to the prevailing English, sorry, British way of life.
		A sense of national identity, a knowledge of who you are and where you come from, seems to be essential for the psychic health of any society.
	falcon.arts.cornell.edu /dg78/100.3/documents/BSB.htm (5281 words)

	Planet Magazine - a glimpse of our library - the best of the past
		The doctrine of nationalism is anathema to any true socialist and in any case redundant in the modern age...
		Hain terminates this string of clichés by invoking the “tyranny of racism” inherent in Welsh nationalism.
		Entitled “Racism in Welsh Politics”, it was an extraordinary Punch and Judy of rant and smear.
	www.planetmagazine.org.uk /html/archive/racism.htm (736 words)

	Welsh Republican Comment
		He was of strong Welsh royal lineage, being descended, on his mother's side, from Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (the last native Price of Wales prior to his reign) and from Cynfyn, Prince of Powys, on his father's side.
		It also stated that only Welsh speaking men should be appointed as bishops and priests in Wales and that the nation should have two universities, one in the North and another in the South.
		Such would have really stirred up English hatred of the Welsh and would have furnished Henry with an army larger than he had ever commanded, set on revenge on Wales and its people by whatever means possible.
	groups.msn.com /WelshRepublicanComment/glyndwr.msnw (1885 words)

	Dirty Linen #97 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		But it was that attempt at defining and enlarging Welsh culture that led to a good deal of its obscurity.
		This Welsh nationalism, which over the last 30 years has been trying to resurrect both the language and culture that have fallen into disuse, is very inward-looking.
		Not surprisingly, most of the songs are political in nature, and, although they are sung in Welsh, the emotion and passion come through loud and strong, with the rock backing only adding to the overall feeling of the songs.
	www.dirtynelson.com /linen/97/wales.html (452 words)

	Scottish and Welsh nationalism: self-enrichment masquerading as social reformism
		In the 2001 general election, the Scottish National Party (SNP) and the Welsh nationalist Plaid Cymru (PC—the Party of Wales) claim to be committed to the type of social reforms abandoned by the Labour Party.
		One of the first decisions of the incoming Labour administration in 1997 was to inaugurate moves devolving limited powers to a Scottish Parliament, a Welsh Assembly and some form of regional government for Greater London.
		PC, besides promoting "Welshness" and the Welsh language, advance policies designed to win greater control over taxation and to give the Welsh Assembly infrastructure development powers comparable to those already available to the Scottish Parliament.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/jun2001/nat-j05.shtml (1950 words)

	Amazon.com: Mebyon Kernow & Cornish Nationalism: Concise History: Books: Bernard Deacon,Dick Cole,Garry Tregidga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Cornish people's nationalism is not a nationalism like that of Nazi Germany, despising other races; it is rather a sense of national awareness of and pride in their own culture.
		The Cornish form of nationalism wishes to see Cornwall as an independent state with a Cornish Assembly living, as ever, in harmony with her English neighbours and friends, not in adversity.
		Cornish Nationalism, like Welsh Nationalism is in its essence a pacifist ideology and Cornish national identity is expressed through living one's rich culture and language not in violence.
	www.amazon.com /Mebyon-Kernow-Cornish-Nationalism-Concise/dp/1860570755 (1332 words)

	The Nationalism Project: A History of Britain Volume II: The Wars of the British, 1603-1776 review
		It is true that readers learn about Stuart efforts to create a British identity in the early seventeenth century, the Darien scheme, the Glencoe Massacre, the Battle of the Boyne, and the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite rebellions, but Scotland and Ireland are otherwise missing from this book.
		There is nothing incorrect in Schama’s treatment, but in some ways it misses the point by failing to acknowledge that eighteenth century Britain was at least as divided by class as it was by national identity (if national identity is even the right term).
		Class was an important factor standing in the way of the development of a British identity, a factor that should not be limited to a few pages.
	www.nationalismproject.org /books/bookrevs/schama.html (976 words)

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